Partindo da concepção de que a ciência é, por definição, uma atividade coletiva, organizada localmente e através de instituições, esta dissertação realiza um estudo empírico do Centro de Estudos do Genoma Humano (CEGH), situado na Universidade de São Paulo. A pergunta mais geral do trabalho diz respeito à maneira pela qual se dá a organização social da produção de conhecimento e da produção de produtores de conhecimento em uma área específica de pesquisa a genética em um país periférico. Para isso, parte-se do processo de institucionalização da pesquisa em genética no Brasil, enfatizando os arranjos entre pesquisadores, universidade e agência de fomento em três aspectos considerados essenciais à atividade científica: padrão de financiamento, padrão disciplinar e padrão de circulação internacional de ideias e pesquisadores. A preocupação central é compreender a dinâmica da disciplina, pensada como um conjunto de processos sociais de produção de conhecimentos (e não como uma lista de descobrimentos, acumuladas por homens singulares), e demonstrar como a institucionalização da pesquisa em genética foi conformando uma tradição local de pesquisa. Essa tradição servirá como pano de fundo para compreender a incorporação das mudanças na pesquisa em genética humana passagem da genética clássica à molecular nos laboratórios que atualmente compõem o CEGH e as transformações no padrão de financiamento da pesquisa. Ao olhar para o CEGH, a partir dessa tradição científica local da qual ele é tributário, é possível descrever quais são os atuais arranjos organizacionais, as práticas de pesquisa e a divisão do trabalho que remodelam e atualizam essa tradição. Este trabalho considera o CEGH como um microcosmo social, que faz parte de um espaço disciplinar mais amplo que, por sua vez, insere-se no universo hierarquizado das áreas de conhecimento e disciplinas científicas. / Starting from the understanding that science is, by definition, a collective activity, organized locally and through institutions, this dissertation carries out an empirical study on the Human Genome Research Center (HGRC), situated in the University of São Paulo (USP). The broader question of this study regards the way through which the social organizing of production of knowledge occurs, and the production of the producers of knowledge in a specific field of research genetics in a peripheral country. For this, we begin from the process of institutionalisation of the genetics research in Brazil, emphasizing the arrangement between researchers, university and funding agencies in three aspects considered essentials in scientific activities: funding pattern, disciplinary pattern and the pattern of international circulation of ideas and researchers. The main concern is to understand the dynamics of the discipline, conceived as an ensemble of social processes in the production of knowledge (and not as a list of discoveries accumulated by singular men), and demonstrate how the institutionalization of research in genetics conformed to a local research tradition. This tradition will serve as a background to comprehend the incorporation of changes in human genetics research the passage from classical genetics to molecular biology in laboratories which nowadays integrate the HGRC and the transformations in the patterns of research funding. By observing the HGRC from the perspective of this local scientific tradition, from which this research center is tributary, it is possible to describe what are the recent organizational arrangements, such as the practices of research and the division of labor which reshaped and updated this tradition. This dissertation considers the HGRC a social microcosm, which integrates a disciplinary space which, in turn, is inserted in the hierarchical universe of the fields of knowledge and scientific disciplines.

