The increasing diversity of people in the cities due to global processes like immigration makes the cities multicultural. However, multicultural cities become prone to conflicts as the citizens of different cultural, religious, and ethnic backgrounds are put together in the city. Citizens are divided into neighborhoods where some neighborhoods become concentrated with low-income citizens, mostly with immigrant backgrounds. Planners have been working with the policies like social mix housing policy to mitigate segregation. However, with time the conflicts and tension remain visible among the citizens and neighborhoods. Research has been focusing on the larger metropolitan areas of Sweden, so this study focuses on medium-sized cities, Linköping, Motala and Norrköping, through analysis of planning documents and interviews with the planners to assess the impact of planning practice in mitigating segregation. The results show that planners ignore the ethnic differences between citizens in their planning practice and base their planning on avoiding conflicts. While in the process, ethnically diverse groups are excluded and, in some cases, stigmatized.

Concevoir et habiter un quartier dit durable. Injonctions écologiques et dynamiques collectives à Beauregard (Rennes) et Les Brichères (Auxerre) L'aménagement des villes constitue un enjeu crucial pour la mise en œuvre d'un développement durable. Les discours politiques font désormais de la ville durable l'horizon de la transition des espaces urbains actuels, en cherchant à davantage prendre en compte les enjeux écologiques, sociaux, économiques et de gouvernance. Dans ce contexte, les projets de quartiers dits durables se multiplient en France depuis quelques années, constituant tant des « vitrines » que des « laboratoires » d'expérimentation de ce développement urbain durable. Les concepteurs de ces quartiers dits durables cherchent à créer un « nouvel art de vivre ensemble », s'appuyant sur des modes d'habiter plus écologiques et valorisant la vie collective dans ces quartiers. Dans cette thèse nous interrogeons les principes de conception de ces projets, et notamment la projection des modes d'habiter, que nous confrontons aux pratiques réelles des habitants. Notre recherche croise trois niveaux d'analyse. Les appels à projets, en mettant en avant des « bonnes pratiques » et des objectifs d' « exemplarité », participent d'une standardisation de la conception autour de quelques principes et dispositifs, notamment techniques. Dans ces appels à projets comme dans les projets locaux, les quartiers dits durables ont pour ambition de faire évoluer les modes d'habiter. Ils sont pensés au travers de la figure d'un habitant-type adhérant au projet écologique, responsabilisé dans ses pratiques individuelles et investi dans la vie collective. Dans deux quartiers que nous avons analysés, à Beauregard (Rennes) et Les Brichères (Auxerre), des dispositifs d'incitation comportementale sont mis en œuvre. Leur appréhension par les habitants, et les formes d'appropriation dépendent des trajectoires sociales et résidentielles. C'est en effet selon qu'ils aient choisi ou non de s'installer dans ces quartiers que les habitants adhèrent au projet écologique véhiculé par le projet urbain. Quartiers durables ; développement durable ; vivre ensemble ; injonctions écologiques ; bonnes pratiques ; projet urbain ; mode d'appropriation / Designing and living in a sustainable neighbourhood. Ecological orders and collective dynamics in Beauregard (Rennes) and Les Brichères (Auxerre) Urban planning is a key issue to implement sustainable development. Political discourses make sustainable city the goal of the transition of today's urban spaces looking for a better coverage of ecological, social, economic and governance issues.In this context, the number of so-called sustainable districts projects has been growing in France for the last few years, being both “showcases” and “laboratories” of experimentation of this urban sustainable development. Designers of these so-called sustainable districts are aiming to create a “new art of living together” by relying on more ecological ways of inhabiting and by enhancing a neighborhood collective living. In this thesis, we question the design principles of these projects, and specifically the idea of the ways of inhabiting that we confront to the real practices of the inhabitants. Our research crosses three levels of analysis. Calls for projects, putting forward “best practices” and objectives of exemplarity”, contribute to a standardization of conception around a few principles and devices, especially technical ones. In these calls for projects as in local projects, so-called sustainable neighborhoods have the ambition to change the ways of inhabiting. They are considered trough a typical inhabitant ways, embracing the ecological project, made responsible in his individual practices and invested in the neighborhood collective life. In two neighbourhoods we analyzed, Beauregard in Rennes and Les Brichères in Auxerre, devices of behavior incitation are set. Their understanding and appropriation by the inhabitants depend on social and residential trajectory. Indeed, it's whether they have chosen to move in these neighborhoods that the inhabitants embrace the ecological project conveyed by the urban project. Sustainable neighborhoods; sustainable development; living together; ecological orders; best practices; urban project; mode of appropriation

The aim of this thesis was to study in how far housing mix contributes to social mix in Swedish midsized cities 2017. Social mix is a policy in Sweden argued to reduce socioeconomic residential segregation, by implementing housing mix to achieve heterogenous residential areas. The study was done by measuring the correlation between the share of different income groups and the share of tenure forms and housing sizes. This was measured with multiple linear regression analyses, using data from PLACE-data base compiled by SCB. The models show that tenure form and housing size affect the variation of income groups to similar extent. The results further show that to promote social mix, in the aspect of income groups, it is necessary to implement more rental housing to increase the share of low-income groups in a neighbourhood. Further, it shows that to increase the share of high-income households in a neighbourhood, co-op housing, small and large housing sizes is necessary. Housing mix can be argued to be a valuable strategy to achieve social mix, but not solely, due to moderate statistical results.

