Despite the adoption of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their targets, people with disabilities continue to experience marginalisation, and they have limited opportunities in society. In Tanzania, Children With Albinism (CWA) do not enjoy full citizenship rights because they are constantly subjected to stigmatisation, discrimination and persecution within their communities. This has forced the government of Tanzania to establish temporary holding shelters to protect these children. While the government appears sensitive to the challenges children with albinism face, the idea of temporary holding shelters blurs the lines of what it means to cultivate social inclusion.  A rights-based conceptual framework for the social inclusion of children helped to identify challenges faced by children with albinism in Tanzania, as well as to advance a new understanding of the voices and knowledge emerging from the Global South. An exploratory research design together with qualitative and abductive approaches were employed, and qualitative content analysis was used in analysing the empirical findings before coding the textual material. Thereafter, an expanded rights based conceptual framework for the social inclusion of children was developed. In the expanded framework, child specific factors namely family, community, social acceptance and social protection were added.

The master thesis deals with the area of social circus, which works with groups with risk of exclusion in the form of creative expression. The aim of the thesis is to map social circus projects in the Czech Republic and Spain, in relation to the phenomenon of empowerment in working with groups at risk of exclusion, especially in terms of social circus projects, the way they work with empowerment and for what purpose and subsequent comparison of gathered data with existing research and empowerment theories. The thesis therefore offers an insight into the current state of social circus and its connection with civil society by empowerment of people at risk of exclusion. Key words: Empowerment, Social circus, social inclusion, civil society

With increasing migration over the last few decades, over 20% of Sweden’s inhabitant are now foreign-born (Krzyżanowski, 2018). A policy shift stemming from the 2015 European migrant crisis (Hagelund, 2020) led to a decentring of integration management from national immigration policy to the local level (Scholten and Penninx, 2016). Subsequently, community level actors have become increasingly active developing their own integration philosophies and implementing these locally. Health and well-being activities curated by the non-governmental organisation Hej Främling seek to improve local inclusion for migrants and newly arrived persons to Sweden. Using these activities as a launching point, this study draws upon perceptions from 17 migrants participating in Hej Främling to examine their feelings of inclusion and sense of belonging across space and place and activities. Results show activity participation both within Hej Främling and across Swedish society more broadly has a positive influence on migrants’ sense of inclusion, in particular through the facilitation of shared spaces of experience, where migrants from diverse backgrounds can come together over a shared interest and build upon their social networks. Concept-mapping was used as a conceptual framework to illuminate the core components of inclusion, how they interlink and contribute to further conceptualisation. This study identifies four key insights for local inclusion: 1) the value of shared experiences in creating inclusion 2) the perceived socio-cultural barriers to inclusion 3) activity space as environments for intercultural encounters and 4) the facilitative role of community organisations in creating inclusion and promoting integration.

Background: People who use drugs (PWUD) are disproportionately burdened by rates of HIV and Hepatitis C, more likely to experience stigma, social exclusion, and as a result, have poorer health outcomes. To mitigate these inequities in health, people with lived experience of drug use are, and should be, included in decisions that affect them. There is evidence that including PWUD in the development and delivery of harm reduction programs, services, and drug policy ensures such initiatives addresses their needs most effectively. As such, the purpose of this thesis is to present the findings of a scoping review of the peer-reviewed literature examining the involvement of people who use drugs (PWUD) in the development and delivery of harm reduction programs, services, and drug policy. Methods: Scoping reviews represent an increasingly popular method used to review the literature of a particular topic. It is a process of summarizing, or ‘mapping’, a range of evidence in order to convey the breadth and depth of a particular field. This scoping review implemented a search strategy focused on three categories: search terms that describe ‘peer engagement’, search terms that describe ‘substance use’ and finally search terms that describe ‘harm reduction programs/services/policy’. Searches of five academic electronic databases were conducted. Peer-reviewed literature published between 2010 and 2020 that discussed the involvement of PWUD in the development and/or delivery of harm reduction programs, services, or drug policy was included in the scoping review. Results: The search strategy produced a total of 1902 references. After duplicates were removed, thirty-two references met the inclusion criteria and were included for analysis. This scoping review identified five characteristics from each study: 1) type of study, 2) location of study, 3) year of publication, 4) type of engagement/participation, and 5) peer roles. Conclusion: One critical finding of this scoping review is the highest level of participation among PWUD was achieved when drug-user organizations were involved. / Graduate

