Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:42:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PATRICIAFERREIRA.pdf: 10584052 bytes, checksum: 17d96b498ecdbb731add967f806cafb8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Environmental and cultural diversity represents an intrinsic value for itself, independently from its incorporation into a globalized urban-industrial culture. To counter the actual global socio-environmental crisis, it is important to better understand the rationalities and lifestyle modes which are closer to a sustainable dealing with nature, as it is, for example, the case of traditional societies. A two-sided learning process between proprietors of traditional knowledge and of scientific knowledge can lead to the improvement of life quality in traditional communities and can help to avoid that the incorporation of these communities into the market economy causes the degradation of its diversity. In this sense, we are on the search for a social ecology. This research evaluates communitarian tourism as a means to contribute to cultural conservation and the improvement of life quality of traditional societies, as well as the stabilization of biodiversity in its territories. It refers to the people and land properties of Faxinal communities in Paraná. It tries to avoid an imposition of the researcher’s perspective throughout the analysis by using methods of participant observation and unstructured interviews in the communities of “Lageado de Baixo”, located in the municipality of Mallet, and “Lageado de Mello”, in the municipality of Rio Azul. These Faxinais dispose of various resources to develop tourist activities, among others: extensive walks on the interior tracks of the Faxinais, bird and animal watching, contemplation of landscape and vegetation, listening to the narratives of the local population, observation of their differentiated lifestyles. As such, communitarian tourism is considered a tool of a two-side learning experience between visitors and traditional communities and, therefore, can be regarded as a means to preserve the Faxinais of Paraná. / A diversidade ambiental e cultural possui um valor intrínseco, independente de sua utilidade em nossa cultura urbano-industrial globalizada. Para o enfrentamento da crise socioambiental mundial é importante o aprendizado sobre racionalidades e modos de vida mais sustentáveis em relação à natureza, como é o caso dos povos tradicionais. Um aprendizado mútuo entre os detentores do conhecimento tradicional e do conhecimento científico, pode levar a uma melhoria da qualidade de vida das comunidades tradicionais e evitar que a sua inserção na economia de mercado leve à degradação dessa diversidade. Trata-se, portanto, da busca por uma ecologia social. Este estudo buscou avaliar o turismo comunitário como meio de contribuir para a conservação cultural e melhoria da qualidade de vida dos povos tradicionais, bem como para a manutenção da biodiversidade de seus territórios. Utilizou-se como referência os povos e terras de faxinais do Paraná. Através de observação participante e entrevistas não-estruturadas nas comunidades dos Faxinais Lageado e Baixo, no município de Mallet, e Lageado dos Mello, no município de Rio Azul, buscou-se fugir da imposição da realidade do pesquisador sobre a análise. Os faxinais possuem vários recursos para o desenvolvimento da atividade turística: passear pelas estradas internas; observar as propriedades, a vegetação e os animais; ouvir sobre sua história; observar o modo de vida diferenciado dos faxinalenses; entre outros. Acredita-se que o turismo comunitário, enquanto instrumento de aprendizado entre visitantes e povos tradicionais, pode ser considerado como um dos caminhos para a preservação dos faxinais do Paraná.