<p>Policies of tenure mix have been widely adopted in many industrialized nations and are often justified as a means of attenuating the detrimental effects of concentrated urban poverty. In this thesis, the case of Toronto’s Regent Park community is examined. It is the first large-scale mixed tenure redevelopment of a publicly subsidized housing community in Canada. Using a series of 24 semi-structured qualitative interviews with residents from both tenures, I examine their experience of living in a mixed tenure community and gauge their support for policies of tenure mix more generally. Broader determinants of residential satisfaction in the neighbourhood are also examined. The redeveloped Regent Park is considered to be a relatively safe, convivial, well-serviced, well-situated, and aesthetically pleasing neighbourhood by individuals from both tenures. Further, participants from both tenures expressed support for the ostensible goals of the redevelopment. Resident experiences diverge significantly by tenure with regard to their satisfaction with the management and maintenance of their buildings. Particularly, individuals in the public buildings expressed considerable displeasure with how their buildings were managed and experienced serious physical difficulties that, in some cases, had adverse effects on their health and wellbeing. I find that tenure mix enjoys considerable support from residents of both tenures, with especially strong support evinced by a subset of condominium residents. To assess the efficacy of tenure mix, I employ a conceptual framework provided by Joseph (2006) and find some evidence that the redevelopment has strengthened the social capital of publicly-subsidized tenants. For most residents, more proximal concerns take precedence over the mixed nature of the community.</p> / Master of Arts (MA)

我國集合住宅市場常見一個案有數種面積產品混合之現象，在過去研究指出不同面積之產品進行投資組合已成為建商降低風險與穩定報酬的手段，僅在供給面被討論，卻忽略了住宅市場應以『使用』為目的，換言之，產品面積混合(Housing mix)隱含購屋者其生活水平及背景之異質性(Social mix)，將可能造成社區管理維護上之不易，本文試圖延伸過去此現象在需求面及管理維護上探討的不足。在實證方面，採問卷調查台北市建管處公寓大廈管理科所提供之已報備成立管理組織的主任委員2,877份，回收率為11.30%，剔除沒有舉辦活動之社區並符合設定樣本大小與母體可容忍誤差α=10%之要求下，共307筆有效問卷。輔以公寓大廈科報備資料掌握至所有面積及其對應之戶數，建立『面積混合度』之衡量，結合當前國內外住宅混合與住宅隔離議題，透過路徑分析方式衡量面積混合對社區管理維護績效之影響為直接影響或間接影響？釐清混合對管理維護影響過程之因果關係。 研究結果顯示，建商供給者之面積混合策略對於住戶需求者之管理維護績效將是間接負面影響而非傳統迴歸所觀察得到的直接影響，驗證了國外負面外溢效果在國內亦是如此。而主要影響路徑為面積混合愈高則提高了社區衝突，進而對管理維護產生負面影響。其次，過去認為除面積混合之外，新舊社區與大小規模亦會影響管理維護，故進行兩群分析究竟何者影響管理維護較大？實證發現混合社區在經過搬遷磨合期將減緩混合因異質性所造成的不和睦，但混合之負面影響仍大於新舊社區之影響。 / The phenomenon of one construction case with housing mix usually appears in the condominium market. Some studies indicated that the portfolio of housing mix has become a means of reducing risk and having a stable reward for construction companies. However, the discussion was only on supply, and ignored that “use” should be the main purpose in the condominium market. In other words, housing mix implied the social mix of homebuyers’ living standard and background, and it might make the community management and maintenance not easy. The study tries to extend the deficiency in the treatment of the phenomenon on supply or on community management and maintenance. In proof, a questionnaire survey was adopted in the study. There were 2877 pieces of questionnaires released to the chairmen of registered management organizations according to the data from the Apartment and Building Management Division in the Building Administration Office of Taipei City Government. The recovery rate was 11.3%. The communities without holding activities were culled out, and in order to satisfy the requirement of the set sample dimension and the error tolerance of matrix belowα=10%, total valid questionnaires were 307 pieces. The measurement of “housing mix” can be built up by the supplementary information from the Apartment and Building Management Division, which includes all square measure and corresponding houses. Combing the subjects of residential mix and residential separation at home and abroad, housing mix could be measured by path analysis to see whether it has a direct or indirect affect on community management and maintenance to further figure out the casual relationship during the affection process of the housing mix and the community management and maintenance. The study results show