This paper explores literature on the effects of communication disorders on the social development of children. The paper discusses such topics as the effects of communication disorders on personality development, the ability to make friends and resolve conflict with peers, and academic success. It also discusses the influences of multiculturalism and bilingualism on the diagnosis of communication disorders and reflects on the importance of awareness of cultural differences in communication style to avoid a misdiagnosis. Research shows that without intervention and treatment communication disorders can have irreversible detrimental effects on a child’s ability to develop effect social-communication, to make friends, and to be successful in academic pursuits. Intervention strategies are discussed, such as group and individual therapy, as well as social skills and communication skills treatment. Effective intervention can help children overcome or avoid many of the negative effects of communication disorders and can allow them to reach their developmental potential and achieve success in many areas of life.

With Facebook widely embraced by college students, exploring its educational uses has piqued both educators' and researchers' interest (Mills, 2011; Reinhardt & Zander, 2011; Thorne, 2011). Drawing on a functional perspective of language use, this study explored what kind of language functions intermediate-level Chinese language learners performed when they conducted social communication in Chinese on Facebook and whether conducting weekly social communication in Chinese on Facebook impacted their writing ability. A mixed methods design was adopted. A qualitative approach addressed discourse functions of student communication on Facebook. The qualitative data were mainly collected from nine students' Facebook posts during one semester. A quasi-experimental design was employed to examine whether there was any difference in the quantity and quality of the written texts produced by two groups (N=18) of intermediate-level Chinese language learners. Over the semester, students in the experimental (E) group wrote weekly comments and updates in Chinese on the designated Facebook group page, while students in the control (C) group did not post on the Facebook page. Three writing tasks were administered at the beginning, middle, and end of the semester. These tasks were brief essays which asked students to use Chinese to write about personal information, university life, future plans and goals. Qualitative findings revealed that the participants used 22 types of discourse functions during their social communication on Facebook. The highest percentage of discourse function was asking questions. The next two frequently used discourse functions were expressing opinions and describing events or activities unrelated to campus. Other discourse functions listed among the top 10 were sharing similar experiences or perspectives, expressing likes and dislikes, expressing wishes, making explanations and expressing thanks. When asking questions, the participants mainly used Q-word or Wh- questions and polar questions during their communication and interaction. Alternative questions were seldom used. With regard to question functions, findings revealed that more than half of all the questions were asked to request information. Rhetorical questions were the least and rarely used. In addition, more than half of the total questions were not responded to. All these findings demonstrated that Facebook provided the students with an optional platform to practice situational and functional use of the target language. Quantitative results revealed that there was a significant difference in writing quantity (i.e. the number of Chinese characters produced) between the two groups. While there was no significant difference between the two groups in the first writing task, the E group produced significantly more Chinese characters than the C group in the later writing tasks. In terms of the writing quality, results indicated that both groups showed an improvement from the first to the final task, but no significant differences were found between the two groups in all three writing tasks. In view that the small sample size might have some impact on the outcome of the participants' writing quality, the results are somewhat more promising in the area of quantity.