The main purpose of this thesis is introducing and proposing perceived accessibility as an important and so far overseen complement to conventional, objective accessibility in sustainable transport. Perceived accessibility is defined as the possibilities and ease of engaging in preferred activities using different transport modes. Implications for sustainable transport planning along with possible social outcomes related to perceived accessibility are also discussed.   The thesis comprises two empirical studies. In Study I a psychometric measure (PAC) that captures perceived accessibility was developed and validated in three different datasets by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. All data was collected in Karlstad, Sweden in 2013 and 2014 with a total of 750 participants (bus travelers). Perceived accessibility is suggested as a complement to objective accessibility by contributing with the traveler perspective.  Study II aimed at examining determinants of perceived accessibility focusing on service quality aspects, feelings of safety, age, and trip frequency. Study II used the same data as Study I in a conditional process model to look at the relations between perceived accessibility and its proposed determinants. Service quality and feelings of safety were found important predictors of perceived accessibility, and safety also explains part of the effect of quality on perceived accessibility. These relationships were not dependent on trip frequency (as in how often one travels by public transport). Age also predicted perceived accessibility, and a follow-up cluster analysis showed that elderly and people in their thirties experience significantly lower perceived accessibility than other age groups. / Denna licentiatuppsats behandlar upplevd tillgänglighet, det vill säga resenärsperspektivet på tillgänglighet, som ett viktigt komplement till konventionell (objektiv) tillgänglighet inom hållbart resande. Uppsatsen introducerar upplevd tillgänglighet och dess nytta och plats i forskningen samt implikationer för planering och utvärdering av hållbara transporter. Vidare behandlas påverkansfaktorer för upplevd tillgänglighet samt relaterade individuella utfall som subjektivt välbefinnande och social exkludering/inkludering utifrån teori och empiri.   Uppsatsen innefattar två empiriska studier. Studie I utvecklar och testar ett psykometriskt mätinstrument för upplevd tillgänglighet med data från tre enkät-tillfällen (n= 750) i Karlstad. Dataset 1 analyserades med explorativ faktoranalys för att få fram ett instrument som fångar upplevd tillgänglighet (PAC) och validerades därefter i två dataset. Studie II avsåg att undersöka vad som bidrar till upplevd tillgänglighet med fokus på kvalitetsattribut i resan (service quality), resenärens upplevda trygghet, samt ålder och resvana. Samma data som i studie I användes i en conditional process model för att undersöka sambanden, samt i en klusteranalys för att ytterligare undersöka skillnader i resultatet mellan olika grupper av resenärer. Resultatet visar att upplevd tillgänglighet kan ha betydelse som komplement till befintliga mätningar och utvärderingar av tillgänglighet genom att bidra med resenärsperspektivet. Ett antal påverkansfaktorer för upplevd tillgänglighet kan konstateras, däribland kvalitet samt resenärens upplevda känsla av trygghet. Betydelsen av kvalitet för tillgänglighet är densamma oavsett hur ofta man reser, däremot upplever de som reser ofta en signifikant högre tillgänglighet än de som reser sällan. Äldre resenärer och resenärer i 30-årsåldern påvisar signifikant lägre upplevd tillgänglighet. / This thesis proposes perceived accessibility as a complement to conventional accessibility in sustainable transport planning and evaluation. Perceived accessibility is defined as the possibilities and ease of engaging in preferred activities using different transport modes and captures the traveller experience and perspective of accessibility. The thesis introduces an instrument for measuring perceived accessibility (PAC) along with determinants for perceived accessibility, such as feelings of safety, age, and perceived quality. Related social outcomes such as social inclusion and subjective well-being are discussed, along with possible implications for transport planning and suggestions for future research.

