本文主旨在於討論政府的政策對於階級流通跟社會福利的影響。我們設計了一個簡單的階級流通的模型模型，在模型當中，我們想像社會上面的人都得要參加「職業考試」來決定個人的職業，如果通過考試，則可以得到比較高薪水的工作，反之，則只能得到薪資比較低的工作。在模型中，我們分析義務教育與所得重分配這兩種不同廣被使用的促進階級流通的政策下，分別對於社會福利所帶來的影響。 在模型當中，我們發現到的是，政策會產生兩種影響，第一種是縮短貧富差距的影響，第二種則是政策會讓家庭中小孩子受到的教育增加的影響，政策透過這兩種效果會影響社會上面的階級流通。而縮短貧富差距的效果要成立，有兩個條件：1. 這社會高資質的下一代，會是高資質的機率比其他低資質的小孩大；2. 這社會上面得要是有很多低資質的人處在比較高的社會階層。另外一部份，增加教育的效果要發生，也有兩個條件：1. 家長對於小孩教育的所得份額得要小於一；2. 高資質的能力得要夠高。唯有在上面的條件成立之下，政府政策所帶來的這些效果才會發生，並且也才有辦法影響社會階級流通跟社會福利。 而在不同政策下，所得重分配上，只會有縮短貧富差距的效果，在義務教育下，則是兩種效果都可能發生。也因此，本文認為，如義務教育或所得移轉之類的政府政策，並非一定有效，得要在如上述條件成立之下，才會發生階級流通的效果。 / The main purpose of this article is to find the relationship between social mobility and policies which government execute. In this article, I discuss two policies: income transfer and compulsory education. In article, I construct a model where people have to take a “occupation test” to decide what job they can obtain. If people’s scores are larger thanminimumscore, they will pass the test. If they pass the test, they will obtain a job with more earnings. If not, they will obtain a job with lower earnings. Scores of people is affected by their innate ability, family background, and levels of education. Furthermore, I set that if one’s parents are talented, then one is more likely to be a talented one than people with untalented parents and I call this advantage of people with talented parents“advantage of ability inheritance”. Moreover, levels of education is positive related to their parental income. I find that these policies raisemobility by two effects: one effect is reduction of income gap and another one is net increasing of children’s education. Moreover, I find that when the government executes income transfer, only effect fromreduction of income gapmay work. However, upon executing compulsory education, two effects may both work. In addition, I find the keys for reduction of income gap to work are (1) the advantage of ability inheritance and (2) the amounts of untalented people who pass the test before executing policy. Moreover, the keys for compulsory education are (1) income share of children’s utility and (2) ability of talented people.

The present dissertation deals with the factors influencing the professional careers of mer-chants and craftsmen working in the Swedish town of Sundsvall between 1850 and 1900. The most important hypotheses are: To what degree did social origins influence an entre-preneur's opportunities for running his business? How many of the children of these busi-nessmen assumed and maintained their parents' social status upon attaining adulthood? What significance did the entrepreneur's spouse have for his business activities? To what degree were his economic activities influenced by joining local voluntary associations? By combining data culled from the parish registers of the Swedish Lutheran Church, the poll tax registers and the primary source material for national trade statistics, the author has been able to identify the individuals who worked as entrepreneurs in Sundsvall during the period under investigation, what they paid in business income tax each year, the profes-sional titles they possessed and the places in which they and their relatives resided during their lifetimes. The results show that the majority of the most successful younger entrepreneurs active in the town before the introduction of freedom of trade in Sweden in the year 1864 were mostly immigrants from other parts of the country, who had furthermore come from rela-tively modest backgrounds. However, the social and geographic origins of these entrepre-neur's wives has proven to be of central significance to the success of the business, in in-stances where she had been raised in a business family from Sundsvall. The professional skill of the entrepreneur together with his wife's familiarity with the town, in all likelihood also combined with her inherited cultural capital, contributed to creating a demand from the local populace for the goods or services sold by the company / <p>Distrubution: Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, Umeå universitet,, 901 87 Umeå, 090-786 50 00</p>