Over the past half-century, environmental problems have become increasingly serious and seemingly intractable, and a careless, clueless, or contemptuous consumer is often portrayed as the root cause of this environmental decline. This study takes a different approach to evaluating the demand for resources by households, assessing possible pro-environmental paths forward through a study of highly ecologically-conscious households. By modeling "green" households as producers of sustainability rather than consumers of environmental products, the sustainability work that takes place in households is brought into focus. An investigation of household sustainability production makes possible the evaluation of the trade-offs inherent in these pro-environmental activities. Ethnographic interviews with 23 sustainability-oriented households with young children living in and near Portland, Oregon, provide data on how households balance priorities and get things done in day-to-day life by employing the available resources, limited by constraining factors. An orienting perspective combining neoclassical and radical political economic theories of household production frames the analysis of how households make choices between alternatives. Sociological theories of consumption and theories of social practice aid in the analysis of how these choices have evolved over time, and how household members view the social meanings of these choices. Particular attention is paid to areas of day-to-day life neglected in previous research--household waste, comfort, and cleanliness. The results indicate that there is not one "sustainability" with varying degrees across a "green" spectrum, but rather varying priorities in the sustainability realm--personal health, nature, waste avoidance, technology, and community. This analysis reveals some of the negative consequences of shifting the responsibility for environmental protection to households. Ecologically-conscious households devote substantial time and money to these sustainability efforts, but their efforts frequently stimulate conflicts, and the end results are rarely perfect. Constrained resources and limited information mean household members must make trade-offs between competing priorities, often under duress. The results suggest that policies promoting household-level sustainability efforts may be misguided, as this transfer of institutional responsibility for environmental protection to individuals and groups results in even greater burdens on households, whose time and money are already stretched to their limits.

The mountains of Lesotho form the catchments for the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP), which is presently under construction, and their condition will determine the longevity of the LHWP. The mountain rangelands also support an extensive livestock system. However, there is concern that grazing is negatively affecting the mountain vegetation to the detriment of both livestock production and catchment function. Therefore, the impact of environment and grazing on the vegetation was investigated to aid the development of management policy for the conservation of the grazing, floristic and water resources of the mountains. Vegetation surveys were conducted in the mountains in the east (Study Area 1: 2 625 - 3 350 m a.s.l.) and in the west (Study Area 2: 2 240 - 3 125 m a.s.l.). Indirect gradient analysis (IGA) and classification were used to investigate the influence of environment on vegetation pattern. Results of the IGA indicated that variation in species composition in the mountains is related primarily to topographic variation, in particular elevation and aspect. Five vegetation communities were identified in Study Area 1 and seven in Study Area 2. These communities occurred consistently in specific topographic positions in the landscape and were arranged along a temperate/subtropical grass species continuum which was associated with a gradient in elevation and aspect. In Study Area 1, the elevation boundary between the high-lying temperate grasslands and the lower subtropical grasslands corresponded with the generally recognised boundary between the Alpine and Subalpine vegetation belts (viz. c. 2 950 m a.s.l. on northerly aspects and c. 2 750 m a.s.l. on southerly aspects). This boundary was lower in Study Area 2 (viz. c. 2 800 m a.s.l. on northerly aspects and c. 2 300 m a.s.l. on southerly aspects). Vegetation-insolation relationships were investigated in Study Area 1 using a model for simulating solar radiation, temperature and potential evaporation patterns on sloping terrain (RADSLOPE). The spatial distribution of the identified vegetation communities and the ratio of temperate (C₃) and subtropical (C₄) grasses in the sward were related to solar irradiance patterns, as influenced by topography. Results suggest that exposure, which increases with altitude, is probably also an important determinant of vegetation pattern in the mountains. The influence of grazing on the vegetation was studied by examining changes in species composition and cover that were associated with gradients in grazing intensity that exist around cattleposts in the mountains. There was little evidence of a shift in species composition and cover under grazing in the Alpine Belt but there was an identifiable grazing gradient in the Subalpine belt. There, short dense grasslands, dominated by palatable species, degrade to a dwarf karroid shrubland with sparse cover under prolonged, intense grazing. The optimum position along the grazing gradient of the more abundant species was identified. It was proposed that the relative positions, or scores, of these species along the grazing gradient can be used in a weighted scoring procedure to provide an index for monitoring the response of the mountain vegetation to grazing. However, the species’ scores still require verification. The need for monitoring temporal changes in vegetation composition and cover in order to assess the possible effects of the LHWP and other development initiatives was noted. Such monitoring should be undertaken in conjunction with an overall programme to assess the dynamics of the socio-economy in the mountains. Therefore, interdisciplinary monitoring programmes are required to achieve this. These programmes should be focused in a few key study locations rather than spread over a wide area. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg.