that the policy of housing mix from the suppliers, construction companies, has an indirect negative affection on the performance of community management and maintenance for residents, the demanders, instead of having a direct affection observed by traditional regression analysis. The result proves the negative spillover effect no matter at home or abroad. The path of impact is that the higher the housing mix is, the higher the community conflict will be, and the situation will generate negative affection on community management and maintenance. Furthermore, except the housing mix, new and old communities or the sizes of communities were thought to affect community management and operation, and they were usually divided into two groups to analyze which one has greater affection on management and maintenance ? It is found by evidences that the communities with housing mix show less disharmony caused by social mix after the run-in period of movement. However, the negative affection of housing mix is still higher than the one of new and old communities.

Depuis la loi d'orientation et de programmation sur la ville et la rénovation urbaine du 1er Août 2003, la diversité de l'habitat est placée au cœur des nouvelles injonctions nationales par l'instauration d'un nouvel instrument : la diversification des statuts d'occupation de logements. Depuis les tout premiers dispositifs de la politique de la ville, il s'agit d'instaurer davantage de mixité sociale pour lutter contre la concentration de la pauvreté. Introduire une diversité d'habitat dans les quartiers populaires n'est donc pas une nouveauté. Elle prend cependant une configuration différente dans le cadre de la politique de rénovation urbaine actuelle : depuis la mise en place de l'Agence Nationale de Rénovation Urbaine (ANRU), découlant de la loi du 1er Août 2003, on constate d'une part, un basculement des financements publics vers une prise en charge privée du budget de la politique de rénovation urbaine par Action logement , et d'autre part, une intervention quasiment systématique de deux acteurs privés sur les projets : les promoteurs privés et l'Association Foncière Logement (AFL), qui prennent tout deux nouvellement part à la reconstruction de logements dans les ZUS. Cette nouvelle dimension économique des Projets de Rénovation Urbaine (PRU) pose autrement la question de la mise en œuvre de la mixité sociale dans ces quartiers populaires. Elle nous a amené à nous interroger sur les enjeux placés autour de la nécessaire rentabilité d'opérations d‘acteurs privés effectuées dans le cadre d'un programme d'action publique porteur d'une mission d'intérêt général. La thèse repose sur l'hypothèse principale selon laquelle les acteurs privés impliqués dans les opérations de rénovation urbaine réajustent leurs pratiques pour produire une offre adaptée au marché nouvellement visé. Nous avons testé cette hypothèse sur trois sites en rénovation urbaine : Mantes la Jolie (78), Le Blanc Mesnil (93) et enfin Le Havre (76) qui mettent chacun en œuvre des stratégies de diversification de l'habitat très différentes. En étudiant la programmation de la diversification de logement sur chacun de ces sites, cette thèse met en évidence les décalages entre les intentions initiales des porteurs de projets et la programmation effective des logements privés, tant au niveau des caractéristiques de logements que des populations ciblées, remettant potentiellement en cause les objectifs initialement annoncés de mixité sociale / Since the vote of the orientation law in August 1st, 2003 on urban renewal, housing diversity is at the centre of new national injunctions by the government through the introduction of a new instrument: the diversification of the housing tenure. From the very first urban renewal program planning in France, social mix is used as a tool against poverty concentration. The introduction of housing diversity into the working-class neighbourhoods is therefore not a novelty. But, it has taken today a different turn in France's current urban renewal policy. Indeed, since the implementation of the Agence Nationale pour la Rénovation urbaine (ANRU) (national agency for urban renewal) we observe a shift in the financing sources of the urban renewal policy budget; the public