This dissertation examines the character, conditions and change of peasant stratification in early modern Sweden. Wherever and whenever one looks, one finds that resources were unevenly spread among peasant households. In the literature, there are different, and conflicting, views compatible with this finding. In order to explain its character, this study places peasant stratification into a broader system of resource reproduction. Resource holding, families, and individuals are studied over time. The study is based on an extended family reconstitution comprising the landholding peasants in the Mid-Swedish parish of Björskog between 1620 and 1820. Data has been compiled from cadastres, poll tax registers, parish registers, court records, and maps, and has then been related to the information on resource holding as given by tax lists and probate inventories. Six elements and three general principles are identified as fundamental to systems of resource reproduction among peasants. Starting from these, the book argues that the resource holding of a Swedish peasant household was relatively independent of family demography; that wealthy peasants were able to retain large surpluses even during the period of high rent pressure in the seventeenth century; that the reproduction of poorer peasant households was imperfect whereas the reproduction of wealthier households was extended; that wealthy peasants dominated the local community; that economic inequalities within the class of landed peasants did not increase during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; that land accumulation and cyclical mobility became important features of peasant society, but not until the decades around 1800: and that the peasant community was characterized by a large degree of geographical and downward social mobility.

This study explores the relationship between economic development, social mobility, elites, and regime formation. I argue that the genesis of regime formation, in general, and of democratic regimes, in particular, is determined by the type of economic structure a society possesses, on the one hand, and on the degree the to which demands from disfranchised groups do or do not pose a substantial threat to the interests of elites who occupy the upper strata of the social and economic status hierarchy. Second I demonstrate that the dynamics of transition to wider political participation, as the core element of a democratic system of governance, and the survival of such change are different. In what follows I illustrate that some factors that have been found to dampen the chances for wider participation or have been found to be unrelated to onset of a democratic system of governance have considerable impacts on the durability of the democratic regimes. In a nutshell, the analysis points to the positive effects of mineral wealth and income inequality on the prospects of a democratic survival. Using a cross-national time series data set for all countries for the period between 1960 and 1999 I put the hypotheses to the test. I use binary logit, ordered logit, and ordinary least squares (OLS) to delineate the link between socioeconomic changes and the transition to wider participation. Survival analyses are employed to test for what factors account for the durability of a democratic regime.

Intergenerational solidarity and reciprocity are fundamental building blocks of any society. At the same time, socio-generational groups constantly struggle for influence and authority. In Sub-Saharan Africa, disproportionately male, gerontocratic and patrimonial systems governing economic, social and political life lend a special explosiveness to the social cleavage of generation. This dissertation draws on the concept of the generational contract to explore whether Sierra Leone’s decade-long civil war (1991-2001) – labelled a ‘revolt of youth’ – catalysed changes in the power-asymmetries between age groups. Based on fieldwork conducted between 2007 and 2010, I argue that youth in post-war Sierra Leone question fundamental norms of intergenerational relations and challenge local governance structures demanding changes to the generational contract. Amidst a strong continuity of gerontocratic dominance and counter-strategies from elders, youth draw on organisational forms and a local rights discourse to create spaces for contestation and negotiation. These openings hold potential for long-term rearrangements of societal relations in the medium to long-term future.

This thesis addresses the “foreign talent” situation in Singapore with an ethnographic account of the lived experiences of immigrant PRC students on scholarships, or “PRC scholars.” For some two decades, the Singapore government has annually recruited middle school students from China in their hundreds, selecting them through tests and interviews, granting them full scholarships at either pre-undergraduate or undergraduate level, and, very often, “bonding” them to work subsequently in Singapore for a number of years. Wooed and appropriated in such a way as prized potential human capital, PRC scholars exemplify the Singapore state’s desire for “foreign talent.” In the first decade of the twenty-first century, as the influx of all manners of “foreign talent” into the small city-state gathered pace, local sentiments and discourses of resentment arose. The local-vs-“foreign talent” problem became a serious strain on a city and people proud of their cosmopolitanism. This thesis analyzes the “foreign talent” situation through the ethnographic “macro-trope” of desire. It argues that “foreign talent” is a site of convergence and divergence, collusion and collision, accommodation and contestation, fulfillment and failure of various individual, sociocultural, and political desires and longings. Through the lens of desire, and its psychoanalytic undertones and insights, this thesis looks ethnographically into the PRC scholars’ “foreign talent” journeys in nuanced ways. Based on ethnographic fieldworks carried out in a Chinese middle school and a Singaporean university, the thesis shows how Chinese students are constituted as specific subjects of desire, and how they subsequently develop certain perceptions, attitudes, and stereotypes about the local “other” as well as about themselves after arriving in Singapore as “foreign talent.” Infused with multifarious desires, the PRC scholars’ experiences are often characterized by angst and dissatisfaction; yet it is also argued that generative subjective transformations take place precisely amidst these dynamics and pragmatics of desiring. Ultimately, this thesis seeks to make possible an ethical re-imagination of the “foreign talent” situation in Singapore from the perspective of desire; to provide an account of the so far little-studied Chinese migrant students in the context of Singapore; and to speak more broadly to the cultural and subjective dimensions of human experiences in the context of educational mobility, identity politics, and globalization.

