This dissertation presents a multilevel model of national-level factors and their impact on the organizational-level characteristics of social enterprises and their innovations. This study builds on the foundations of two theoretical frameworks: the national systems of innovation, which recognizes economic competitiveness to be a product of several interrelated institutions (e.g. financial, educational, cultural, historical) and where organizational-level innovation drives country level competitiveness; and the comparative social enterprise framework, which contends that national-level institutions (e.g., economic competitiveness, models of civil society) drive the size and shape of the social enterprise sector of a country. Data for this study were collected from multiple secondary global datasets representing 54 countries across seven world regions. Research questions and hypotheses are examined using ordinal and logistic hierarchical generalized linear modeling, two analytical techniques capable of explaining variation at one level (i.e., organizations) as a consequence of factors at another level of analysis (i.e., countries) for non-normally distributed dependent variables. Findings indicate that economic competitiveness, welfare spending, culture and quality of life significantly impact the odds of a business being a social enterprise. Fewer significant relationships were found social enterprise innovations. Conclusions and policy implications are discussed in light of data limitations and the current state of the field.

Cette recherche sociologique propose une étude compréhensive de l’Université des Montagnes, une initiative de la société civile issue de la crise de l’enseignement supérieur au Cameroun dans les années 1990. L’enquête de terrain réalisée au sein de l’institution a permis de collecter des données quantitatives et qualitatives à partir desquelles nous avons produit une théorie ancrée (Glaser et A. Strauss) mettant en évidence les spécificités de cette institution alternative et unique en son genre au Cameroun. Une observation participante de longue durée a permis une investigation approfondie. La première ligne de rupture qui se dégage de notre analyse est que l’Université des Montagnes est entièrement conçue, pensée et mise en œuvre par un groupe de citoyens déterminé à briser le monopole de l’État sur le développement de l’enseignement supérieur au Cameroun. Pour ce faire, les promoteurs ont dans une démarche réflexive et critique par rapport au modèle existant, élaboré une philosophie éducative et pédagogique innovante qui concilie les sciences fondamentales, appliquées et professionnalisantes, ainsi qu’une pédagogie ancrée dans les cultures africaines. En somme, nos enquêtes révèlent l’émergence d’une université générale, professionnelle et citoyenne. Le projet tente ainsi d’opérer une synthèse méthodique et adaptative des modèles universitaires de référence ayant structuré l’enseignement supérieur dans le monde. Nonobstant les difficultés d’appropriation collective, cette expérience citoyenne apparait, après quinze années d’existence, comme un analyseur et un catalyseur d’innovation sociale, tant son impact est perceptible sur le paysage de l’enseignement supérieur au Cameroun. / This sociological study offers a comprehensive study of the Université des Montagnes, a civil society initiative in response to the crisis in higher education in Cameroon in the 1990’s. A field study undertaken within the institution, using a participatory approach, enabled us to collect quantitative and qualitative data which was used to produce a grounded theory (Glaser and A. Strauss) approach that highlights the specific features of this alternative institution which is unique in Cameroon. The first break shown by our analysis is that the Université des Montagnes was entirely conceived, imagined, and established by a group of citizens determined to relieve the State of its monopoly on the development of higher education in Cameroon. To accomplish this, the founders, through a method that was reflective and critical in relation to the existing model, developed an innovative philosophy of education and pedagogy that reconciles the applied and professional sciences, and pedagogy founded on African culture. In short, our study shows the emergence of a general, professional, and people’s university. The project seeks to furnish a systematic and adaptive synthesis of reference university models that have structured higher education across the world. Notwithstanding the difficulties involved in collective adoption of the project, after fifteen years of existence, this people’s experiment appears to have been an analyser and catalyst for social innovation, considering its impact in the area of higher education in Cameroon.