Följande undersökning behandlar förskolans uppdrag och samverkan kring barn som upplevt trauma. Syftet är att undersöka hur olika professionsföreträdare för yrken närliggande förskolepersonalens (BVC-sjuksköterskor, socionomer, förskolepsykologer & förskolechefer) upplever förskolans roll i arbetet med barn som drabbats av trauma. Studien fokuserar hur olika professionsföreträdare nära förskolan upplever förskolans uppdrag och vilken relevans deras förväntan har gentemot de styrdokument som förskolan lyder under. Därtill undersöks hur samverkan för att öppna möjligheter för barn som drabbats av trauma, att utvecklas, lära och bidra, ser ut i praktiken. Kvalitativa intervjuer har genomförts med åtta personer. Intervjuer och styrdokument har bearbetats fenomenologiskt så att essensen av det sagda och skrivna tagits fram. Resultatet visar på förväntan på att förskolan tar en aktiv roll i arbetet för barn som upplevt trauma. Förskolans omgivning önskar enligt intervjupersonerna ett mer tillitsfullt samarbete mellan förskolepersonal och vårdnadshavare. Likaså efterlyses ett förebyggande hälsoarbete mellan deltagarnas egna professioner och  förskolepersonal. Ett inslag av misstro mot förskolepersonal blandas med tilltro till förskolan som potentiell arena för positiv samhällsutveckling. Resultatet analyseras först i jämförelse mellan intervjuer och styrdokument. Därvid framkommer att intervjupersonernas förväntan på förskolan är i samklang med styrdokumentens uppdragsbeskrivning. Samverkansupplevelserna analyseras utifrån Danermarks teori för samverkanskvalitet vilket visar på samverkansbrister i styrning, struktur och samsyn enligt intervjupersonernas upplevelser. Ett tänkt barn sätts som fallstudie in i Bronfenbrenners utvecklingsekologiska modell, som belyses med Ungars, Ghazinours och Richters resiliensteori. Då synliggörs hur intervjupersonernas upplevelse av samverkan kring barn som erfarit trauma berör hela barnets utvecklingsekologiska sammanhang. Analysen visar att kvalitativ samverkan är en förutsättning för att barnet ska ta sig ur ett posttraumatiskt stress-syndrom. Det samhälleliga uppdraget för förskola och nätverk blir att ge barnet många användbara verktyg och tillfällen för att ta sig genom kaos till fortsatt utveckling och lärande.

Depuis les années 70, des conventions internationales renforcent l’implication des sociétés civiles dans l’aménagement de leur territoire. Au Japon, ce phénomène s’est accéléré suite au tremblement de terre de Kōbe en 1995. Il a débouché en 1998 sur la loi NPO (association à but non lucratif) qui a consolidé le rôle de la société civile dans le jeu des acteurs du territoire. Cette thèse analyse les mécanismes d’engagement de la société civile et le recours à des médiateurs qui s’appuient sur les relations spécifiques de la société nippone à son environnement (milieu japonais), et enquête sur l’apparition de nouvelles formes de gouvernances des territoires. Afin de répondre à cette problématique, il est étudié dans un premier temps l‘émergence du rôle de la société civile, grâce à la médiation dans l’aménagement du territoire au Japon, en montrant comment ces phénomènes s’ancrent pour partie sur certaines logiques traditionnelles, mais également sur des évolutions internationales. Puis, dans un deuxième temps, à partir de l’étude de trois pratiques de médiateurs d’ingénierie sociale : KUWAKO Toshio (philosophe), YAMAZAKI Ryō (paysagiste) et KOIZUMI Hideki (urbaniste), il est observé comment les techniques de médiations inspirées pour partie de techniques étrangères sont assimilées et réajustées pour répondre aux besoins de la société nippone. Cette thèse précise ainsi la porosité entre l’autochtonie et les transferts de méthodes de gouvernance internationale ; elle met en évidence comment les volontés internationales d’implication des sociétés civiles s’inscrivent dans les logiques du milieu japonais. En conclusion, une tentative de mise en perspective des données de la thèse est recherchée à partir de l’énoncé d’une philosophie politique du paysage. / Since the 1970s, international conventions have reinforced the involvement of civil societies in the development of their territories. In Japan, this phenomenon was accelerated further to the Kōbe earthquake in 1995. In 1998, it