Le Teyyam est un rituel de possession hindouiste du Kerala (Inde du Sud) qui nécessite une pratique intransigeante : restrictions, jeûnes, exploits physiques, résistance à la chaleur du feu. Vêtus de costumes spectaculaires, des performeurs de caste intouchable dansent l’épée à la main, au son des tambours frénétiques, et font entendre la parole du dieu qu’ils incarnent; ils auront même le droit de critiquer le système des castes devant la communauté assemblée, le temps d’une inversion rituelle. Alors qu’autrefois il s’agissait d’un devoir de caste associé à une grande précarité, aujourd’hui il s’agit d’un métier que l’on peut choisir d’exercer ou non. Bien qu’on ait déploré un manque de relève à cause des conditions jugées trop difficiles, il y a toutefois de jeunes hommes qui ont décidé de poursuivre cette tradition ancestrale. Au Kerala, de nombreux jeunes aspirent à la classe moyenne et misent sur l’éducation pour espérer un bon emploi, il y a des opportunités, mais pas pour tous, et surtout beaucoup de compétition. C’est dans ce contexte que de jeunes hommes éduqués souhaitent poursuivre une tradition qu’ils admirent et dont ils sont fiers, mais sans avoir à sacrifier leurs chances de réussite sociale. Quelles sont leurs aspirations, quel sens donnent-ils à ce qu’ils souhaitent accomplir? Traditionnellement les relations de patronage dans le Teyyam ont été très dures sous le joug du système des castes, qu’en est-il aujourd’hui? Comment ces performeurs arrivent-il à négocier la réalisation de leurs aspirations dans les coulisses du Teyyam? / Teyyam is a Hindu possession ritual from Kerala (South India), the practice of which is unforgiving: it requires fasting, physical feats, heat resistance. Dressed in a spectacular costume, the performers dance, swords in hand, to the frenzied beat of drums, they are the vessels of the gods’ words. An untouchable embodies the god in front of the assembled community; he will even have the right, during this ritual inversion of roles, to critique the caste system. Whereas this performance used to be a caste obligation associated with poverty, it has, today, become a job that one can choose, or not, to do. Even though some people lament the fact that there is a lack of young men to ensure the continuity of this practice due to the difficult conditions of this ritual, there, nonetheless, remain educated young men ready to pursue this ancestral tradition. In Kerala, a lot of people count on education to have a good job, the young are more and more educated and a good number of them aspire to attain the middle class; there are opportunities, but not for everyone and there is a lot of competition. Educated young men want to pursue a tradition that they admire and that they are proud of, but without having to sacrifice their chances of social mobility. What are their aspirations? What meaning are they giving to what they want to accomplish? Traditionally the patronage relations in Teyyam have been very hard, under the shade of the caste system. What is the situation today? How do the performers manage to negotiate the achievement of their aspirations in the context of Teyyam?