How are new scientific concepts of illnesses and disorder formed? The last fifty years have seen a dramatic increase in new diagnoses incorporated into medical manuals. The concept of the male menopause, or the andropause diagnosis, is suitable for studying how medical knowledge is produced, since it has alternated between being and not being part of the acknowledged medical knowledge since the beginning of the 19th century, when it was originally launched. After being rather unnoticed during the 20th century, the concept of the male menopause had a renaissance in the 1990s’. The andropause then became a specific research area, articles about the male menopause were widely published in medical journals, specific therapies were developed, and andropause clinics opened around the world. The thesis explores what combination of circumstances lay behind the establishment of the andropause as a scientific object in the 1990s’. The purpose was to find out what the institutionalization of the (concept of the) andropause shows about the production of science, specifically  medical knowledge. Methodologically, the study can be described as an analysis of ideas, where the ideas contained in the concept of a male menopause are in focus. Accordingly, the research materials were scientific literature, media, and other documents where the idea of a male menopause was expressed. The analysis was structured in four divisions. First, the andropause theory was studied to find any obvious scientific explanations, such as new knowledge or discoveries. “Pure science” could not explain the breakthrough of the andropause diagnosis, since the andropause theory is laden with uncertainties according to the scientific principles of evaluation that the medical science itself supports. Second, the social organization of the medical knowledge production was inquired with focus on the medical profession, and the andropause theory was found to offer new professional arenas. Third, factors outside profession and science were found, the extra scientific dimensions, primarily cultural conditions and social structures. The emergence of feminist theory was found to change the perception of men in the culture, where the male norm no longer is self-evident. Fourth, in the social structure, pharmaceutical companies were found to engage strongly in the andropause concept. Together these factors constituted the andopause as a scientific object. The thesis demonstrates: the advantage of a multi perspective analysis: the complexity of the development of concepts of disease: the weakness of the epistemology of evidence-based medicine: and the social and cultural foundation of science.

The rapid growth of Science and Technology has made the use of scientific information a problem of international concern. To keep abreast of current research the scientist and engineer can use a multitude of information sources. In this study the problem of information use is analysed and a theoretical framework is developed and applied in several case-studies of formal and informal communication. The case-studies include surveys among scientists, engineers and social scientists in different R&D-settings. Information about research is looked upon as a fundamental resource for R&D activities. It is demonstrated that information use and communication behavior are related to research productivity. However the use of both written and oral information sources is limited by barriers related to the individual user, his position in the social structure of the research community and organisation as well as the availability of information resources. In order to improve the use of knowledge it is necessary to integrate the information and documentation functions with the planning and conduct of research. In this context user education and marketing of information resources are important prerequisites. Information search and library use in higher education are analysed and discussed in relation to pedagogical methods and the maintainance of professional competence. Special attention is also given to computerized reference retrieval services and their evaluation. / digitalisering@umu

Initiée dans les années 1960, la radiologie interventionnelle comprend les actes médicaux invasifs ayant pour but le traitement ou le diagnostic d’une pathologie réalisés sous guidage ou sous contrôle d’un moyen d’imagerie. L’enjeu de la thèse est de développer l’analyse sociohistorique de l’émergence d’une spécialité médicale – la radiologie interventionnelle – et d’en étudier les stratégies de légitimation. Trois axes d’investigation interdépendants sont plus particulièrement privilégiés. Le premier d’entre eux vise à comprendre comment est née cette pratique médicale en établissant l’archéologie des innovations dont elle résulte. Dans le deuxième, il s’agit d’analyser les stratégies de valorisation et les modes de faire-valoir de la radiologie interventionnelle. Les velléités d’autonomisation des radiologues interventionnels les ont ainsi conduits à mobiliser différents registres de légitimité (légitimité scientifique, légitimité professionnelle dans le champ médical, légitimité régulatoire). Le troisième axe permet quant à lui la prise en compte de la question de la démarcation sociale et des frontières. Étant porteuse d’une transgression de la dichotomie établie entre sphères diagnostique et thérapeutique, la radiologie interventionnelle a de fait entraîné une reconfiguration des relations entre spécialités. L’investigation s’appuie sur une méthodologie plurielle combinant entretiens semidirectifs, observations in situ (bloc opératoire, scanner, réunions de concertation pluridisciplinaire, consultations) et exploitation de données scientométriques. Une mise en perspective internationale avec la situation canadienne permet d’étudier l’impact des contextes nationaux sur la diffusion et la reconnaissance de la radiologie interventionnelle. / Introduced in the 1960s, interventional radiology includes