[pt] Esta dissertação investiga o diálogo entre a arte e seu contexto, através de dois movimentos artísticos e sociais com base em favelas do Rio de Janeiro: o Grupo Nós do Morro e o Grupo Cultural Afro Reggae. Focalizando a arte cênica ou performática (especificamente teatro e música), o estudo ressalta determinados aspectos das dinâmicas culturais cariocas, como a relação entre favela e asfalto, para contextualizar o trabalho realizado por estes grupos com os jovens participantes. Considerando a relação entre o espaço/território, tanto físico como simbólico-cultural, e a inclusão, revelam-se as formas inovadoras pelas quais os dois movimentos, através da arte e da performance, abrem novos espaços no imaginário social e proporcionam a integração de pessoas de diferentes áreas e camadas sociais. A presente pesquisa também ressalta o efeito desse trabalho para o desenvolvimento de uma comunicação e colaboração de mão dupla, as quais favorecem não apenas a inclusão mas a efetiva integração social. Também são consideradas as próprias obras de arte originais produzidas pelos dois grupos e as linguagens temáticas e performáticas por eles desenvolvidas, as quais projetam as vozes dos jovens das favelas de forma altamente eficaz nos cenários culturais regional, nacional e internacional. A análise dessas peças e canções, aponta para preocupações com a identidade e a memória cultural. Ademais, o texto ressalta as semelhanças, assim como divergências, existentes entre os dois grupos, ambos considerados referências em suas áreas, embora construídos sobre princípios e objetivos distintos. Expõem-se assim a possibilidade de diferentes abordagens à arte e à performance como ferramentas da integração e da auto-determinação. / [en] This study investigates the dialogue between art and its context by way of two arts-based socio-cultural movements that work with youth in Rio de Janeiro´s favelas (slums, impoverished areas): Grupo Nós do Morro (We from the Hillside) and Grupo Cultural Afro Reggae. Focusing on the performing arts (particularly theater and music), the study begins by identifying aspects of the socio-cultural dynamics in Rio de Janeiro, particularly the relationship between the favelas and the asphalt (middle- and upper-class neighborhoods), in order to contextualize the work produced by Nós do Morro and Afro Reggae. Taking into consideration the relationship between space/territory - both physical and cultural/symbolic - and inclusion in society, we explore innovative ways in which these two movements create space in the social consciousness and facilitate integration of people from different areas and ends of the social spectrum. This communication and collaboration is a two-way process that promotes not only social inclusion, but social integration. We also examine original works of art produced by the two movements, showing the themes and artistic styles they have developed, which in highly visible ways project voices of youth from the favelas into the regional, national and international spotlight. An interpretation of plays and songs created by Nós do Morro and Afro Reggae reveals a prominent concern with issues of identity and cultural memory. This thesis brings out similarities as well as marked differences between Nós do Morro and Afro Reggae, both successful leaders in their field but structured around different principles and objectives. In this way, they show how different approaches to art and performance can both lead to integration and self-determination of social groups.

Background: Individuals with intellectual disability are vulnerable to loneliness and face barriers and challenges when it comes to opportunities creating social relationships. Their social network are comprised mainly of family members and professionals. Working with individuals with an intellectual disability require interaction and creating a relationship. Professionals have a key role in supporting individual rights and opportunities regarding social inclusion. Purpose: The aim of this litterature review is to describe previous research of the professional relationship and attitudes when working with individuals who have an intellectual disability. This study aims to explore the meaning of the professional relationship and how professionals balance between what they want to do and what they can do within the professional relationship. Method: A qualitative approach was chosen, including a thematic content analysis based on 22 articles. Two main themes emerged: 1) The meaning of the relationship and 2) The professional framework. Result and conclusion: The professionals approach to the relationship, individual values and the organisational structure, affects how the relationship with individuals with an intellectual disability is established, shaped and managed. The professional framework involves power to shape the relationship and thus affect the individual rights and possibilites to social inclusion.