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Verbal Irony in the Czech Discourse and its Perception Mgr. Dominika Rýparová Abstract This thesis sets the verbal irony into a broader context of human communication and supports the tendency to understand the irony as a communication strategy - not only as a speech figure or a tool to make our way of speaking more attractive. The aim of this work is to remind that irony is an integral part of our everyday communication, and a prerequisite for its use and understanding is built on the particular language experience. The experiment was examining the function of the four forms of irony, which differed in the degree of engaged humour or, conversely, expressed criticism. During the research one was able to get answers from a total of 3,167 respondents. Their analysis revealed that the major motivation for use of the selected types of irony is the humour, but the more humorous the statement is, the more the speaker takes a risk of not being completely understood, because he/she plays with reality too much. Further the results showed that the perception of irony-related emotions is influenced by our age. Younger people are more sensitive to the humorous points of irony, while the older are more tolerant of its critical part. The evaluation of irony is also affected by the communication role of the respondent...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:30:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Victor Kraide Corte Real.pdf: 3116779 bytes, checksum: dbc6070cf416034f4e58f6579e3296bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Campos Salles was a politician of great importance to Brazil, distinguing himself as one of the most active members of the republican party. At age 26 he began his politics career, being elected Provincial Deputy. In 1898, with 57 years old, he assumed the highest political position of the Nation. This essay intends to analyse the political communication estrategies adopted by him until reaching the Presidency of the Republic, looking to prove the influence of positivism in his path. / Campos Salles foi um político de grande importância para o Brasil, destacando-se como um dos personagens mais ativos do movimento republicano. Iniciou sua carreira política aos 26 anos, sendo eleito Deputado Provincial. Em 1898, com 57 anos, assumiu o mais alto cargo político da Nação. Esta pesquisa pretende analisar as estratégias de comunicação política por ele adotadas até chegar à Presidência da República, procurando comprovar a influência do positivismo em sua trajetória.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:16:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotal.pdf: 2881081 bytes, checksum: def5524d8c0d3fd7971e02d5f80b2056 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Perspective on Language and Social Interaction Scholars emphasizes that the first socially established interactions between a child and an adult are central to the development of linguistic, cognitive, social and affective skills. Studies on infant language development emphasize the presence of typical communication patterns, given that the child s age, cognitive skill and language development all influence the maternal inputs employed. For children with special needs, such as the visually impaired, interaction with the mother is likely to be of a particular kind, given that the first contact, that is, eye contact, is nonexistent. The present longitudinal study evaluated the mother-child with visual impairment interaction, and aimed to determine the degree of infant language development based on their social communication skills. Specifically, the study evaluated the communication behaviors of both mother and infant, identified scenes of joint attention within interactive episodes, and investigated the maternal conception regarding child development. Investigations were made by conducting two case studies concerning two completely blind children (three and four years old) and their mothers. Data collection was made by visiting the residence of the dyads during six distinct stages with two-month intervals between visits. Instruments employed during the study included semi-structured interviews using a digital recorder, assessment of expressive vocabulary list (LAVE), and 12 movies recorded for each dyad. During each stage, two different observational situations were employed: free play and structured. For the latter case, children were oriented to play with previously selected educational toys, suitable for both their age and visual conditions. Interviews were organized into thematic categories, as proposed by Bardin. Furthermore, 10 of the 20 minutes of video available for each situation were transcribed based on the CHAT format using CHILDES software (Child Language Data Exchange System). The CLAN program of the same software provided the necessary frequency and precision of data coding. Categories were elaborated based on the aims of the study, on observation protocols and from similar researches conducted in the field of expertise. The mother of the first dyad proposed that child development requires specific guidance, particularly regarding perceptual functions such as touch and hearing. The LAVE method detected an improvement between the first and last application. During the observations the mother was concerned about promoting child participation on the interactive process. This, in turn, led to an improved self-initiative and a contextualized use of different communication behaviors by the child. A maternal strategy concerning the attentional focus of the child, as well as the mother s report that the child s linguistic development seemed inappropriate for the age, was detected for dyad 2. This was further supported by both the LAVE and the observations, which evidenced the difficulty of the child to communicate appropriately, using decontextualized words and rigid verbal expressions. In general, the present study emphasizes the importance of considering the situational context and observing the members of the dyad by means of bidirectional perspectives, given that one s behavior influences the other. Results of the present study is expected to provide assistance for intervention programs which aim to improve the development of social communication skills by visually impaired children, via mother- child interaction. / A Perspectiva da Interação Social dos Estudiosos da Linguagem enfatiza as primeiras interações socialmente estabelecidas entre a criança e o adulto como primordiais para o desenvolvimento das habilidades linguísticas, cognitivas e socioafetivas. Os estudos que envolvem a análise do desenvolvimento linguístico infantil evidenciam que há padrões de estilos comunicativos que são característicos, haja vista que a idade da criança, a sua capacidade cognitiva e o próprio desenvolvimento linguístico influenciam os inputs maternos utilizados. Em crianças com necessidades educativas especiais, como é o caso de crianças com deficiência visual, a interação com a mãe possivelmente será marcada por algumas particularidades, uma vez que o contato inicial, através de trocas de olhares, inexiste. O presente estudo, de cunho longitudinal, analisou a interação mãe-criança com deficiência visual, cujo intuito foi identificar o desenvolvimento linguístico infantil a partir das habilidades sociocomunicativas infantis. Especificamente, procurou-se investigar os comportamentos comunicativos maternos e infantis; a identificação de cenas de atenção conjunta em episódios interativos e as concepções maternas sobre o desenvolvimento da criança. Trata-se de dois estudos de caso, com duas crianças com idades de três e quatro anos, ambas com deficiência visual (cegueira total) e suas respectivas mães. A coleta de dados foi realizada na residência das díades, em seis etapas distintas, com intervalos de dois meses. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: entrevista semiestruturada com uso de um gravador digital; Lista de Avaliação do Vocabulário Expressivo (LAVE); câmera de vídeo digital para a realização de 12 filmagens em cada díade. Em cada etapa do estudo aconteceram duas observações, uma em situação de brincadeira livre e outra em situação estruturada. Nesta última, foi sugerido o uso de brinquedos educativos, previamente selecionados e condizentes com a faixa etária e com a condição visual das crianças. As entrevistas foram analisadas através da análise de conteúdo categorial temática proposta por Bardin. No que diz respeito às observações, dez dos vinte minutos filmados em cada situação foram transcritos, a partir do formato Chat do sistema computacional Childes (Child Language Data Exchange System). Utilizou-se também o componente Clan do mesmo sistema operacional, o qual fornece as frequências e a precisão na codificação dos dados. Foram elaboradas categorias com base nos objetivos do estudo, em pesquisas da área e nos protocolos das observações. Verificou-se que na díade 1, a mãe considera que o desenvolvimento da criança requer orientações específicas, principalmente no uso de outras funções perceptivas, como o tato e a audição. Na aplicação da LAVE identificou-se um avanço entre a primeira e a última aplicação. No que diz respeito às observações, observou-se uma preocupação materna em promover a participação da criança no processo interacional, a qual, por sua vez, demonstrou ao longo das etapas, maior iniciativa própria e uso contextualizado de diferentes comportamentos comunicativos. Na díade 2 evidenciou-se a estratégia materna de dirigir o foco atencional da criança, bem como o relato materno de que o desenvolvimento linguístico da criança parece inadequado para a sua faixa etária. Esta informação foi verificada também através da LAVE e das observações, que mostraram a dificuldade da criança em comunicar-se apropriadamente, fazendo uso de palavras descontextualizadas e de expressões verbais rígidas. De um modo geral, destaca-se a importância de considerar o contexto situacional e de olhar os membros da díade por meio de uma perspectiva bidirecional, já que o comportamento de um influencia o comportamento do outro. Espera-se que os resultados da presente tese possam subsidiar o planejamento de programas de intervenção, cujo intuito seja de promover o desenvolvimento das habilidades sociocomunicativas das crianças com deficiência visual, através da interação com a mãe.