invasive medical procedures for the treatment or diagnosis of a pathology performed under the guidance or control of an imaging device. The aim of the thesis is to develop the sociohistorical analysis of the emergence of a medical specialty – interventional radiology – and to study its legitimization strategies. Three interdependent lines of inquiry are privileged in particular. The first aims to understand how this medical practice was born by establishing the archaeology of the innovations that gave rise to it. In the second, it is a question of analyzing the strategies of valorization and the ways of valuing interventional radiology. The interventional radiologists’ desire for independence has led them to mobilize different registers of legitimacy (scientific legitimacy, professional legitimacy in the medical field, regulatory legitimacy). The third line of inquiry allows for the issue of social demarcation and boundaries to be taken into account. As it is a means of transgressing the established dichotomy between the diagnostic and therapeutic spheres, interventional radiology has in fact led to a reconfiguration of the relations between specialties. The investigation is based on a methodology combining semi-directive interviews, in situ observations (operating theater, multidisciplinary consultation meetings, consultations) and the use of scientometric data. An international perspective on the Canadian situation makes it possible to study the impact of national contexts on the dissemination and recognition of interventional radiology.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Com esta tese, eu examino a relação entre ciência e sociedade a partir das novas discussões no interior da filosofia da ciência, suscitadas, em grande parte, pelos trabalhos empíricos produzidos pelos science studies. Trata-se de uma abordagem temática, na qual eu discorro sobre as principais teses dos profissionais mais renomados e autorizados de escrita inglesa nas áreas de história da ciência, sociologia da ciência e filosofia da ciência, tais como Thomas Kuhn, Paul Feyerabend, David Bloor, Ian Hacking, Bruno Latour, Peter Galison, Joseph Rouse e Steve Fuller. O argumento que eu desenvolvo é o de que, apesar de a contribuição fornecida por esses autores, ainda persiste uma assimetria no tratamento do problema: passamos a dispor de uma concepção bem mais rica e adequada de ciência graças a seus trabalhos; em contrapartida, permanecemos com uma concepção de sociedade bastante reificada. A filosofia da ciência, em parceria com os science studies, poderia auxiliar na mudança desse quadro indesejável com as suas ferramentas da crítica e com a sua visão de conjunto. / This thesis aims to exam the problem of the relationship between science and society. We focus on the new discussions inside the philosophy of science, which were mainly brought up by the empirical works from science studies. It is a thematic approach in which I shall discuss the main theses that have been carried out by the most notably writers in English Literature in the fields of history of science, sociology of science and philosophy of science, such as Thomas Kuhn, Paul Feyerabend, David Bloor, Ian Hacking, Bruno Latour, Peter Galison, Joseph Rouse and Steve Fuller. The argument which I defend is that despite the contribution that those authors have made, one can still notice an asymmetric approach to the problem mentioned above. On the one hand there has been available a richer and more adequate conception of science thanks to their works, but on the other hand still remains a much reified conception of science. The philosophy of science in partnership with science studies could help to change this undesired picture by making use of its critical arguments and its overview of the problems concerning the so special relation between science and society.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:16:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4319.pdf: 2155703 bytes, checksum: 75db82b9ab7454b9f80654b6343881b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-29 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / This dissertation has aims to make an analysis of the political and sociological dimensions on the research in fuel cells and hydrogen energetic use in Brazil. For this we have done an extensive bibliographic research about this theme and other related (as energy policy and environment) and a case study about the CENEH (Centro Nacional de Referência em Energia do Hidrogênio), a public center of research and consultation in technologies related to the hydrogen and fuel cells. As a theoretical background, we start from the sociology of science, specially the Actor-Network Theory by Bruno Latour and Michel Callon. Through this research, we found many social actors related to this area, their actions, relations and tensions, and also a view of the technological and political situation of the research and development of the hydrogen energetic use at the networks articulated by the CENEH. / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo fazer uma análise das dimensões políticas e sociais das pesquisas em células a combustível e uso energético do hidrogênio no Brasil. Para isso, fizemos uma extensa pesquisa bibliográfica sobre este tema e outros relacionados (como política energética e meio ambiente) e realizamos um estudo de caso sobre o CENEH (Centro Nacional de Referência em Energia do Hidrogênio), um centro público de pesquisa e consulta em tecnologias relacionadas ao hidrogênio e células a combustível. Como referencial teórico, partimos da sociologia da ciência, em especial a teoria Ator-Rede de Bruno Latour e Michel Callon. Por meio desta pesquisa, pudemos constatar diversos atores sociais relacionados às pesquisas nesta área, suas ações, relações e tensões, assim como um panorama da situação tecnológica e política das pesquisas e desenvolvimento do uso energético do hidrogênio nas redes articuladas pelo CENEH.

