ABSTRACT Title: Knowledge sharing from an employee perspective- Social factors effect on the spread of tacit knowledge at outsourcing Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Author: Evelina Ödling and Ronja Zander Supervisor: Stig Sörling and Thomas Källquist Date: 2016 - January Aim: It has become increasingly common that organizations use external co-workers for temporary tasks and activities, that is, they choose to outsource parts of their operations. This has proven to be important to how the organizations knowledge capital is affected and, consequently, how knowledge is spread between the internal and external co-workers. Tacit knowledge is most affected by outsourcing, and there are social factors that affect co-workers motivation to share their knowledge. The purpose of this study is therefore to illustrate how knowledge is spread between internal and external co-workers with regard to tacit knowledge and social factors. Method: The study was conducted from a qualitative approach and a multiple case study which different types of employment have been studied. Social constructionism has implemented our theory of science and the hermeneutics the knowledge approach we decided to take account with the focus on interpretation and understanding. The empirical collection consists of semi-structured interviews with ten employees when we chose to proceed from an employee perspective. The theoretical framework builds on previous research about our area of interest and has acted as a base of our interview guide. The interview guide has then been used as a template to categorize empirical data and to analyze the empirical outcome. Result & Conclusions: We have according to the social factors in this study noticed that reflexitivity and the socio-psychological factor, focusing on the internal motivation is what affects the spread of the tacit knowledge between internal and external co-workers.Suggestions for future research: When the research on knowledge sharing between different forms of employment are limited, we suggest that further research should focus on studying different project groups or teams to create a deeper qualitative study. Contribution of the thesis: By highlighting the spread of knowledge between internal and external co-workers and converging multiple social factors in the same study, we have provided a theoretical contribution to the current research. The study has also generated a distribution pattern that shows that the internal co-workers spread their knowledge to both internal and external co-workers, while spread from external to internal is weak. This can be classified as the study´s practical contribution and the measures that organizations may need to use so that knowledge are spread between all co-workers. Key words: Outsourcing, knowledge sharing, external/internal co-workers, tacit knowledge, social factors / SAMMANFATTNING Titel: Kunskapsspridning ur ett medarbetarperspektiv- Sociala faktorer och dess påverkan av den tysta kunskapens spridning vid outsourcing Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Evelina Ödling och Ronja Zander Handledare: Stig Sörling och Thomas Källquist Datum: 2016 – Januari Syfte: Det har blivit allt vanligare att organisationer använder sig av externa medarbetare till temporära uppgifter och aktiviteter, det vill säga de väljer att outsourca delar av deras verksamheter. Detta har visat sig ha betydelse för hur organisationernas kunskapskapital påverkas och följaktligen hur kunskaper sprids mellan interna och externa medarbetare. Den tysta kunskapen påverkas mest av outsourcing och det finns sociala faktorer som påverkar medarbetarnas drivkraft till att dela med sig av sina kunskaper. Syftet med denna studie är därmed att belysa hur kunskap sprids mellan interna och externa medarbetare med avseende på tyst kunskap och sociala faktorer. Metod: Studien har genomförts ur en kvalitativ ansats och en multipel fallstudie där olika typer av anställningsformer har studerats. Socialkonstruktionismen har präglat vårt vetenskapsteoretiska synsätt och hermeneutiken den kunskapssyn vi valt att beakta med fokus på tolkning och förståelse. Den empiriska insamlingen består av semi-strukturerade intervjuer med tio medarbetare då vi valt att utgå från ett medarbetarperspektiv. Den teoretiska referensramen bygger på tidigare forskning kring vårt intresseområde och har fungerat som en grund för upplägget av vår intervjuguide. Intervjuguiden har sedan använts som mall för att kategorisera empirin och för att analysera det empiriska utfallet. Resultat & slutsats: Vi har utifrån de sociala faktorerna som belysts i denna studie uppmärksammat att det främst är reflexitivitet och den sociopsykologiska faktorn med inriktning på den inre motivationen som påverkar spridningen av den tysta kunskapen mellan interna och externa medarbetare.Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Då forskning kring kunskapsspridning mellan olika anställningsformer är begränsat föreslår vi att vidare forskning bör fokusera på att studera olika projektgrupper eller team för att skapa en djupare kvalitativ studie. Uppsatsens bidrag: Genom att belysa kunskapsspridning mellan interna och externa medarbetare och sammanstrålat flera olika sociala faktorer i samma studie har vi lämnat ett teoretiskt bidrag till den aktuella forskningen. Studien har även genererat ett spridningsmönster som visar att de interna medarbetarna sprider sina kunskaper till både interna och externa medan spridningen från extern till intern medarbetare är svag. Detta kan klassas som studiens praktiska bidrag och vilka åtgärder som organisationer kan behöva vidta för att kunskaper ska spridas mellan alla medarbetare. Nyckelord: Outsourcing, kunskapsspridning, externa/interna medarbetare, tyst kunskap, sociala faktorer