Née d’un travail partenarial entre le Groupement des Amis des Parcs Naturels Régionaux du Sud-Est (GAPSE) et l’Université Savoie Mont Blanc, cette thèse, réalisée dans le cadre d’une convention CIFRE, s’intéresse au volet participatif de la Gestion Intégrée de la Ressource en Eau (GIRE) dans les Parcs Naturels Régionaux de montagne du Sud-Est français.L’étude se fonde sur le retour d’expérience et l’analyse réflexive du programme de recherche-action-collaborative et participative « L’eau, entre mémoire et devenir », initié en 2008 par le GAPSE. À partir d’une méthode d’enquête auprès des acteurs clefs, elle identifie, dans ces territoires, une trentaine d’actions relevant du volet participatif de la GIRE. Le recensement et l’examen de ces actions et de leurs conditions de mise en œuvre, amènent à construire une représentation, sous forme de modèle évolutif, de cette approche participative de la GIRE. Les PNR s’inventent alors en nouveaux territoires de l’eau. En dépassant le strict cadre de la gestion par bassin, l’analyse approfondie des jeux, logiques et paysages actoriels œuvrant dans la mise en place de ces actions permet de questionner ce nouveau statut.Ce travail montre que, malgré une évolution législative liée à la réforme territoriale, restreignant les prérogatives des PNR en matière de gestion de la ressource en eau, des formes innovantes de démarches participatives s’observent, allant au-delà des dispositifs institutionnels de concertation de la GIRE.Ces initiatives volontaires, issues des collectivités, du milieu associatif ou encore de divers collectifs citoyens, sont souvent encore disparates et manquent de cohérence et de liant entre elles. L’action publique doit ainsi composer avec cette diversité d’acteurs et d’actions, aux objectifs et formes variés. Se dessine alors un enjeu d’articulation des démarches participatives et d’innovation en matière de participation citoyenne, auquel ce travail tente de répondre en proposant un guide méthodologique de mise en œuvre d’une GIRE participative fondé sur le retour d’expérience des PNR du Sud-Est. / The thesis arises from a partnership work between the association “ le Groupement des Amis des Parcs Naturels Régionaux du Sud-Est ” (GAPSE) and the “Savoie Mont Blanc ” University. It was made within the CIFRE agreement (Industrial agreement of learning/training by research). The PhD focuses on the participatory component of the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) in the regional nature parks in the south-east of France.The study relies on the feedback and the analysis of the participatory action research program called “L’Eau entre mémoire et devenir” (“Water between memory and future”), which has been created in 2008 by the GAPSE. Based on a survey methodology of key actors, the thesis identifies around thirty participatory actions under the IWRM. The census and analysis of these actions and of their implementation conditions led to build a dynamic model about the participatory approach of IWRM.We examine the regional nature parks status, as news water territories, beyond the narrower confines of watershed-based management, on the basis of a thorough and integrated analysis of actors’ interactions.This study shows that these territories can generate innovative participatory actions going beyond just the institutional conciliation scheme, based on a representative system. These actions arise despite the legislative change, due to a territorial reform, which restrict water prerogatives of regional nature parks.However, these voluntary initiatives implemented by the territorial authorities, associations or citizen collective organizations are still disparate and lack of coherence and coordination between them.The public action has to deal with a diversity of actors and actions with various objectives. The real issue becomes citizen participatory initiatives articulation. This PhD tries to answer to this challenge by proposing a methodological guide about the IWRM implementation, based on the regional nature parks feedbacks.

La question des résistances à la mise en œuvre des programmes d’action publique de l’État fait partie des questions de recherche peu étudiées. L’idée défendue tout au long de la thèse est que la notion de résistance territorialisée permet d’expliciter les logiques qui guident la mise en œuvre des programmes d’action publique. Notre analyse prend pour étude l’appropriation locale des réformes de modernisation des services d’eau potable. Ces réformes d’inspiration néolibérale apparues dans les années 1980 font l’objet de bilans intermédiaires mitigés et de critiques concernant leur efficacité. Le cas d’étude retenu est celui de l’agglomération grenobloise. Notre travail repose sur une enquête de terrain menée pendant cinq ans dans le cadre de notre activité salariée auprès d’une cinquantaine de services d’eau potable. Notre thèse s’articule en deux parties et quatre chapitres. La première partie s’intéresse au contenu des réformes de modernisation et aux résistances territorialisées qu’elles engendrent. La seconde partie propose d’approfondir la compréhension des résistances territorialisées en appréhendant le service d’eau comme un système territorial complexe qui s’oppose à la logique des réformes. Le premier chapitre de la thèse analyse les réformes de modernisation. D’une part, nous expliquons l’origine et le contenu des réformes et, d’autre part, nous proposons une méthode prospective d’aide à la décision permettant d’évaluer leurs effets économiques et sociaux sur les services d’eau. Le deuxième chapitre rend compte de l’application de deux réformes, mesure l’ampleur des résistances et les qualifie. La première réforme étudiée concerne la création d’indicateurs de performance des services d’eau potable. La seconde consiste en la transformation de l’usager du service