Submitted by Izabel Franco (izabel-franco@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-08T17:16:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissKAD.pdf: 6658012 bytes, checksum: d55e92d194481c3b4ed161eb948cbb72 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-12T17:22:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissKAD.pdf: 6658012 bytes, checksum: d55e92d194481c3b4ed161eb948cbb72 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-12T17:23:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissKAD.pdf: 6658012 bytes, checksum: d55e92d194481c3b4ed161eb948cbb72 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-12T17:23:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissKAD.pdf: 6658012 bytes, checksum: d55e92d194481c3b4ed161eb948cbb72 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / This present research, of qualitative nature, was guided by the question: what characterizes and what are the functions of school demonstrations in different level textbooks for teaching mathematics? In order to answer this question, three high school and three Junior high school textbook collections –which are assessed and approved by the National Textbook Program (PNLD, in Portuguese), the National Curricular Parameters (PCN, in Portuguese) and the PNLD guides for the same presented school levels –were considered as documents. Inspired by the Depth Hermeneutics methodological referential, these demonstrations were considered symbolical. Firstly, the way how research in academic mathematics and Mathematical Education discuss the demonstrations was pointed out. Afterwards, the demonstrations, in different historical periods, were exposed –such as in the literary work “The Elements” by Euclid and in textbooks which were published during reforms in the teaching of mathematics in Brazil. Through a referential of the sociology of the science, the symbolic value of these school demonstrations was discussed. The development of this study has pointed to a discussion about the naturalization processes of the uniqueness and verity of logical values. In addition, the demonstration was presented as a belief linked to symbols of stringency, precision, mathematical scientificity, proof, subdual, respectability and authority. Upon performing content analysis on the selected books, four categories of school demonstrations were set: (1) through experiments and particular cases; (2) through deductive reasoning with an exploratory character; (3) through formal elements of classical reasoning; (4) through particular cases, generalization and explanation. The analysis has shown changes regarding: the methodology for the development of a demonstration; the type of language applied; the way a procedure was introduced and concluded; the use of pictures and inductive, intuitive and visual procedures. In order to complement interpretations and understand the different demonstration fashions expressed in these categories, official documents were used, what made it possible to identify that the school demonstrations in the textbooks fulfill their role in preparing students for the understanding and future development of a formal demonstration, besides being aligned with the goal of developing deductive reasoning and approximation in forming a professional mathematician. Upon that, it can be understood that the formal demonstration is appreciated and motivated in curricular propositions which, despite guiding the use of different demonstration forms adapted to each teaching degree, seek to build a unique idea of demonstration. / A presente pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, se orientou pela questão: o que caracteriza e quais funções cumprem as demonstrações escolares em livros didáticos dos diferentes níveis do ensino de matemática? A fim de responder essa questão tomamos como documentos três coleções de livros didáticos dos anos finais do ensino fundamental e três do ensino médio, avaliadas e aprovadas pelo Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD); os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN); e os guias do PNLD para os mesmos níveis de ensino citados. Inspiramo-nos no referencial metodológico da Hermenêutica de Profundidade (HP) e concebemos as demonstrações como formas simbólicas. Primeiramente, destacamos como as pesquisas da área da matemática acadêmica e da Educação Matemática discutem a demonstração e, em seguida, expomos as demonstrações em momentos históricos, como na obra “Os Elementos” de Euclides e em livros didáticos publicados durante reformas do ensino de matemática no Brasil. Por meio de um referencial da sociologia da ciência discutimos o valor simbólico das demonstrações escolares. Os encaminhamentos desse estudo nos apontaram para uma discussão acerca dos processos de naturalização da unicidade, verdade e de valores da lógica. Além disso, a demonstração se