Magister Public Health - MPH (Public Health) / Teenage pregnancy remains a complex issue globally. According to the World Health Organisation (2014), the average global birth rate of girls aged 15-19 years was 49 per 1000 births reported globally. In South Africa, the general household survey conducted in 2014 revealed that 5.6% of females 14-19 years were reported to have been pregnant in 2013, with teenage pregnancy increasing by age from 0.8% for the age group of 14 years to 11.9% for teenagers aged 19 years. In South Africa, a range of health policies and programs exist to address teenage pregnancy, including school-based sex education, peer education programmes, adolescent friendly clinic initiatives and mass media interventions. Despite such initiatives, the number of teenagers becoming pregnant remains high. Teenage pregnancy reported in Mangaung district is 7%, which is three times more than the provincial target of 2% for teenage pregnancy. This research therefore aimed to explore the reasons behind teenage pregnancy in Heidedal, Mangaung District, Free State Province, South Africa. Two in- depth interviews were conducted, one with twelve teenage mothers and the other with four key informants who were selected based on insight and experience they possess in working with teenagers. The key informants suitable for the study included a nurse, life orientation teacher, ward councillor and a counsellor working for a non-governmental organization that supports the implementation of youth programmes in the health facility. Thematic analysis was used to analyse data and key themes, afterwards concepts were interpreted so that explanations could be constructed to answer the research aim and objectives. The study aimed to contribute to understanding reasons behind the high teenage pregnancy rates in Mangaung District. This information will be useful to policy makers in developing policies and strategies that will address factors identified to be influencing teenage pregnancy.

This thesis investigates variation in human cooperative behaviour in naturally occurring contexts. I critically assess the prevailing consensus on human cooperation derived from laboratory games (such as the dictator and public goods games), by identifying real life analogues and conducting extensive field observation and experiments. My second chapter investigates the importance of context on social behaviour by taking a commonly used laboratory game, the dictator game, and studying analogous behaviour, giving to mendicants in the street. I conclude that individuals cooperate less in the wild than they do in the laboratory and that monetary pay-offs are important in cooperative decision-making. My third chapter examines how social cues influence peoples' likelihood of giving to mendicants. I conclude that increased group size and crowd density negatively affect donation behaviour. My fourth chapter investigates dog fouling in public parks to understand the causes of variation in cheating in a naturally occurring public goods game. I conclude that despite evidence that a social game is being played, the cues that influences decisions are unclear, and behaviour may depend on local social norms. My fifth chapter investigates social influences on red light jumping by cyclists at pedestrian crossings. I find that the probability of cheating is higher with fewer observers and when other cyclists also cheat.

The objective of this thesis is to advance our understanding of how consumers use date labels and the implications of date-label use for household dairy product waste. It does this by investigating the effect of psychological, social, and contextual factors on date-label use and willingness to consume dairy products in relation to the expiry date. These effects are tested using structural equation models and survey data gathered from 548 Scottish consumers. The results of this study make two contributions to the literature on date-labelling and food waste. The first contribution is primarily theoretical. By improving our understanding of how consumers use date labels and the implications of date-label use for household dairy product waste, it supports the contention that food waste is best understood, not as a behaviour, but as the outcome of multiple behaviours. It argues that in order to understand why food waste is created, it is important to identify the factors that affect the individual behaviours that lead to it, such as date-label use, and how these behaviours relate to one another. These results also have implications for communications and campaigning around food waste reduction. The second contribution has policy relevance. It provides evidence of the likely limited effect of increasing the number of dairy products labelled with a best-before date rather than a use-by date on food waste. This is an approach recently proposed to reduce household food waste. It finds that better knowledge of the best-before date is associated with a higher willingness to consume products after the best-before date has passed. However, perceived risks about consuming products beyond their best-before date, including not just safety but quality, freshness, and social acceptability, appear to interact with date-label knowledge and dampen its influence. It argues that to be effective, any changes in date-labelling should be accompanied by communication that goes beyond improving date-label knowledge, and addresses the multifaceted nature of related risk perceptions and conceptions of date-label trust.