d’eau en consommateur. Notre étude montre que les résistances sont nombreuses et variées et produisent des défaillances dans la gouvernance du secteur. Le troisième chapitre présente une analyse historique qui restitue le processus de construction territorialisée des services d’eau potable dans l’agglomération grenobloise. Nous mettons en lumière le rôle déterminant des facteurs territoriaux et nous montrons qu’historiquement, pour ce qui est de la régulation, l’Etat n’a été qu’un acteur parmi d’autres peu capable de contraindre formellement l’action des services d’eau. Enfin, la solution proposée par l’État pour répondre aux problèmes de modernisation est analysée et critiquée dans le quatrième chapitre. Cette solution consiste à transférer la compétence eau potable aux Établissements Publics de Coopération Intercommunale (EPCI) à fiscalité propre. La thèse met en évidence que cette solution peut aboutir à des résistances territoriales fortes au sein des services d’eau pouvant faire échec à la mise en place d’une gestion unifiée de l’eau à l’échelon intercommunal. Cependant, nous montrons que paradoxalement les résistances territoriales peuvent être génératrices de processus d’innovation sociale sans être nécessairement incompatibles avec certains objectifs des réformes de modernisation. Dans ces cas, des modèles de gestion de l’eau ad hoc peuvent émerger et se révéler particulièrement adaptés aux enjeux contemporains. Ces résultats de recherche nous conduisent à défendre l’intérêt d’une évolution de l’action publique hydrique vers des politiques territoriales pluralistes. / The subject of resistances to the implementation of State public action programs is a topic that has been seldom studied. The idea defended throughout this thesis is that the notion of territorialized resistance makes it possible to clarify the logic guiding the implementation of programs of public action. Our analysis examines the local appropriation of reforms of modernization in drinking water services. These reforms, influenced by neo-liberalism, appeared in the 1980s and have been met with mixed reviews and criticisms as to their effectiveness. The case study we have chosen here is the Grenoble agglomeration. Our work is based on field surveys carried out during five years of salaried activity around roughly fifty drinking water services. Our thesis is divided into two parts and four chapters. The first part focuses on the content of modernization reforms and the territorialized resistances that they create. The second part aims to deepen the understanding of territorialized resistances by perceiving the service of water as a complex territorial system that resists the logic of reforms.Our first chapter analyzes the modernization reforms. We explain the origin and the content of the reforms and also propose a method of informing decisions that would enable assessment of their economic and social effects on water services. The second chapter focuses on the application of two reforms, measuring the scope of resistances to them and examining their character. The first reform studied concerns the creation of performance indicators for drinking water services. The second reform consists of the transformation of water users into consumers. Our study demonstrates that the resistances are multiple and varied, and that they produce lapses in the governance of the sector. The third chapter presents a historical analysis that retraces the process of territorialized construction of drinking water services in the Greater Grenoble area. We highlight the determinative role of territorial factors. We also show that, historically, in terms of regulation, the state has only been one actor among others and that it has little capacity to formally constrain the action of water services. Finally, the fourth chapter analyzes and criticizes the solution that the State has proposed to respond to problems of modernization. That solution involves transferring the obligation to provide potable water to the Public Institutions of Inter-municipal Cooperation (EPCI). The thesis demonstrates that this solution may lead to strong territorial resistances within water services, with the potential to cause a failure to establish unified management of water at the supra-municipal level. However, we show that paradoxically, territorial resistances can also generate processes of social innovation that are not necessarily incompatible with the objectives of modernization reforms. In these cases, ad hoc models for the management of water can emerge that are particularly suited to contemporary challenges.The results of this research lead us to advocate the evolution of public water action towards pluralist territorial policies.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:16:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3629.pdf: 1387256 bytes, checksum: ea3d881fec62d1975b0af6bd8e403f6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-24 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Modern society has assumed over the years a consumption behavior pattern incompatible with a limited resources planet. In response to the consumerism negative impacts initiatives emerges to promote different standards and levels of consumption, contributing to sustainable consumption strengthening. Sustainable consumption is a controversial concept when appears in both academic and media texts. The sustainable consumption promotion requires action from civil society, governments, research centers, companies and industries. This research (a) discussed the meaning of sustainable consumption ; (b) investigated if there are civil society organizations engaged in publics and collectives actions to promote new standards and levels of consumption; (c) and examined the profile of these organizations called sustainable consumption