apresentou como uma crença atrelada a símbolos de rigor, de precisão, de cientificidade da matemática, comprovação, pujança, respeitabilidade e de autoridade. Da análise de conteúdo realizada nos livros didáticos selecionados foram organizadas quatro categorias para as demonstrações escolares: (1) via experimentos e casos particulares; (2) lógico-dedutiva com caráter de exploração; (3) formal com elementos da lógica clássica; (4) mediante casos particulares, generalização e explicação. A análise nos indicou mudanças quanto: à metodologia para o desenvolvimento de uma demonstração; ao tipo de linguagem empregada; à maneira de se introduzir e concluir um procedimento; ao uso de figuras e de procedimentos indutivos, intuitivos e visuais. Para complementar as interpretações e compreender as diferentes formas de demonstrar expressas nas categorias recorremos aos documentos oficiais, que nos permitiram identificar que as demonstrações escolares nos livros didáticos cumprem o papel de preparação dos estudantes para a compreensão e desenvolvimento futuro de uma demonstração formal, além de estarem atreladas ao objetivo de desenvolvimento do raciocínio lógico e a aproximação ao fazer matemático profissional. Com isso entendemos que a demonstração formal é valorizada e incentivada em propostas curriculares que, apesar de orientarem o uso de diferentes formas de se demonstrar adequadas a cada nível de ensino, almejam a construção de uma ideia única de demonstração.

Submitted by Alison Vanceto (alison-vanceto@hotmail.com) on 2017-01-11T13:04:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseVALG.pdf: 15363905 bytes, checksum: 6f54e09d7aff530f4a3c584433b85dc3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2017-01-13T17:38:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseVALG.pdf: 15363905 bytes, checksum: 6f54e09d7aff530f4a3c584433b85dc3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2017-01-13T17:42:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseVALG.pdf: 15363905 bytes, checksum: 6f54e09d7aff530f4a3c584433b85dc3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-13T17:42:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseVALG.pdf: 15363905 bytes, checksum: 6f54e09d7aff530f4a3c584433b85dc3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-29 / The theme of this research is the conformation of the new production of science, especially that realized in the ambit of the seven National Institutes of Science and Technology of São Carlos (city of the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil). From the theoretical point of view, this study is part of the field of Social Studies of Science and Technology, seeking in the Sociology of Science theoretical elements that allow us to understand the complexities of the new modes of producing scientific knowledge. The research was guided by the following question: do the science, technology and innovation indicators of the São Carlos’ INCTs point to changes in the form of production of science after its implementation? The hypotheses were that the São Carlos’ INCTs provided: a) the strengthening of university interaction with the productive sector and the transfer of knowledge produced; and b) the impact on society in terms of scientific education and dissemination of science. The general objective was to identify and evaluate ST&I indicators of the São Carlos’ INCTs, which allowed examining the dynamics of knowledge production and the scientific, educational and social impacts achieved since the implementation of this Program in São Carlos. The following specific objectives were also established: 1) to seek in the theoretical framework of Sociology of Science elements that allow to understand the organization of the scientific community, the forms of production of knowledge and the policies of science, technology and innovation; 2) to describe the profile of the INCTs, placing them in the main teaching and research institutions of São Carlos-SP; 3) analyze the dynamics of the INCTs from five dimensions: advancement of knowledge; Networking; Transfer of knowledge to society; Advancement of competence and internationalization; 4) to analyze the scientific and technological production and networks of scientific collaboration of the principal investigators of the INCTs; 5) identify the practice, results and impact of education and scientific dissemination within the scope of the INCTs; and 6) present the coordinators’ perception of this new configuration and organization of science and its impacts on society. The research is an exploratory and descriptive case study developed based on quantitative and qualitative approaches, through bibliometric and scientometric analyzes, social networks analysis, and the analysis of the perceptions of the coordinators obtained with the questionnaire. The methodological procedures involved data collection from different