led to the NPO (Non Profitable Organization), which consolidated the role of civil society in the stakeholders' territory. This thesis analyzes the mechanisms of civil society engagement and the use of mediators who rely on the specific relation between Japanese society and its environment (Japanese milieu), and investigates the emergence of new forms of territorial governance. In order to answer this problematic, we first study the emergence of the role of civil society through mediation in territorial planning in Japan, showing how these phenomena are partly based on certain logics, but also on international developments. Then, from the study of three practices of mediators of social engineering: KUWAKO Toshio (Philosopher), YAMAZAKI Ryō (Landscape Architect) and KOIZUMI Hideki (Urban Planner), it is observed how the techniques of mediations inspired part of foreign techniques are assimilated and readjusted to meet the needs of Japanese society. This thesis explains the porosity between autochthony and the transfer of methods of international governance. It highlights how the international will to involve civil societies is part of the logic of the Japanese milieu. In conclusion, an attempt to put into perspective the data of the thesis is sought from the statement of a political philosophy of landscape.

Alors que le développement durable fait l’objet d’un corpus abondant de diagnostics et préconisations, ses promoteurs soutiennent également une certaine définition de la gouvernance recommandant la prise en compte des projections des habitants et usagers du territoire. Le développement durable est dès lors présenté à la fois comme une volonté de prospective participative (perspectives ouvertes) et comme une vision structurée du futur (perspectives programmées). Nous analysons ce paradoxe dans l'articulation entre aspirations et finalité. De 2009 à 2013, nous avons réalisé une observation participante au sein d’un projet visant l’élaboration participative de critères territorialisés de qualité de vie, conduit sur deux communes menant des politiques d’urbanisme se réclamant du développement durable. La thèse analyse l’existence de dynamiques complexes au niveau micro-territorial, entre la promotion du développement durable comme finalité et les aspirations exprimées : elles sont analysées en termes de leviers d’adhésion et de rejet, mais également de rôle et de paradoxes. Au cœur de ces dynamiques se jouent des processus de transformation sociale, portés par les promoteurs du développement durable comme finalité. La thèse soutient que cette transformation sociale s’appuie sur l’existence chez les acteurs d’aspirations paradoxales ; mais également sur la force du métarécit dans lequel s’inscrit le développement durable qui, créant un discours sur la résilience, se propose comme une voie de dépassement de ces apparentes contradictions. / While sustainable development is an object of an abounding corpus of diagnoses and recommendations, its promoters also support a definition of governance recommending the consideration of inhabitants’ and users’ projections. Sustainable development is simultaneously presented as a will of participative prospective (opened perspectives) and as a structured vision of the future (scheduled perspectives). We analyze this paradox in the articulation between aspirations and purpose. From 2009 till 2013, we realized a participating observation within a project aiming the participative elaboration of territorialized criteria for quality of life. It was tested on two municipalities, leading town planning referring to sustainable development. This thesis analyzes the existence of complex micro-territorial dynamics, between promotion of sustainable development as a purpose and expressed aspirations. They are analyzed in terms of levels of involvement and rejection, but also role and paradoxes. At the heart of these dynamics happens processes of social transformation, such as leaded by promoters of sustainable development as a purpose. This thesis supports that this social transformation leans on the existence of paradoxical aspiration; but also on the strength of the metanarrative of sustainable development, creating a speech on resilience, proposes a way of overtaking these visible contradictions.