organizations. We used a descriptive research to answer these questions that (a) sought to understand the meaning of sustainable consumption from a literature review; (b) gathered public information about civil organizations in five different sources of data collection on the internet and evaluated if these organizations were sustainable consumption organizations using ten pre-established guidelines criteria; (c) and drew these organizations profiles using five categories of analysis. The results showed that sustainable consumption is configured as a broader concept than other related terms such as green consumption, conscious consumption, ethical and solidarity consumption and responsible consumption. The results also showed that the sustainable consumption requires policy and collective actions from consumers (in this case citizens); involves the ecological, social, economic and political sustainability dimensions and focuses technological innovations followed by changes in individual behavior of consumption. We identified seventy-two sustainable consumption organizations. Analyzing the profile of forty of them it was possible to point out that sustainable consumption organizations have a close relationship with Solidarity Economy and Agroecology Movements. It was also possible to check that the political activity of these organizations takes place predominantly through the realization of sustainable collective purchasing and awareness jobs. We conclude that while is not possible to say whether the number of sustainable consumption organizations is representative, central themes to the promotion of sustainable consumption patterns must be discussed in depth within civil society. / A sociedade atual vem assumindo ao longo dos anos um padrão de comportamento de consumo incompatível com um planeta de recursos limitados. Em resposta aos impactos negativos provocados pelo consumismo surgem iniciativas que visam promover padrões e níveis diferenciados de consumo, contribuindo assim para o fortalecimento do chamado consumo sustentável; conceito controverso quando aparece em textos tanto acadêmicos quanto midiáticos. A promoção do consumo sustentável demanda atuação da sociedade civil, governos, centros de pesquisa, empresas e indústrias. O trabalho (a) buscou discutir o significado do termo consumo sustentável ; (b) investigou se existem organizações da sociedade civil empenhadas em agir coletiva e publicamente na promoção de novos padrões e níveis de consumo; (c) bem como analisou o perfil dessas organizações, chamadas de empreendimentos em consumo sustentável. Para responder tais questões, utilizou-se uma pesquisa descritiva que, (a) a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica, buscou apreender o significado do que é consumo sustentável; (b) coletou informações públicas sobre organizações civis em cinco diferentes fontes de coleta de dados disponíveis na internet avaliando se estas organizações se tratavam de empreendimentos em consumo sustentável a partir da utilização de dez critérios de enquadramento pré-determinados; (c) e, a partir de cinco categorias de análise, traçou o perfil desses empreendimentos, novamente por meio de informações públicas disponíveis nas fontes de coleta de dados pré-selecionadas. Os resultados mostraram que o consumo sustentável se configura como um conceito mais abrangente que outros termos correlatos como consumo verde, consumo consciente, consumo responsável e consumo ético e solidário; envolve ações que consideram as dimensões ecológica, social, política e econômica da sustentabilidade; demanda atuação pública e coletiva de consumidores (que assim são promovidos a cidadãos) e foca inovações tecnológicas acompanhadas de mudanças nas atitudes individuais de consumo. Foi possível também apontar que a sociedade civil se mobiliza coletiva e politicamente em empreendimentos em consumo sustentável com o objetivo de promover mudanças nos padrões e níveis de consumo, uma vez que identificou-se 72 empreendimentos. Analisando o perfil de 40 destes, os quais apresentavam informações suficientes para proceder à análise, é possível apontar que os empreendimentos em consumo sustentável mantêm estreita relação com os movimentos da Economia Solidária e Agroecologia e sua atuação política se dá predominantemente através da realização de compras coletivas sustentáveis e trabalhos de conscientização junto a diversos públicos. Conclui-se que mesmo não sendo possível afirmar se o número de empreendimentos que atuam no sentido de promover mudanças nos padrões e níveis de consumo é representativo, temas essenciais para a promoção do consumo sustentável ainda precisam ser discutidos de forma aprofundada no âmbito da sociedade civil.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-01T19:11:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 120584.pdf: 2783226 bytes, checksum: e9e9f2367a62358a96dded6dc7202d02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Brazilian Movement Against Electoral Corruption (MCCE) has been promoting social innovations in the Brazilian public sphere, since its formalization, in 2002, leading mobilization towards the creation of the only two popular initiative laws in Brazil, Law Against Vote Buying (Law n. 9840/1999) and Clean Slate Law (Complementary Law 135/2010). The main objective of this dissertation is to comprehend how MCCE has been promoting social innovation, on the attempt of responding the public problem of electoral corruption in Brazil. To accomplish this objective, this dissertation is structured in seven chapters, including the introduction, which we present the research problem and its frame. In chapter two, we constructed a theoretical and analytical frame to better comprehend the collective action of civil society actors. To do so, we started with the social innovation debate and its perspectives. The