sources (Curriculum Lattes, Project Monitoring Reports and other documents) and questionnaire application to the INCT coordinators. Among the main results obtained are the high index of international bibliographic production published by the INCT in the period between 2009 and 2013, with emphasis on scientific articles and works in events; the training of human resources and the involvement with activities of education and scientific dissemination, particularly in the INCTs of USP. The evaluation of the INCTs in the view of the coordinators was that these programs produced important results in terms of advancement of knowledge, training of human resources, transfer of knowledge to society, internationalization, diffusion and scientific education, contributing to society in the solution of health problems, security and energy, the environment and learning and education. / O tema desta pesquisa é a conformação da nova produção da ciência, especialmente aquela realizada no âmbito dos sete Institutos Nacionais de Ciência e Tecnologia de São Carlos (cidade do interior do estado de São Paulo, Brasil). Do ponto de vista teórico a realização deste estudo insere-se no campo dos Estudos Sociais da Ciência e da Tecnologia buscando na Sociologia da Ciência elementos que permitam compreender as complexidades dos novos modos de produção do conhecimento científico. A pesquisa foi norteada pela seguinte questão: os indicadores de CT&I dos INCTs de São Carlos apontam mudanças na forma de produção da ciência após a sua implantação? As hipóteses aventadas foram que os INCTs de São Carlos propiciaram: a) o fortalecimento da interação da universidade com o setor produtivo e a transferência do conhecimento produzido e b) o impacto na sociedade em termos de educação cientifica e divulgação da ciência. O objetivo geral foi identificar e avaliar indicadores de CT&I dos INCTs de São Carlos que permitiram examinar a dinâmica da produção do conhecimento e os impactos científicos, educacionais e sociais alcançados a partir da implantação deste Programa em São Carlos. Constituíram-se ainda como objetivos específicos: 1) buscar no referencial teórico da Sociologia da Ciência elementos que permitam compreender a organização da comunidade científica, as formas de produção do conhecimento e as políticas de ciência, tecnologia e inovação; 2) descrever o perfil dos INCTs situando-os nas principais instituições de ensino e pesquisa de São Carlos-SP; 3) analisar a dinâmica dos INCTs a partir de cinco dimensões: avanço do conhecimento; formação de redes; transferência de conhecimentos para a sociedade; avanço da competência e internacionalização; 4) analisar a produção científica e tecnológica e as redes de colaboração científica dos pesquisadores principais dos INCTs; 5) identificar a prática, os resultados e o impacto da educação e divulgação científica no âmbito dos INCTs e 6) apresentar a percepção dos coordenadores quanto a essa nova configuração e organização da ciência e seus impactos na sociedade. A pesquisa é um estudo de caso de cunho exploratório e descritivo desenvolvido com base em abordagens quantitativas e qualitativas, por meio de análises bibliométrica e cientométrica, de redes sociais, e da análise das percepções dos coordenadores obtidas com o questionário. Os procedimentos metodológicos envolveram coleta de dados em diferentes fontes (Currículo Lattes, Relatórios de Acompanhamento de Projetos e outros documentos) e aplicação de questionário aos coordenadores dos INCTs. Entre os principais resultados obtidos destacam-se o alto índice de produção bibliográfica internacional publicada pelos INCTs no período entre 2009 e 2013, com destaque para os artigos científicos e trabalhos em eventos; a formação de recursos humanos e o envolvimento com as atividades de educação e divulgação científica, particularmente nos INCTs da USP. A avaliação dos INCTs na visão dos coordenadores foi que esses Programas produziram resultados importantes em termos de avanço do conhecimento, formação de recursos humanos, transferência do conhecimento para a sociedade, internacionalização, difusão e educação científica, contribuindo com a sociedade na solução de problemas de saúde, segurança e energia, ao meio ambiente e à aprendizagem e educação.