Il a été montré que la lésion du noyau subthalamique (NST) était impliqué dans la motivation en augmentant cette dernière pour la nourriture et la réduisant pour la cocaïne. On sait aussi que le NST est impliqué dans des processus émotionnels. La notion de motivation est difficilement dissociable de celle de plaisir. Le premier objectif de ce travail de thèse a donc été de séparer la motivation du plaisir pour mieux comprendre le role du NST sur les processus hédoniques grâce à des expériences de choix entre une récompense hédonique (saccharine) et une récompense calorique (glucose) puis des expériences de choix entre nourriture et cocaïne. Dans un second temps nous avons étudié le rôle du NST dans l’influence du contexte social sur la prise de cocaïne. Il parait assez évident de penser que l’addiction aux drogues se développe la plupart du temps dans un contexte social. Cependant, bien que le contexte social global ait beaucoup été étudié, c’est seulement récemment que les modèles animaux d’addiction en neurosciences ont intégré le rôle des facteurs sociaux proximaux (FSP, ceux présents au moment de l’exposition aux drogues), sans pour autant en étudier les bases neurobiologiques. On sait que la présence d’un congénère mais aussi son comportement influence le comportement d’auto-administration de drogue d’un individu. Cependant, les études menées dans ce cadre ne se sont pas intéressées au substrat neurobiologique de ces modulations comportementales. Ainsi, la suite de ce travail de thèse s’est attaché à étudier le rôle du noyau subthalamique sur l’influence des FSP dans la prise de cocaïne. / It has been shown that subthalamic nucleus (STN) is involved in motivation, increasing it for food, while decreasing it for cocaine. It has also been shown that STN is involved in emotional processes. The idea of motivation is hardly dissociable from the notion of pleasure. We currently know the role of STN in motivation, but not so much has been done regarding its implication in hedonic processes. The first aim of my work was to separate motivation from pleasure to better understand the role of STN in hedonic processes, using choice procedures between hedonic (saccharine) and caloric reward (glucose), and between food or cocaine. We wanted thus to understand better the role of STN in the modulation exerted by the context, especially the social context, on cocaine intake. We know that drug addiction often develops in a social context. However, even if global social context has been studied a lot, it is only since recently that animal studies have taken into account the role of proximal social factors (PSF, those that are immediately present at the time of drug exposure). However, these studies do not provide any information regarding neurobiological basis. Here, we examine how PSF interact with the STN, in the context of cocaine intake. Altogether, these results contribute to a better understanding of the STN involvement in the control of pleasure. Moreover, they provide evidence of the influence of proximal social factors on drug consumption and its neurobiological basis among which the STN seems to play a critical role.

La compréhension des déterminants de l’activité physique (AP) et de l’activité sédentaire (AS) constitue un problème de santé public majeur en vue de promouvoir l’AP et de diminuer l’AS. Les principaux objectifs de cette recherche sont a) décrire les niveaux d'activité physique modérée à vigoureuse (APMV) et les niveaux d’AS d’adolescents des villes de Tarbes (France) et Huesca (Espagne) et b) analyser l'influence de plusieurs facteurs environnementaux, sociaux et psychologiques sur les niveaux de ces mêmes variables. Les cadres théoriques des modèles socio-écologiques et de la théorie de l’autodétermination ont été utilisées comme base à ce travail. Un total de 828 adolescents (14.32±.73 ans), dont 50,5% d'espagnols, a participé au projet. Cette thèse se compose de six études. Les résultats ont montré que les niveaux d’APMV sont plus élevés en Espagne (~ 60 minutes/jour) qu'en France (~ 47 minutes/jour). Ces différences ont été mises en évidence lors de presque tous les moments de la semaine, à l’exception du temps scolaire. Il a été également montré que la pratique de plusieurs comportements sédentaires (SB) semble excessive, aussi bien en Espagne qu’en France (plus de deux heures par jour de temps d'écran). L’analyse des déterminants montre que des températures plus élevées, des niveaux de précipitation plus faibles et l'utilisation du transport actif favorisent des niveaux plus élevés d’APMV dans les deux pays. Il apparaît également qu’une motivation plus autodéterminée, des niveaux plus élevés de satisfaction des besoins psychologiques fondamentaux (compétence et affiliation) ainsi qu’un soutien plus élevé du père conduisent à des niveaux plus élevés d’APMV. / Physical activity (PA) and its factors of influence constitute important elements of study. The main objectives of this research are a) to describe the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) levels and sedentary activity levels of a sample of adolescents from cities of Tarbes (France) and Huesca (Spain), and b) to analyse the influence of several environmental, social, and psychological factors on their PA levels. A total of 828 adolescents (14.32±.73 years), of which 50.5% were Spaniards, took part in the project. This dissertation is made up of six studies. Results showed that MVPA levels are higher in Spain (~ 60 minutes) than in France (~ 47 minutes). These differences were found at almost any given time of the week, except during school time. Results also showed that the practice of several sedentary behaviours (SB) seems excessive, both in Spain and France (more than two hours per day of screen time). Considering factors of influence, it can be said that warmer temperatures, lower levels of rainfall and the use of active transport all promote higher MVPA levels in both countries. It is also shown how more self-determined motivation, higher levels of basic psychological needs satisfaction (except the perception of autonomy) and greater support from the father lead to higher MVPA levels. Programmes to promote PA need to be implemented.