chosen perspective for this dissertation was based on an understanding of social innovation analyzed as a process. Specifically, this perspective is understood as an expression of the collectives actors in self-reflexing, self organizing and self-reforming (CEFAÏ; TERZI, 2012). In this sense, having the pragmatic sociology as a theoretical reference (BARTHE et al, 2013), we promote a debate between the Actor-Network Theory (ANT) (CALLON; LATOUR, 1981; LAW, 1999; LATOUR, 2001 and 2012) and the studies about the experience of the public problems (CEFAÏ, 2002, 2009 and 2012; CEFAÏ; TERZI, 2012) to build our own an analytical and methodological frame. This frame, which moments will be detailed in Chapter 3, had an ethnographic posture that led the research field, since August 2013 until October 2014. It was made different research strategies that resulted in a data triangulation, involving direct observation on different scenes of MCCE and also through the internet. The research field also had six interviews, with founders, directors, technicians and other members of the movement. A documental analysis was based on following the news about the movement, other dissertations and official documents. The results are presented in Chapters 4 to 6, which respond to the specific objectives of the research. First we mapped the public arena of electoral corruption in Brazil, based on cartography of controversies (VENTURINI, 2010). We aimed to map this public arena in three fields: political (mapping the news), scientific (analyzing the peer-reviewed scientific papers) and technical-legal (with the analysis of the most important laws regarding the issue). The time span of this mapping was between the years of 1988, took as a reference to us, which represented a year of democratic opening in Brazil, and 2014. The mapping made us identify the main actors-network of the public problem of electoral corruption in Brazil, their main statements, the controversies that appear and the world visions that are built during the time around this public problem. The analysis of this chapter resulted in a visualization of configuration process (CEFAÏ, 1996) or translation process (LATOUR, 2012), which problem public faces and that is influenced in your definition and its forms of interpretation. We provide evidences, which actors-networks linked with MCCE were leaders in this process and a question is raised, on how the movement promotes this incidence, focusing the analysis of the movement s experience. This is made in Chapters 5 and 6, which focus on the MCCE s experience, making a diachronic analysis (focusing on its trajectory) and synchronic (exploring its most recent experiences). The analysis of the trajectory showed us that the main mobilizations promoted by movement in the macro public arena and its developments. We could observe that, during the time, the movement constituted a network of different collectives, which they contributed for creating a transversal intelligence and a collective learning on coping with concrete problematic situations. The social innovations that appear on this process configure not only as final results , but as processes, which multiple collectives contribute and that involves a great dose of uncertainties (LATOUR, 2012). In Chapter 6, this network is then followed closely, aiming to identify how the movement is organized, its particularities and the main controversies endured nowadays. This chapter focuses on following the collective action on its course, making it possible to comprehend what characterizes the movement. In Chapter 7, the final considerations of this dissertation are presented, linking the previous analysis, focusing the interfaces between the MCCE network and the greater public arena of electoral corruption. The chapter finalizes with some questions about the study and the future perspectives of new research about the subject. / O Movimento de Combate à Corrupção Eleitoral (MCCE) vem provocando inovações sociais na esfera pública brasileira, desde antes da sua formalização, em 2002, tendo sido protagonista na mobilização para elaboração e aprovação das duas únicas leis de iniciativa popular no país ¿A Lei da Compra de Votos¿ (Lei 9.840/1999) e a ¿Lei da Ficha Limpa¿ (Lei Complementar 135/2010). Essa dissertação tem como objetivo geral buscar compreender como o MCCE vem promovendo inovações sociais ao responder ao problema público da corrupção eleitoral no Brasil. Para cumprir este objetivo, esta dissertação estrutura-se em sete capítulos, incluindo a introdução, na qual apresentamos a problematização e o quadro geral da pesquisa. No capítulo dois, construímos um enfoque teórico-metodológico próprio para compreender melhor a ação coletiva dos atores da sociedade civil na esfera pública e o seu papel na promoção da inovação social. Para tanto, partimos do debate sobre inovação social e suas correntes. Adotamos uma perspectiva de análise da inovação social como processo, ou seja, como expressão da capacidade dos próprios coletivos de se autorefletir, auto-organizar e auto-reformar (CEFAI; TERZI, 2012). Desse modo, tendo por fundamento a sociologia pragmática (BARTHE et al), promovemos um debate entre a Teoria do Ator-Rede (TAR) (CALLON; LATOUR, 1981; LAW, 1999; LATOUR, 2001 e 2012) e os estudos sobre as experiências dos problemas públicos (CEFAI, 2002, 2009 e 2012; CEFAÏ; TERZI, 2012) para construir um caminho analítico-metodológico próprio. Tal caminho, cujos momentos são detalhadamente apresentados, no capítulo três, teve por base uma postura etnográfica que norteou o trabalho de campo realizado de agosto de 2013 a outubro de 2014, no qual foi feita uma triangulação de diferentes estratégias de pesquisa, envolvendo a observação direta de cenas e eventos do MCCE e de sua atuação, in loco e também por meio da internet, seis entrevistas