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Com esta tese, eu examino a relação entre ciência e sociedade a partir das novas discussões no interior da filosofia da ciência, suscitadas, em grande parte, pelos trabalhos empíricos produzidos pelos science studies. Trata-se de uma abordagem temática, na qual eu discorro sobre as principais teses dos profissionais mais renomados e autorizados de escrita inglesa nas áreas de história da ciência, sociologia da ciência e filosofia da ciência, tais como Thomas Kuhn, Paul Feyerabend, David Bloor, Ian Hacking, Bruno Latour, Peter Galison, Joseph Rouse e Steve Fuller. O argumento que eu desenvolvo é o de que, apesar de a contribuição fornecida por esses autores, ainda persiste uma assimetria no tratamento do problema: passamos a dispor de uma concepção bem mais rica e adequada de ciência graças a seus trabalhos; em contrapartida, permanecemos com uma concepção de sociedade bastante reificada. A filosofia da ciência, em parceria com os science studies, poderia auxiliar na mudança desse quadro indesejável com as suas ferramentas da crítica e com a sua visão de conjunto. / This thesis aims to exam the problem of the relationship between science and society. We focus on the new discussions inside the philosophy of science, which were mainly brought up by the empirical works from science studies. It is a thematic approach in which I shall discuss the main theses that have been carried out by the most notably writers in English Literature in the fields of history of science, sociology of science and philosophy of science, such as Thomas Kuhn, Paul Feyerabend, David Bloor, Ian Hacking, Bruno Latour, Peter Galison, Joseph Rouse and Steve Fuller. The argument which I defend is that despite the contribution that those authors have made, one can still notice an asymmetric approach to the problem mentioned above. On the one hand there has been available a richer and more adequate conception of science thanks to their works, but on the other hand still remains a much reified conception of science. The philosophy of science in partnership with science studies could help to change this undesired picture by making use of its critical arguments and its overview of the problems concerning the so special relation between science and society.

Longtemps marginalisée en criminologie, l’étude des facteurs biologiques du crime a connu une véritable renaissance aux États-Unis depuis les années 2000 sous le nom de « criminologie biosociale ». Le développement de ce courant, qui remonte aux années 1960, doit beaucoup à l’émancipation progressive de la discipline criminologique vis-à-vis de la sociologie, ainsi qu’à l’accès croissant des chercheurs en sciences sociales aux méthodes et données de la génétique comportementale. Si ce mouvement n’est pas homogène, la criminologie biosociale est l’oeuvre principale de chercheurs qui occupent une position dominée au sein du champ criminologique et qui font de l’étude génétique du crime un outil de subversion de la domination sociologique. Le développement de la criminologie biosociale est loin de faire l’unanimité auprès des criminologues états-uniens. Plutôt que de tenter de normaliser les controverses en convaincant leurs adversaires de la pertinence de leurs recherches, les représentants les plus subversifs de la criminologie biosociale adoptent un ton polémique et une attitude combative et jouent sur leur hétérodoxie afin d’acquérir une plus grande visibilité au sein du champ. D’autres tentent de se faire plus discrets en évitant de prendre part aux controverses. Cette prudence est particulièrement visible dans le traitement de la question raciale, nombre de chercheurs préférant éviter de lier la criminologie biosociale à un thème de recherche aussi politiquement sensible. En revanche, la minorité subversive se sert de l’aspect controversé de la question raciale pour en faire un exemple de la censure qui serait pratiquée par les sociologues qui dominent le champ / While it has long been marginalized in criminology, the investigation of biological factors of crime has known a renaissance in the United States since the 2000s under the name of “biosocial criminology”. The development of this movement, that goes back to the 1960s, owes much to the progressive emancipation of the criminological discipline vis-à-vis sociology, as well as to social scientists’ growing access to the methods and data of behavior genetics. Although biosocial criminology is not homogeneous, it is primarily produced by academics that occupya dominated position within the criminological field and that use the genetics of crime as a tool for subverting the sociological domination. The development of biosocial criminology is far from having gained consensus among US criminologists. Rather than trying to normalize controversies by convincing their opponents of their works’ relevance, the most subversive leaders of biosocial criminology adopt a polemical stance and a combative posture and use their heterodoxy to acquire a greater visibility within the field. Others, on the other hand, seek to keep a low profile and avoid engaging in controversies. This carefulness is particularly visible regarding the treatment of the racial question, for numerous researchers avoid tying biosocial criminology up with a research theme as politically sensitive. However, the subversive minority uses the controversial aspect of the racial question as an example of the censorship that dominant sociologists supposedly impose within the field