Dans le cadre de ce projet de maîtrise, nous tentons d’identifier de quelle manière le goût musical affecte la mobilité sociale des adolescents en milieu scolaire montréalais. Pour ce faire, nous avons sondé plus de 150 étudiants dans trois écoles secondaires de la Commission Scolaire de Montréal (CSDM) de manière à obtenir un portrait réaliste du niveau de diversité de leur goût musical et de l’impact de celui-ci sur leurs interactions sociales. Premièrement, la diversité du goût musical fut analysée d’après le concept d’archipels de goût développé par Glevarec et Pinet Ceux-ci proposent une cartographie du goût musical organisée autour d’un axe ouverture/tolérance, c’est-à-dire selon une logique d’appréciation des genres (2009). Cette approche nous a permis d’organiser le goût musical de nos répondants selon leur cohérence autant en tant que genres (Rock, Punk, Métal) que dans les patterns de consommation de ceux qui l’écoutent (Rap, Hip-Hop, Pop, Dance et ainsi de suite). Ainsi, nous avons été en mesure d’opérationnaliser la diversité du goût musical de nos répondants selon le nombre d’archipels de goûts différents qui correspondaient à leurs musiques préférées. Au travers nos recherches, nous avons réussi à dresser le portrait de l’environnement, le portrait social et les différentes logiques d’interactions sociales des adolescents sondés. Grâce à nos recherches, nous sommes en mesure d’affirmer que bien que la majorité des adolescents sondés aient un goût musical limité, ils sont tout de même en mesure d’utiliser leurs connaissances musicales pour discuter avec leurs camarades aux goûts différents. L’adolescent moyen est socialement équipé pour parler de musique avec ses camarades de classe et est en contact constant avec sa bibliothèque musicale personnelle, qui lui permet de mieux développer son goût musical. Bien qu’il préfère écouter de la musique seul à la maison et dans les transports en communs, l’adolescent va chercher ses influences culturelles chez ses amis et dans les médias virtuels, au travers lesquels il a une plus grande liberté de mouvement et de consommation culturelle que dans l’univers physique dans lequel il évolue. L’adolescent au goût diversifié a un rapport plus profond à la musique et tend à considérer le rock comme son genre musical préféré. C’est aussi un adolescent qui tend à utiliser ses connaissances musicales pour créer des liens sociaux et qui a la capacité d’adapter son identité sociale de manière à faciliter l’intégration et la socialisation avec ses pairs. / This project was conceived to allow us to illustrate in what ways musical taste intervenes in the social interactions of Montreal teenagers in their school environment. In order to develop a working image of our target subjects, we polled over 150 students of the Montreal School Board in three learning establishments. This permitted us to identify and quantify the diversity of our subject’s musical tastes, how it affects their interactions with their peers, and how they use it to navigate their social environment. Using Glevarec and Pinet’s (2009) taste island concept, we were able to differentiate and organize the musical taste of our students by regrouping their favorite musical genres according to similarities (Rock, Punk, Metal) in style and by their social usage (Rap, Hip-Hop, Dance music). Students who preferred genres who were closely related in any ways were not considered to have a diverse musical taste. To have a diversified taste, the student needed to like more than two genres that belonged to archipelagos that were not linked. With the data that was collected, we were able to produce a valid working image of our subjects. Most of them had a limited musical taste but were still able to talk about music with people with different musical tastes. They maximised their knowledge of popular music and social news about their favorite artists to create social networks with their peers. They preferred listening to music in private and during their down time (in the bus, between classes), but tended to get their social knowledge and references from friends and via the internet and virtual networks. Those who had a diverse musical taste liked mostly Rock music and had an eclectic group of friends. The complexity of their taste made it harder for them to be recognized by the music they liked, but it made it a lot easier to join peer groups. These students showed the most social competences and prosocial skills and had much more rooted relation with music, than their peers with a limited taste.

Cette thèse se penche sur plusieurs canaux de transmission intergénérationnelle des inégalités afin d'évaluer la capacité des politiques publiques à accroître la mobilité sociale. A partir d'un panel européen, les deux premiers chapitres mesurent et comparent différents indicateurs de la mobilité sociale intergénérationnelle par pays. La comparaison des résultats d'un pays à l'autre met en lumière la plus grande efficacité des politiques publiques, et en particulier des politiques d'éducation, menées dans les pays nordiques. Les deux derniers chapitres concernent la ségrégation résidentielle, dont la littérature économique a montré qu'elle accentuait la transmission des inégalités. Les déterminants de la ségrégation urbaine en Ile-de-France sont identifiés afin d'évaluer l'effet potentiel de certaines politiques de logement, en particulier de celles visant à promouvoir l'accès à la propriété. / This thesis focuses on several of channels of the intergenerational transmission of inequalities, so as to evaluate the efficiency of public policies in increasing social mobility. From a European panel, the first two chapters measure and compare different mobility indices by country. The cross-country comparison sheds the light on the higher efficiency of the public policies –in particular education policies – implemented in Nordic countries. The last two chapters concern residential segregation, which is shown to accentuate the transmission of inequalities in the economic literature. The determinants of the urban segregation in the Paris region (Ile-de-France) are disentangled in order to evaluate the potential effect of some housing policies, in particular those which aim at promoting homeownership.