sector has considerably reduced its participation while private investors such as Action Logement have become major investors. Second, we observe a quasi-systematic intervention of two types of private actors on the reconstruction projects, namely indepedant private developers and the Association Foncière Logement (AFL).This new economic setting gives another dimension to the implementation of social diversity in these areas. This notably raises the question of the ability of private actors to realize a public mission while being constrained by the necessity of profitability. The main hypothesis tested in this thesis is that private actors involved in urban renewal adjust their actions in order to provide an offer adapted to the newly targeted market. We test this hypothesis on three different sites: Mantes-la-Jolie (78), Le Blanc-Mesnil (93) and Le Havre (76) in which different diversification strategies have been applied. By investigating the implementation plans of diversification housing on each site, this thesis puts in evidence the different gaps existing between the initial intentions and the programs' achievements, both in terms of housing characteristics and of targeted populations. Such gaps potentially jeopardize the initially announced objectives of social mix

Les transformations économiques et sociales des sociétés anciennement industrielles ont contribué à la métamorphose des centres anciens de nombreuses villes. Des mouvements centripètes de capitaux et de population, se sont initiés et intensifiés ces dernières décennies. La périphérie des villes autrefois si attractive n’est plus le lieu privilégié d’un type de population qui lui préfère les centres anciens. Il s’agit de la gentrification. Barcelone et plus récemment Marseille n’ont pas échappé à cette dynamique. En s’appuyant sur des travaux pluridisciplinaires, cette thèse se propose tout d’abord de rappeler les définitions du processus, puis d’en saisir les étapes et les modalités sur le terrain. Or, cette étude nous amène à comprendre la gentrification comme un aspect de la métropolisation, dans ses dimensions économique, urbanistique, sociale, politique et culturelle. Depuis les années 1990, quels sont les indices nous permettant d’affirmer qu’un « retour en ville » est en marche ? Une approche quantitative basée sur un important corpus statistique et la confrontation de ces résultats statistiques à des données plus qualitatives nous permettent de répondre à cette question, tout en révélant une réalité idiosyncratique qui interroge la théorie. Enfin, les modes et les rythmes de développement d’un processus qui ne se limite plus aux quartiers anciens et centraux mais qui par capillarité se répand dans les faubourgs laissent apparaître, dans ces deux villes nord-méditerranéennes, non pas un processus de gentrification mais des processus différenciés. / Economic and social changes of old industrial societies have contributed to the transformation of the downtown of many cities. The centripetal flow of capital and population has initiated and intensified in recent decades. The suburbs of cities, initially so attractive, seems to decline for a new type of population who prefers the downtown way of life. This is gentrification. Barcelona, and most recently Marseille, have not escaped this dynamic. Firstly, based on interdisciplinary works, this thesis proposes to record the definition of the process and to grasp the steps and procedures in the field. However, this study leads us to understand the gentrification as an aspect of metropolization, in its economic, urban, social, political and cultural dimensions. Since the 1990s, what have the changes been, that allow us to affirm that "a back to the city" is running? A quantitative approach based on an extensive statistical corpus and the confrontation of these statistical results of the qualitative data, we can answer this question, while revealing an idiosyncratic reality that questions the theory. Finally, the modes and rates of development of a process that is no longer confined to the old and central areas but spreads by capillary action in the inner-suburbs, demonstrates in both north -Mediterranean cities, that there is not one process of gentrification but differentiated processes.