El tema que se presenta en esta investigación se centra en la publicidad como herramienta de inclusión de niños con síndrome de Down en Lima Metropolitana. A pesar de los esfuerzos que está haciendo el Estado peruano para organizar y cuantificar a las personas que tienen alguna discapacidad, no todos están inscritos en el Registro Nacional de Persona con Discapacidad; por lo tanto, no pueden acceder al apoyo que les brinda el Estado y se genera una exclusión social. El caso que se analiza es “Compromiso Babysec”, una campaña de éxito en América del Sur y en el 2019 lanzaron la versión peruana. La relevancia de este trabajo es porque no existen muchas investigaciones que determinen la importancia de la publicidad como herramienta frente a este tema social. De esta manera, el objetivo principal de la investigación es analizar de qué manera la campaña “Compromiso Babysec” puede incentivar la inclusión social en niños con síndrome de Down en Lima Metropolitana. Esta investigación se realizará con una metodología cualitativa bajo la técnica de entrevista a profundidad. En primer lugar, se considerará a madres de 35 a 45 años de nivel socioeconómico B que tengan hijos con síndrome de Down de cero a diez años y que han sido espectadoras de la campaña “Compromiso Babysec”. En segundo lugar, serán madres de 30 a 40 años de nivel socioeconómico B con hijos de cero a diez años que no tienen síndrome de Down y que han sido espectadoras de la campaña “Compromiso Babysec”. / This research focuses on advertising as a tool for social inclusion of children with Down syndrome in Metropolitan Lima. In spite of the efforts that the Peruvian State is making to organize and quantify the people who have a disability, not all of them are registered in the National Registry of Persons with Disabilities; therefore, they can not access to the support provided by the State and social exclusion is generated. The case under analysis is "Compromiso Babysec" (Commitment Babysec), a successful campaign in South America; which was launched in Peru in 2019. The relevance of this work resides in the fact that there are not many investigations that focus on the importance of advertising as a tool against this social issue. This is why the main objective of the research is to analyze how the campaign "Compromiso Babysec" can encourage social inclusion of children with Down syndrome in Metropolitan Lima. This research will be carried out according to a qualitative methodology under the technique of in-depth interview. Thus, two target audiences will be considered: first, mothers of 35 to 45 years of age of the socioeconomic status B who have children with Down syndrome from zero to ten years of age and who have been spectators of the "Compromiso Babysec" campaign. Secondly, mothers from 30 to 40 years of age the socioeconomic status B with children from zero to ten years of age who do not have Down syndrome and who have been spectators of the "Compromiso Babysec" campaign. / Trabajo de investigación

The aim of this study was to examine how asylum organizations work in facilitating the integration of asylum seekers into Swedish society.  In Sweden, despite its historical acceptance of migrants and asylum seekers, the country is not immune to integration challenges. The study employed a qualitative research approach to capture the perspectives and opinions of employees working in the selected organizations. A purposive sampling method was utilized, wherein two representatives were carefully chosen from each organization. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a total of four (4) participants. Thematic analysis was applied to analyze the data gathered from these interviews. The findings of the study indicated that asylum organizations offer various forms of support, including assistance with school placement, language acquisition, housing, education on Swedish norms and customs, and facilitating connections with authorities to Asylum seekers. However, several challenges persist, such as insufficient government support, inadequate funding, and lengthy asylum procedures. To address these issues, there is a need for increased government support, proactive measures, financial aid, expedited asylum processes. These improvements would enable the organizations to effectively engage and assist asylum seekers in their integration process.

This research was conducted to study the social integration of Syrian refugees in Sweden and their feeling of inclusion in the Swedish society, or exclusion from it. The research also targeted illuminating and analyzing potential reasons for the social exclusion of some Syrian refugees according to first-hand experiences, perspectives, and opinions collected by semi-structured interviews with 10 informants who left Syria due to civil war and sought asylum in Sweden. This paper serves as a platform on which voices and views of Syrian refugees were echoed, and conclusions on their settlement and inclusion in their new country were based on their own feelings, struggles, and matters of their social lives. To achieve that, social, cultural, and human aspects were prioritized over mainstream economic and legal aspects as all informants were documented and integrated into the Swedish labor market or education system.  Nonetheless, the study results have shown a worrying lack of social inclusion that Syrian refugees have experienced so far in their new country, reducing them into underprivileged, ethnic social circles where they had limited access to social networks from different backgrounds, resources, and opportunity. The nature of the Swedish society, as well as the negative image of Syrian refugees, Ethnic-segregated residencies, cultural incompatibility, and racism, were found to be the main reasons behind this phenomenon