O presente estudo oferece algumas pistas para a compreensão das atuais implicações entre juventude, cidade e políticas sociais por meio do estudo de caso de um programa social denominado Jovens Urbanos. Registram-se possíveis sentidos das ações públicas dirigidas a jovens pobres moradores das periferias urbanas e as possibilidades que essas ações são capazes de provocar e convergir para a garantia do direito à cidade. Contribui com o debate sobre a gestão de projetos e políticas sociais, exclusão socioespacial e seus impactos nos modos de vida juvenis e com estudos voltados a repensar modelos e metodologias de educação de jovens, assumindo a potência da cidade como espaço formativo. A metodologia proposta pelo Jovens Urbanos é marcadamente influenciada por teses contemporâneas que se debruçam sobre os efeitos da modernidade ou da pós-modernidade nos modos de pensar e agir atuais. O estudo é qualitativo e utilizou entrevistas como principal ferramenta de coleta de dados, das quais decorrem descrições de experiências de jovens egressos e de atores implicados na gestão da terceira edição do programa, realizada de 2007 a 2008, nos distritos de Grajaú e Lajeado. A interação entre uma fundação vinculada a um banco, organizações sociais locais, governos municipal e estadual e outras empresas públicas e privadas, promovida pelo Jovens Urbanos, anunciou desconfianças e esperanças. É analisado o poder de contribuição que essa rede articulada teria no enfrentamento dos desafios das cidades e da juventude, partindo da compreensão de que a crise das cidades transcenderia os indicadores de pobreza e caos urbano, tratando-se, também, de uma crise política. Os indicadores de vulnerabilidade social, utilizados como critérios de medida para escolher os territórios de intervenção, são problematizados, revelando limites e alcances do programa. No tocante aos principais resultados da pesquisa, pode-se afirmar a primazia da cultura em relação à geografia: no Jovens Urbanos, a circulação e o acesso dos jovens aos espaços, artefatos e recursos da cidade seus principais objetivos estiveram colocados em função da ampliação do campo cultural e relacional dos jovens, não obstante o reconhecimento de que os jovens guardam, atualmente, maneiras distintas de sociabilidade e uso do espaço urbano, contestando teses de um possível confinamento socioespacial ao qual estariam submetidos. Ao optar pela cultura, o Jovens Urbanos opera um importante deslocamento: deixa de lado parcos conteúdos de preparo para o mercado de trabalho, amiúde dirigidos a jovens pobres, em prol da exploração, experimentação e produção de diferentes aportes culturais na cidade como sua grande diretriz. A participação no Jovens Urbanos configurou-se, para os atores envolvidos, uma experiência formativa, com rebatimentos (em diferentes medidas e significados) em suas opções de vida, sejam relativas a estudos, trabalho, relacionamento com as cidades ou com outros grupos e territórios de pertença, sejam consigo mesmos. A superação da invisibilidade, por exemplo, figura nas narrativas dos jovens como a possibilidade de olhar e também ser visto, reconhecido, valorizado por seus pares, educadores e outros diferentes atores não-nativos presentes na cidade. / This study offers some clues to understand the current implications amid youth, city and social policies through a case study of a social program called Urban Youths. The study focus in possible meanings of public actions targeting poor young residents of urban suburb area and the possibilities opened by these actions to converge in guarantees of the right to the city. This research expects to contribute to the debate on the management of projects and social policies, socio-exclusion and its impact in ways of youth life, and with studies aiming to rethink models and methodologies of youth education, assuming the power of the city as a formative space. Methodology proposed by Urban Youths is markedly influenced by contemporary theories focused on the effects of modernity or postmodernity in the ways of thinking and acting today. The study is qualitative and used interviews as main tool for data collection, from which derive descriptions of the experiences of both the young people enrolled in the program and the players involved in its management. The edition studied is the third one, conducted from 2007 to 2008, in Grajaú and Lajeado (São Paulo city) districts, promoted by a banks foundation, , local social organizations, municipal and state governments and other public and private companies, which interactions raised mistrust and hopes. The power of contribution of this articulated network was analyzed for meeting challenges of cities and youth, based on the understanding that the crisis of the cities transcend poverty indicators and urban chaos, also being a political crisis. The social vulnerability indicators used by Urban Youths as measurement criteria to choose areas of intervention are assessed, revealing the limits and scope of the program. Regarding the main search results, it is possible to state the primacy of culture over the geography: at Urban Youths, the access of young people to spaces, artifacts and resources of the city its main objectives were placed according to the expansion of cultural and relational field of youngsters, despite the recognition that the young guard, nowadays, different ways of sociability and urban space usage. This challenges the thesis of a possible socio-territorial confinement to which they would be subjected. Making an option for the culture, the Urban Youths takes a major shift: leaves aside meager contents of labor market preparation usually the objective of programs for poor youth for the sake of exploration, experimentation and production of different cultural contributions in the city. Participation in Urban Youth was, for involved players, a formative experience, with repercussions (in different dimensions and meanings) in their life choices, as related to studies, work, and relationship with the city or with other groups of belonging, as to themselves. Overcoming invisibility, for example, takes place in the narratives of young people as the possibility of looking and being seen, recognized, valued by their peers, educators and various other \"non-native\" players in the city.