I denna uppsats har vi ämnat att öka förståelsen för hur människor påverkar segregationen genom sina egna preferenser. Vi har undersökt hur halmstadsbor resonerar kring segregationen i Halmstad och kring sina egna och andra bostadsområden i staden. Eftersom social blandning är ett ledande begrepp inom svensk stadsplanering har vi även haft som syfte att förstå hur halmstadsbor ser på detta i ett bostadsområde och om det är önskvärt eller inte. För att ta reda på det har vi genom en kombination av enkäter och intervjuer med halmstadinvånare samlat in empiri. Bearbetningen av empirin har utgått från en hermeneutisk metodologi och analysen har genomförts med hjälp av följande sociologiska teorier: Jenkins identitetsteori, Mays teori om tillhörighet, Goffmans stigmatiseringsteori, Wilkinson och Picketts definition av det sociala värderingshotet samt Lidskogs teori om det offentliga rummet och det mångkulturella samhället.Resultaten visar att segregationen i Halmstad till stor del är sammankopplad med strukturella faktorer såsom ekonomi och arbets- och bostadsmarknaden. Samtidigt är det också tydligt att sociala frågor som rör bland annat trygghet och social identitet är avgörande för en individs val av bostadsområde. Även bostadsområdenas rykten och vilken grad av tillhörighet individen har till området är faktorer som väger tungt. Resultatet visar även att en självvald segregation finns i staden, där människor aktivt väljer bostadsområden med likasinnade invånare. Den självvalda segregationen grundar sig i hur olika grupper på olika sätt skapar identiteter och känslor av platstillhörighet och trygghet. Trots att våra intervjupersoner och respondenter såg social blandning som något önskvärt uppmärksammades problem med att implementera det i praktiken av såväl ekonomiska som sociala anledningar. Det handlade bland annat om höga bostadspriser och konflikter mellan och rädsla hos olika sociokulturella grupper. / There is a big gap in knowledge when it comes to how segregation is influenced by people’s own preferences, which is what we aim to shed light on in this study. Since social mix is a leading concept amongst policy makers in Sweden we also wanted to study whether residents of Halmstad want to live in socially diverse neighbourhoods or not.This study investigates how residents of Halmstad reason about the city’s segregation and the city planners’ use of social and housing mix to combat the residential segregation. Through 106 surveys we determined the main themes of segregation and social mix, which we then where able to explore by using 6 interviews with locals. Our empirical findings were analysed with the help of the following sociological theories: Jenkin's identity theory, May’s theory of belonging, Goffman's stigma theory, Wilkinson and Pickett's definition of the social evaluative threats and Lidskog's theory of public space and the multicultural society.Our findings show that the segregation in Halmstad is largely linked to structural factors such as the economy and the labor and housing market. It is however clear that social and cultural issues related to the feeling of safety, rumors, social identity and different senses of belonging are crucial for the choice of one's residential area. Furthermore, it also shows that a self-chosen segregation exists in the city, where people actively choose residential areas where like-minded residents live. The self-chosen segregation is based on how different groups create their identities and a sense of belonging and safety in different ways. Although our interviewees and respondents saw opportunities in social mix they also problematised the implementation of social mix in a neighbourhood. They argued that economical aspects, such as the housing prices, and social aspects, such as conflicts and fear among different socio-cultural groups, hindered the process of creating social mix.