com fundadores, diretores, técnicos e outros membros do movimento, além de ampla análise documental, de notícias sobre o movimento, dissertações, além de documentos oficiais. Os resultados são então apresentados nos capítulos quatro a seis, que respondem aos objetivos específicos da dissertação. Primeiramente, realizamos um mapeamento da arena pública da corrupção eleitoral no Brasil, por meio da ¿cartografia de controvérsias¿ (VENTURINI, 2010). Buscamos mapear a arena pública em três campos: político (por meio do mapeamento das mídias), científico (por meio da análise dos artigos científicos publicados) e técnico-legal (com a análise das leis mais importantes referentes a matéria). O mapeamento teve como ponto de partida ano 1988, marco que representou a abertura democrática no Brasil e foi feito até o ano de 2014. Tal mapeamento permitiu identificar os principais ¿atores-rede¿ porta-vozes do problema público da corrupção eleitoral no Brasil, suas declarações principais, as controvérsias que emergem e as visões de mundo que são construídas ao longo do tempo em torno do problema público. Tal análise, resultou numa visualização do processo de ¿configuração¿ (CEFAÏ, 1996) ou ainda de ¿translação¿ (LATOUR, 2012) que vive o problema público e que influencia na sua definição, nas formas de interpretá-lo e também de fazer face a ele. Evidenciase aqui que os atores-rede ligados ao MCCE foram protagonistas nesse processo e levanta-se a questão de como o movimento promove essa incidência, voltando-se para análise de sua experiência. Isso é feito nos capítulos cinco e seis, nos quais aborda-se a experiência do MCCE, por meio de uma leitura diacrônica (focalizando a sua trajetória) e sincrônica (explorando a sua experiência atual). A análise da trajetória permitiu evidenciar as principais ações de mobilização do movimento na arena pública mais ampla e seus desdobramentos. Pôde-se constatar como, ao longo do tempo, o movimento se constitui numa ¿rede¿ de coletivos que contribuem para criar uma ¿inteligência transversal¿ e um aprendizado coletivo no enfrentamento de situações problemáticas concretas. As inovações sociais que emergem nesse percurso configuram-se não apenas como ¿resultados finais¿, mas como processos, nos quais múltiplos coletivos parecem contribuir e que envolve uma grande dose de incerteza (LATOUR, 2012). No capítulo seis essa rede é então acompanhada mais de perto, buscando-se identificar como se organiza, as suas particularidades e as principais controvérsias enfrentadas atualmente. Esse capítulo busca acompanhar mais de perto a ação coletiva do MCCE, possibilitando compreender o que caracteriza o movimento. No capítulo sete as considerações finais são apresentadas, buscando religar as análises apresentadas, focalizando as interfaces entre a rede do MCCE e a arena pública mais ampla da corrupção eleitoral. O capítulo se encerra com o levantamento de algumas questões que este estudo suscita para novas pesquisas.

Faced with the exclusion promoted by the conventional financial system (public and private banks) due to the criteria of selectivity, guarantees required and margins of financial return pursued by these institutions, a large part of the Brazilian population does not have access to banking services. They are people living in extreme poverty, especially those living in communities far from the urban centers of Brazilian cities. For this part of the population, alternatives have recently appeared that try to democratize access to financial resources, which are treated as a common good, that is, of collective use, especially for small-scale economic units, using innovations by a multiplicity of institutional arrangements and new governance mechanisms such as innovations in the field of solidarity finance, in particular the Community Development Banks (DCBs). From this context, the present study sought to understand the nature of innovation and the challenges raised in the management of solidarity finance services, carried out through Community Banks as a modality of a common good. To achieve this objective, a single case study was carried out at the Cocais Community Bank, located in the municipality of São João do Arraial, in the state of Piauí. This study has a qualitative character, with a descriptive and exploratory approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, documentary research and non-participant observation, and were analyzed through narrative. The Cocais bank was built by its own users, in order to solve the problem of lack of access to financial services in the municipality, especially for the part of the population excluded from the conventional banking system, having as mechanisms of access the social utility of these services, in particular solidarity credit, respecting the socio-cultural characteristics of the territory belonging to its users, defining it as a social innovation. Challenges related to: (a) the process of constructing the initiative, conflicts related to political issues in the territory, challenges regarding acceptance of the social currency, limiting the credit fund, and the demobilization of the population in relation to the management of the bank. These challenges express the complexity of resource management in common use. / Diante da exclusão promovida pelo sistema financeiro convencional (bancos públicos e privados) devido aos critérios de seletividade, garantias exigidas e margens de retorno financeiro perseguido por essas instituições, grande parcela da população brasileira não dispõe de acesso aos serviços bancários. São pessoas que vivem em situação de extrema pobreza, principalmente as que moram em comunidades distantes dos centros urbanos das cidades brasileiras. Para essa parcela da população, recentemente, tem surgido alternativas que tentam democratizar o acesso aos recursos financeiros, que passam a ser tratados como bem comum, ou seja, de uso coletivo, especialmente para unidades econômicas de pequena monta, utilizando-se de inovações constituídas por uma multiplicidade de arranjos institucionais e novos mecanismos de governança, como as inovações no campo das finanças solidárias, em especial, os Bancos Comunitários de Desenvolvimento (BCDs). A partir desse contexto, o presente estudo buscou compreender a natureza da inovação e os desafios suscitados na gestão dos serviços de finanças solidárias, realizados por meio de Bancos Comunitários como modalidade de um bem comum. Para atingimento deste objetivo, foi realizado um estudo de caso único no Banco Comunitário dos Cocais, localizado no município de São João do Arraial, no estado do Piauí. Este estudo tem caráter qualitativo, com abordagem descritiva e exploratória. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, pesquisa documental e observação não-participante e, na sequência, foram analisados por meio de narrativa. O banco dos Cocais foi construído por seus próprios usuários, com a finalidade de resolver o problema da falta de acesso a serviços financeiros no município, em especial, para a parte da população excluída do sistema bancário convencional, tendo como mecanismos de acesso a utilidade social destes serviços, em especial, o crédito solidário, respeitando as características socioculturais do território de pertencimento de seus usuários, definindo-o como uma inovação social. Foram identificados desafios relacionados: (a) ao processo de construção da iniciativa, a conflitos relacionados a questões políticas do território, desafios em relação à aceitação da moeda social, a limitação do fundo de crédito, e a desmobilização da população em relação à gestão do banco. Tais desafios expressam a complexidade presente na gestão de recursos de uso comum. / São Cristóvão, SE

Submitted by Marta Ferrarini (ferrarini.martaa@gmail.com) on 2018-07-19T18:34:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Master's Thesis FGV_Ferrrini Marta.pdf: 2354056 bytes, checksum: c16e837755812501c465172d0cc7d611 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2018-07-23T14:23:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Master's Thesis FGV_Ferrrini Marta.pdf: 2354056 bytes, checksum: c16e837755812501c465172d0cc7d611 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-24T20:06:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Master's Thesis FGV_Ferrrini Marta.pdf: 2354056 bytes, checksum: c16e837755812501c465172d0cc7d611 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-21 / The purpose of this thesis is the study of the effect the cross-sector partnering has on social enterprises’ strategies. The recent literature suggests partnerships can help social enterprises to scale impact, to sustain profitability and to enter new markets, but the resulting interactions moved by distinctive goals can also push social enterprises to drift away from their mission. The thesis is structured as an explorative case study. The case of Progetto QUID, an emerging Italian social enterprise in the Fashion industry, offers practical insights towards the possible challenges and opportunities deriving from the engagement of different stakeholders, and how a team can manage them. All the data about Progetto QUID were personally collected with the help of Professor Tommaso Ramus in the period between 2017 and 2018. The case study is interesting for the types of partners QUID has, for-profit and non-profits, which stress the complexity of managing a hybrid organisation. The presence of these external actors derives from the appealing business model that combines three elements: the social mission through work inclusion, the environmental goal of recovering waste raw materials and the economic dimension, which supports the dual purpose and differentiate them of similar entities. The case touches on multiple aspects aiming to unify some theoretical and empirical knowledge as well as engaging students in this realm that is both growing and consolidating, but which needs further research. The case does not include interviews with the partners, which could provide supplementary knowledge and possible dissimilar viewpoints. In addition, the short time available limits the possible findings and recommendations. From this study, SE can understand how the business model and the team capabilities are strategic elements that allow managing the tensions. The examples of QUID offers new insights into the literature considering, for example, the ‘combination-separation’ of the commercial and social side. This seems the most viable solution in the scaling-up process to ensure the success of the social enterprise. This observation is particularly important because it is able to describe a possible solution for managing tensions in hybrid organisations. Moreover, it emerges how social enterprises should analyse systematically their collaborations to clearly understand how they create value internally and externally. The investigation can rely on a few questions. The research towards value creation, costs and benefits and the management of a partnership are just in the early stages. My thesis addresses the topic at a different level of analysis to enable a deeper comprehension of partnerships as multidimensional vehicles for economic and social effects across organizations. Moreover, students interested in this filed could have an additional opportunity to get in touch with these raising realities. / Obietivo - O objetivo é estudar o efeito que a parceria intersetorial tem sobre as estratégias das empresas sociais. A literatura recente sugere que as parcerias podem ajudar as mesmas a aumentar o seu impacto social, sustentar a lucratividade e entrar em novos mercados, mas as interações resultantes movidas por objetivos distintos também