In this master thesis we investigate Mobile Internet with the help of a user perspective and discuss the problems of Mobile Internet today. As the Internet revolution evolves into the Mobile Internet revolution the need for usable and desirable wireless services is increasing. Designing web based services for mobile devices and mobile users is significantly different than designing web based services for desktop use. Not only are there differences in the underlying technology but also, and perhaps most important, in the way people use the services. Our main purpose in this thesis is to investigate the occurrence of Mobile Internet from a user’s perspective, to present a definition of Mobile Internet and provide a deeper understanding of the phenomenon. The main objective is to present a theoretical framework regarding Mobile Internet usage and to investigate which user related factors to consider when developing services adapted for mobile use. / Webpage available at http://www.student.bth.se/~tecr.

TITLE: Biological and social factors of ice hockey players at different performance levels AUTHOR: Bc. Martin Gebhart DEPARTMENT: Department of Physical Education SUPERVISOR: PaedDr. Ladislav Pokorný ABSTRACT: The thesis explores a biological and social factors of ice hockey players at various performance levels in the category of men. Defines the differences in values that arise from these factors when changing the performance level and building a team. The work also characterizes the construction of the team in terms of basic biological and social indicators, defines the profile of the player that is characteristic for performance level. The thesis explores basic biological parameters of the player, assumptions for sport performance, especially from the point of view of somatotype. It also learns about the social problems of sport, the characteristics of the sports team and it is engaged in organizing ice hockey competitions, especially by canceling some junior category competitions and by reorganizing competitions of the regional men's league. KEYWORDS: Biological Factors, Social Factors, Somatotype, team composition, ice hockey

Denna empiriska studie redogör för hur variationen ser ut inom matematikundervisningen på en högstadieskola i Sverige genom att deltagande lärare och elever (13 – 15 år gamla) genom två enkätundersökningar fått beskriva hur vanligt förekommande olika arbetsformer och arbetssätt är i matematikundervisningen. Studien baseras på 198 elevsvar på elevenkäten och 6 lärarsvar på lärarenkäten. Enkätsvaren analyserades och sammanställdes med hjälp av stapeldiagram och genom tematisk analys på fritextsvaren på lärarenkäten. I studien framkommer det att den mest förekommande arbetsformen och arbetssättet är självständigt arbete med uppgifter. Det framkommer även att flertalet elever föredrar självständigt arbete (cirka 92 % av eleverna i årskurs nio). Elevernas och lärarnas beskrivningar av variationen i matematikundervisningen stämmer ganska bra överens med varandra dock beskriver lärarna att det i matematikundervisningen förekommer en större variation och mindre enskilt arbete, vilket skiljer sig från elevernas beskrivningar. Av resultatet framkom det även att när lärarna ska välja arbetsformer och arbetssätt så var elevgruppen och området de viktigaste faktorerna. / This empirical study describes the variation of mathematics teaching in a Swedish school, using the participating teachers´ and students´ (13 – 15 years old) descriptions of the occurrence of different working methods during the mathematics lessons. The study is based on 198 student responses to a student survey and 6 teacher responses to a teacher survey. The survey responses were analyzed and compiled using bar graphs and through thematic analysis of the free text responses to the teacher survey. The study shows that the most common form of working methods is independent work with math tasks. It also appears that the majority of students prefer independent work (approximately 92% of the students in year nine). The students´ and teachers´ descriptions of the variation in mathematics teaching agree quite well, however, the teachers describe that in mathematics teaching there is a greater variation and less individual work, which differs from the students' descriptions. The results also shows that when teachers choose working methods, the group of students and the mathematics area are the most important factors.

The introduction of sustainable stormwater management in society has proved complex. Most cities do not operate jointly planned and owned stormwater facilities and institutional barriers have proved difficult to overcome. Experience from a Swedish project where extensive changes were made in the Augustenborg area in Malmö shows that it takes many years to overcome institutional obstacles when a society undergoes transformation.   Major part of research is still based on engineering and technical function although the social perspective is of great importance for the functioning of sustainable stormwater management. In-depth knowledge is needed about sustainable stormwater management and its connection with composition of population and socio-economic conditions. Research needs to be done on how information campaigns and cooperation are best designed to simplify planning, construction, and maintenance of stormwater facilities.