The purpose of this paper is to see how politicians use Internet communication in their daily work and how they use it to interact with citizens of Vasteras city. To reach my conclusions I used both theoretical methods such as literature studies and qualitative interviews with the towns 11 trustees. Accoarding to this study the politicians saw not only a lot of potentials and advantages in Internet communication but also many difficulties and obstacles. In this case the cons far exceeded the pros. One of the main reason is the bad experiences which caused by rasist attacks/threats made to politicians and also the difficulties in handling of sensitiv documents which was seen as a stress factor. Vasteras home page is more seen as a very inert two way communication channel, due to the lack of discussion/debate forum. Other forms of communication via other media is prefered. Obviously IT is a fast and complementary media but face to face communication is prioritized rather than computer communication. E- democracy, E- meeting, E- discussion can not replace face to face communication. There is a strong belief among the municipal executive committee in the representative democracy as the best functional political system. The political climate characterizes as a sort of conservatism or pessimism when it concerns IT and democracy. Despite all of this, there are many optimistic attitudes about IT in a future perspective. Marketing and education are essential elements that benefit to more dialog and interactivity which can influence the quality of democracy. The Internet is perceived by many of respondants as an excellent horizontal communication than vertical.

A lo largo del trabajo entonces notarán un análisis constante desde el corazón mismo de la observación, así, son las categorías y definiciones surgidas desde el terreno mismo las que interpelan al lector y promueven una lectura activa y no pasiva, son las grietas de la propia naturaleza de lo observado, los limites que toda participación observante conlleva y lo complejo de reflejar una realidad siempre en movimiento, lo que hará las veces de puntales de acceso al texto. El trabajo está dividido en tres segmentos. El punto de partida son nociones más o menos fijas que sirvan de soporte para el surgimiento de las categorías de la segunda parte, las cuales darán paso a un zoom out que permita tener un plano general de lo analizado y reverberar aquello que podría haber sido omitido en la primera y segunda parte, así como presentar matices dentro de ellas. / Trabajo de investigación

Full Tenis Perú nace en la Universidad de Lima en el curso de Proyecto de Especialidad el cual les permite a los alumnos llevar a cabo algún proyecto que tengan en mente, además de asesoramiento en el proceso a realizar. Nos dimos cuenta que la situación del tenis necesitaba apoyo. La idea nace con el propósito de crear una web integral ya que existía la carencia de una plataforma que esté al alcance de todos y sea completa; que incluya contenido tanto de tenis nacional como internacional, que brinde todo tipo de consejos relacionados a este deporte, información sobre academias nacionales y, sobre todo, que reconozca a los tenistas más destacados para así brindarles apoyo, darles valor y de cierta manera promover este deporte. / Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

Sync.Pe tuvo como objetivo convertirse en un medio fundamental entre los amantes de la tecnología en el Perú, basándose en la calidad de sus publicaciones para lograrlo. Además del respaldo del público, la web también tuvo como objetivo contar con el apoyo y reconocimiento de marcas productoras de smartphones, tablets, laptops y otros dispositivos electrónicos; y así, contar con dispositivos para generar reseñas de productos dirigidas a usuarios que, no solo sean capaces de valorar la calidad de los contenidos que Sync.Pe ofrecería, sino también pudieran confiar en la independencia del site sobre los intereses de estas compañías tecnológicas. / Trabajo de suficiencia profesional