podem levar as empresas sociais a afastarem-se da sua missão. Metodologia – A tese é estrutura como um estudo de caso exploratório. O caso do Progetto QUID, uma empresa social italiana emergente na indústria da moda, oferece conhecimentos práticos para os possíveis desafíos e oportunidades decorrentes do compromisso de diferentes stakeholders e com o team podes os administrar. Os dados foram coletados pessoalmente com a ajuda do Professor Tommaso Ramus entre 2017 e 2018. Resultados - O estudo de caso é interessante para os tipos de parceiros que a QUID tem, com fins lucrativos e sem fins lucrativos, que enfatizam ainda mais a complexidade de gerenciar uma organização híbrida. A presença desses atores deriva do atraente modelo empresarial que combina três elementos: a missão social por meio da inclusão no trabalho, o objetivo ambiental de recuperar tecidos e a dimensão econômica, que apóia as duplas missões e as diferencia de entidades similares.O caso aborda múltiplos aspectos com o objetivo de unificar alguns conhecimentos teóricos e empíricos, bem como engajar os alunos nessa área que está crescendo e se consolidando, mas que precisa de mais pesquisas. Limitações - O caso não inclui entrevistas com os parceiros, o que poderia fornecer conhecimento suplementar e possíveis pontos de vista diferentes. Além disso, o pouco tempo disponível limita as possíveis descobertas e recomendações. Contribuições práticas - A partir deste estudo, o SE pode entender como o modelo de negócios e as capacidades da equipe são elementos estratégicos que permitem gerenciar as tensões. Os exemplos de QUID oferecem novos insights para a literatura, considerando, por exemplo, a "combinação-separação" do lado comercial e social. Essa parece ser a solução mais viável no processo de ampliação para garantir o sucesso da empresa social. Essa observação é particularmente importante porque é capaz de descrever uma possível solução para o gerenciamento de tensões em organizações híbridas. Além disso, surge como as empresas sociais devem analisar sistematicamente suas colaborações para entender claramente como elas criam valor internamente e externamente. A investigação pode contar em algumas perguntas. Contribuções para a sociedade & originalidade- A pesquisa para a criação de valor, custos e benefícios e a gestão de uma parceria estão apenas nos estágios iniciais. Minha tese aborda o tópico em um nível diferente de análise para permitir uma compreensão mais profunda das parcerias como veículos multidimensionais para efeitos econômicos e sociais em todas as organizações. Além disso, os estudantes interessados neste campo poderiam ter uma oportunidade adicional de entrar em contato com essas realidades crescentes.

En choisissant de nous intéresser à l'insertion par l'activité économique et à l'aide à domicile, nous avons cherché à comprendre comment ces deux secteurs se situent face à la force de l'isomorphisme marchand, au nom de valeurs accordant la primauté à des populations vulnérables. Notre travail nous a conduits à nous intéresser aux dynamiques territoriales de développement, et in fine à vérifier les compromis pouvant être construits sur le registre des valeurs partagées entre secteurs et territoires. Notre comparaison interterritoriale, entre la Communauté autonome basque et le Pays basque français s'est donc exercée à deux niveaux. D'une part, celui de deux secteurs de l'économie sociale considérés comme des ordres institutionnels spécifiques. D'autre part, celui des dynamiques territoriales de développement et des principes axiologiques qui les sous-tendent. Notre approche empirique permet de conceptualiser des systèmes territoriaux d'innovation sociale qui produisent une forme de transformation sociale, en marquant leur préférence pour des populations vulnérables en tant qu'objets et sujets de dynamiques territoriales. / How do two welfare sector (socia integration through economic activity, and home care) continue to promote the priorization of vulnerable people in the face of the phenomenon of market froces-driven isomorphism ? This disserttation focuses on the dynamics of territorial development, and assesses the compromises which have been constructed between different sectors and localisations on the basis of shared values. We compared two different locations, the Basque autonomous community (Spain) and the French basque country, conducting our analysis on two distinct levels. Firstly, we compared two sectors of the social economy which constitute specific institutional orders. Secondly, we looked at the territorial dynamics of development and the values systems underpinning them. Our empirical approach enables us to put forward the concept of Territorial systems of social innovation. These systems generate social transformation by priorizing vulnerable populations, both in their role as the recipients of services and as active participants in the shaping of the territorial dynamics.

Social media for innovation have been used by organizations all over the world to involve users in the innovation process. However, it has not been studied to a great extent within the public sector. The public sector context is different from other organization and focus on innovation to improve citizens’ service. This study aims to investigate how the public sector uses social media for innovation purposes, by conducting semi-structured interviews with employees at a municipality. The study showed that the public sectors adoptions of social media in their innovation process are sporadically applied. It showed that they do involve users in innovation, but mainly through face-to-face meetings. Communication is the common denominator in both the innovation procedures and the social media usage within the public sector. In conclusion, communication can be the road to innovation for the public sector.