Since the foundation of the Nordic welfare state, architecture and urban planning have been central elements in the creation of post‐war, modern welfare cities. Ideals of healthy, socially conscious and productive capitalist futures have been articulated through housing design, planning strategies and infrastructure projects. Today however, the welfare city is under pressure due to the current crises our cities are facing. Central issues to these crises are housing unaffordability, rising inequality and socio‐ economic segregation. Over the past few decades, urban planners have become more concerned about these themes in relation to our cities. Housing policies have taken a turn to a more market‐ oriented approach and while there are high investments in real estate, affordable housing supply is still lacking behind. On the other hand, new housing policies are arising that should help make cities fairer and more just for everyone, often referred to as inclusionary housing policies. In this research, various housing policies are being investigated to explore how inclusionary housing addresses the current housing distribution and rising inequality in our cities. To introduce this research, a theoretical framework is outlined, introducing four different concepts that revolve around affordable housing: inclusionary housing policies, socio‐economic segregation, social mix and people‐based policies. This is followed by a methodology section and analysis consisting of two separate parts. First, a literature review is conducted to see how each of the described concepts relate to the Nordic context, after which the geographical focus is laid on Copenhagen, Denmark. In the second part of the analysis, a socio‐economic and geographical analysis is conducted, investigating the distribution of different tenure types in the city of Copenhagen. In this case study, a total of four different tenure types are analysed, namely (1) owner‐occupied housing, (2) private rental housing, (3) housing cooperatives and (4) non‐profit housing. Geographical information systems were used to map the change in distribution of each tenure type, for the period of 2000 to 2021. In addition, possible relations to patterns of socio‐economic segregation are explored, by comparing the change in distribution of tenure types to changes in distribution of average income levels. A significant overlap was found between new housing development areas and areas showing a higher average disposable income in 2019 compared to 2000. In regard of this, recent literature have warned that more market involvement in housing is expected to contribute to income disparities and segregation (Van Ham et al., 2016). The obtained results of this research can be considered in light of this, confirming that the distribution of tenure types is related to patterns of segregation. While this research brings new insights on housing developments in Copenhagen, it is suggested that the case of Copenhagen provides more widely applicable warnings for other cities undergoing a similar neoliberalization of the local housing market. This calls for a political shift in housing development, in which housing must be approached as a public good. On top of that, affordable housing should be made accessible and equally distributed around cities, to avoid further processes of socio‐spatial segregation and polarization. To achieve this, political and ideological strategies must be restored in order to build further on a modern welfare state, providing affordable and good housing for all.

La notion de mixité sociale est devenue un thème itératif des débats portant sur les enjeux du renouvèlement urbain, sur les politiques d’accès au logement et, plus généralement, sur la gentrification (Germain et Rose, 2010 ; Bridge, Butler, Lees, 2012). La mixité sociale est tour à tour utilisée, à différentes fins, par des acteurs aussi divers que les politiques, la société civile, les universitaires, les planificateurs urbains et les producteurs urbains, comme les promoteurs immobiliers (Charmes et Bacqué, 2016). Pour les uns, la mixité est un idéal juste à atteindre ; pour les autres, elle participe à rendre invisible la complexité des rapports de pouvoir qui se jouent entre les acteurs de la fabrique urbaine et les dynamiques d’exclusion qu’ils sous-tendent.Nous verrons comment la notion de mixité sociale accompagne la transformation actuelle du quartier d’Hochelaga-Maisonneuve. L’objectif vise à analyser les motivations, modalités d’action et intérêts des acteurs publics, privés et de la société civile qui défendent la notion de mixité sociale, et qui s’appuient sur elle pour justifier ou participer à la transformation du quartier d’Hochelaga-Maisonneuve. Nous nous demanderons si la notion de mixité sociale, en tant que telle, fait l’objet de politiques et de projets spécifiques. Réduit-elle les impacts négatifs de la gentrification, ou au contraire, sert-elle à mieux les justifier et à les retirer du débat politique ? Pour expliquer notre propos, nous allons présenter un film documentaire, ainsi qu’une dissertation écrite. Pendant ce projet, nous avons interviewé 28 personnes, choisi seulement 13 pour le montage final, parlé avec plus de 100 personnes habitant le quartier. La durée du film documentaire sera de 60 minutes et il a été filmé pendant une période d’une année, à travers plusieurs saisons. / The notion of social mix has become an iterative theme reflecting the ongoing discourse surrounding the high stakes of urban redevelopment, the policies of housing, and the impact of gentrification. Diverse actors such as politicians, socialites, academics, urban planners, and real estate developers frequently employ social mix. For some, social mix is an ideal to strive for, while for others, this notion is just another way to render invisible the complex relationship that exist between the actors of the urban fabric and the implied dynamics of exclusion. We will investigate how the notion of social mix accompanies the present transformations of Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, a working-class neighbourhood of Montreal. The purpose herein is to analyse the motivations, the modalities, and the interests of both public and private actors, in order to defend the notion of social mix and to justify the participants in the transformation of this neighbourhood. We examine if social mix, as part of a political agenda promoting specific urban projects, is really reducing the negative impacts of gentrification, or, on the contrary, is it helping to justify urban policies? In order to show our research results, we will present a documentary film and a short thesis. For the purpose of this project, we originally filmed 28 participants, yet chose only 13 for the final editing. Moreover, we interviewed over 100 individuals residing in the neighbourhood. The film lasts 60 minutes and was shot during different seasons for a period of one year.