This thesis investigates the design of a model, methods and guidelines that may assist government agencies in South Africa to find a balance between the objective of biodiversity conservation and increased local economic development in cases of land restitution in protected areas. The data collection that was needed for this study took place from 2007 to 2009 and was limited to seven priority protected areas in Mpumalanga Province. The general model design was established via an extensive literature review and analysis of the legal background and formed the theoretical concept of this thesis. The general model design was used to devise the guidelines for co-management to be used by government agencies in South Africa for the possible implementation of the biodiversity conservation and local economic development mandates in cases of land restitution in protected areas, within their financial and institutional limitations. From the results, it is clear that a consolidated government position, agreed upon by all relevant government stakeholders, assists in keeping the land restitution process in protected areas within the legal framework. Through the analysis of the model design in the seven priority protected areas it was identified that additional information is needed to reach the preferred land claim settlement option per protected area such as the actual tourism record, a socio-economic assessment of the environment in which each protected area is embedded, and financial figures to make projections on current and future net profit calculations. Government should support all the land claim settlement options, as elaborated in the model design, which is not the case at the moment, and most alternative options, other than co-management, are currently still unclear and/or not feasible. This might have serious negative implications for the conservation agency, with the risk of compromising its mandate to manage areas of high biodiversity effectively. The methods that were developed to workshop the generic agreement frameworks with the land claimant representatives proved to assist in the land claimants making an informed choice within the legal framework and to tailor the land claim settlement option and agreements to their specific situation. / Development Studies / Ph. D. (Development Studies)

La mise en oeuvre des aménagements de peine en Franche-Comté s‟avère être un objet de recherche multidimensionnel. Il se déploie simultanément dans plusieurs dimensions sociologiques. Premièrement, il s‟insère dans un contexte sociétal global et dans un cadre législatif national. Deuxièmement, il se réalise au sein de territoires locaux, de géographies distinctes et d‟infrastructures spécifiques. Troisièmement, il existe grâce à la présence et à l‟action de différents groupes d‟acteurs aux caractéristiques particulières. Quatrièmement, il est animé par les individualités, toutes aussi singulières les unes que les autres, qui constituent ces groupes d‟acteurs. En somme, la mise en oeuvre des aménagements de peine est un objet indubitablement humain, organisationnel et social.En menant une recherche Ŕ aussi bien empirique que théorique Ŕ architecturée par ces différentes dimensions, il est possible de pénétrer au coeur de l‟objet étudié. L‟enquête portée sur les sept sites francs-comtois de la mise en oeuvre des aménagements de peine conduit à percevoir cette mise en oeuvre comme un processus actionné par la chaîne judiciaire et pénitentiaire. En étant structurée et agencée, cette chaîne prend la forme d‟une organisation. La chaîne judiciaire et pénitentiaire est aussi une organisation étendue en se connectant à des groupes (partenaires) extérieurs nécessaires à son fonctionnement optimal. Dans la réalisation de ce processus, l‟organisation prend en charge singulièrement les personnes placées sous main de justice. Elle démontre une mobilisation sociétale dont la finalité est de retravailler le système Nature-Individualité-Société. / The implementation of the sentence adjustment in Franche-Comté is proving to be a multidimensional object of research. It unfolds simultaneously in several sociological dimensions. First, it is part of a global and societal context and of a national legislative framework. Second, it is realized within local territories, distinct geographies and specific infrastructures. Third, there is due to the presence and action of different groups of actors with particular characteristics. Fourth, it is driven by the individualities, all as unique as each other, forming these groups of actors. In short, the implementation of the sentence adjustment is undoubtedly a human, organizational and social object.By conducting research - both empirical and theoretical - architectured by these dimensions, it is possible to penetrate the heart of the object studied. The survey focused on the seven francs-comtois sites of the implementation of the sentence adjustment led to perceive this implementation as a process driven by the judiciary and penitentiary chain. Being structured and arranged, this chain takes the form of an organization. The judiciary and penitentiary chain is also an organization extended by connecting external groups (partners) necessary for its optimal operation. In carrying out this process, the organization takes singularly charge of person placed in judicial custody. It demonstrates a social mobilization whose purpose is to rework the Nature-Individuality-Society system.

Parents provide a social learning environment where family nutrition, eating habits and physical activity are largely influenced by and correlated with parental modeling of these behaviors. Increasing self-efficacy is an important component in parents being role models because theoretically, it promotes cognitive change that supports their confidence and ability to modify behaviors that contributes to healthier family practices and biometric outcomes. Phase one of this sequential two-phase study used biometric data (body mass index [BMI], cholesterol, glucose, and blood pressure) from parents (N = 37) participating in their employer’s family wellness initiative as dependent variables. Parental perceptions of nutrition, eating habits, and physical activity related to self-efficacy and role modeling collected via a survey questionnaire served as the independent variables. Correlation analysis indicated significant associations between BMI and nutrition self-efficacy, eating habits self-efficacy and eating habits role modeling. Linear regression analysis showed that nutrition self-efficacy and eating habits role modeling were significant predictors of BMI. A repeated measures t test revealed statistically, attending the family health and weight management program may help participants reduce their BMI, cholesterol, and diastolic blood pressure readings. Phase two used multiple cases (parents, n = 12) that were selected for interviews using purposeful sampling based on their scores reflecting high and low ranges on the self-efficacy and role modeling subscales from the surveys. Each interview was transcribed, coded using the constant comparative method, and individually analyzed for themes. Cross-case synthesis was used to analyze all the cases for commonality and variations. As a result of the findings, participants may be inclined to continue participating in wellness programs because the employer provides opportunities to assist families in their efforts to build confidence and demonstrate role modeling behaviors. The correlations and predictive results in phase one may help substantiate the benefits of participating in the program. Findings from phase two indicated parents acknowledged their role as leaders in creating environments that assist their families in establishing healthy behaviors and voluntarily engaged in this program because it provided assistance and projected them in the right direction for their family to be successful with health and weight management concerns.

To increase disaster preparedness in immigrants, risk communication and management need to be tailored to their needs and concerns. To this end, research needs to uncover how immigrants construe natural disaster risks and issues in the context of the receiving community’s social environment, and how their experiences compared to the general population. The goal of this thesis was to understand how risk perception and the social environment relate to immigrants and Canadian-born individuals’ disaster preparedness. The relationship between risk perception and disaster preparedness was investigated in the first study. Analyses of the data from a national survey revealed that both groups shared three core risk perception dimensions: external responsibility for disaster management, self-preparedness responsibility, and illusiveness of preparedness. However, they differed in the salience of five risk perception beliefs. For both groups, external responsibility for disaster management and self-preparedness responsibility were positively associated with preparedness behaviours, whereas illusiveness of preparedness was negatively related to preparedness behaviours. In the second study, the relationship between community social capital and individuals’ preparedness behaviours was investigated. Analyses of two conceptually-linked national surveys revealed that neighbourhood contact and societal trust predicted during-disaster preparedness behaviours in both groups. Interestingly, societal trust positively predicted emergency planning in Canadian-born individuals but the reverse was true for immigrants. To provide a comprehensive social-ecological perspective, twenty-two individual interviews were conducted to explore immigrants and Canadian-born individuals’ lived experiences of natural disaster risks and issues. A unifying thread across five emergent themes showed that individuals did not perceive natural disaster risks as a valid threat and disaster preparedness as relevant to their daily lives because they believed that the positive social environment in Canada would mitigate the risks. For immigrants, the immigrant condition and culture shaped how they construed natural disaster risks and issues. Overall, findings suggest that risk communication and management need to focus on building human capital and social capital, use an all-of-society engagement approach, and reframe all-hazards preparedness as relevant for daily stressors. Specific for immigrants, disaster initiatives need to be tailored to the timeline of experience of being an immigrant within the context of their receiving communities.