Longtemps marginalisée en criminologie, l’étude des facteurs biologiques du crime a connu une véritable renaissance aux États-Unis depuis les années 2000 sous le nom de « criminologie biosociale ». Le développement de ce courant, qui remonte aux années 1960, doit beaucoup à l’émancipation progressive de la discipline criminologique vis-à-vis de la sociologie, ainsi qu’à l’accès croissant des chercheurs en sciences sociales aux méthodes et données de la génétique comportementale. Si ce mouvement n’est pas homogène, la criminologie biosociale est l’oeuvre principale de chercheurs qui occupent une position dominée au sein du champ criminologique et qui font de l’étude génétique du crime un outil de subversion de la domination sociologique. Le développement de la criminologie biosociale est loin de faire l’unanimité auprès des criminologues états-uniens. Plutôt que de tenter de normaliser les controverses en convaincant leurs adversaires de la pertinence de leurs recherches, les représentants les plus subversifs de la criminologie biosociale adoptent un ton polémique et une attitude combative et jouent sur leur hétérodoxie afin d’acquérir une plus grande visibilité au sein du champ. D’autres tentent de se faire plus discrets en évitant de prendre part aux controverses. Cette prudence est particulièrement visible dans le traitement de la question raciale, nombre de chercheurs préférant éviter de lier la criminologie biosociale à un thème de recherche aussi politiquement sensible. En revanche, la minorité subversive se sert de l’aspect controversé de la question raciale pour en faire un exemple de la censure qui serait pratiquée par les sociologues qui dominent le champ / While it has long been marginalized in criminology, the investigation of biological factors of crime has known a renaissance in the United States since the 2000s under the name of “biosocial criminology”. The development of this movement, that goes back to the 1960s, owes much to the progressive emancipation of the criminological discipline vis-à-vis sociology, as well as to social scientists’ growing access to the methods and data of behavior genetics. Although biosocial criminology is not homogeneous, it is primarily produced by academics that occupya dominated position within the criminological field and that use the genetics of crime as a tool for subverting the sociological domination. The development of biosocial criminology is far from having gained consensus among US criminologists. Rather than trying to normalize controversies by convincing their opponents of their works’ relevance, the most subversive leaders of biosocial criminology adopt a polemical stance and a combative posture and use their heterodoxy to acquire a greater visibility within the field. Others, on the other hand, seek to keep a low profile and avoid engaging in controversies. This carefulness is particularly visible regarding the treatment of the racial question, for numerous researchers avoid tying biosocial criminology up with a research theme as politically sensitive. However, the subversive minority uses the controversial aspect of the racial question as an example of the censorship that dominant sociologists supposedly impose within the field

L'Agence Nationale de la Recherche, créée en 2005, contribue à rapprocher le système de recherche français du modèle anglo-saxon, dans lequel les agences de financement jouent un rôle déterminant dans la conduite des politiques scientifiques. À partir d'une enquête sur l'agence et de l’étude des programmes de financement en génomique végétale et en chimie durable, cette thèse analyse le rôle de l'ANR dans la transformation du mode d'allocation des financements. Elle s’appuie sur des données issues d'entretiens auprès de chercheurs, d’un traitement statistique des projets déposés et de l'analyse de sources primaires et secondaires sur l’activité de l'ANR. Nous montrons notamment que l'ANR constitue une organisation intermédiaire partiellement autonome dont le métier a considérablement évolué depuis sa création en 2005. La carrière de l'agence témoigne des luttes de définition dont elle fait l'objet. Le gouvernement par projet pratiqué par l'ANR a contribué à généraliser la pratique des appels à projets compétitifs en France, qui favorise la différenciation des situations locales, la fragmentation des communautés de recherche et le changement du rapport des chercheurs aux financements. Plus généralement, nous montrons que la multiplication des appels à projets compétitifs conduit à établir ce que nous qualifions une économie de la recherche sur projets. Dans une telle économie, l'enjeu central pour les chercheurs devient le contrôle de la traduction des activités de recherche locales sous la forme générique de « projet » afin de mener leur activité. / The National Research Agency (ANR) created in 2005 brings the French research system closer to Anglo-saxon ones, where funding agencies play an important part in research policies. Based on an investigation of the ANR and two funding programs in plant genomics and green chemistry, this dissertation shows the significant role played by the ANR in the transformation of funding allocation in France. It contributes both to sociology of science policies and to sociology of organisations. We use data from interviews with researchers, statistical analysis of submitted projects and various reports and media contents. We show that the ANR is an intermediate and semi-autonomous organisation whose aims have significantly evolved since its creation in 2005. The definition of its missions has been a continuous object of struggles which can be seen in the « career » of the agency. Because the ANR mainly « governs through projects », its activities led to the multiplication of competitive calls for projects in France. Some of the consequences are the singularisation of local situations, the scattering of research communities and a change in how researchers behave regarding fundings. More broadly, we show that the multiplication of competitive project funding opportunities leads to an « economy of projectified research ». In this type of economy, the main issue for researchers is to control the way their research is converted into « project » in order to be funded.

La thèse a pour objectif de contribuer à l’étude des processus d’internationalisationscientifique à travers l’étude du cas spécifique de la science politique sur la période1945-2010. Elle s’appuie, pour ce faire, sur une comparaison franco-britannique et surun cadre théorique inspiré de travaux de sociologie des sciences et de sociologiepolitique. Articulé autour de la notion de champ, ce cadre constitue la base d’uneanalyse en trois temps. Le premier consiste en une sociohistoire comparée de deuxorganisations transnationales de science politique – l’Association Internationale deScience Politique (AISP) et le European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR). Ledeuxième repose sur une analyse comparée de trois instances de consécration éditoriales– la Revue Française de Science Politique, Political Studies et le European Journal ofPolitical Research. Le troisième est une analyse comparée des carrières internationalesde politistes français et britanniques, sur la base de récits de vie. Les apports de ces troisterrains amènent à conclure, d’une part, à l’émergence progressive d’un champinternational partiellement autonome des espaces nationaux mais dont les règles du jeusont en partie liées aux rapports de force en vigueur dans le champ américain. Ilspermettent aussi, d’autre part, de mettre en évidence une structuration du processusd’internationalisation des champs nationaux par les phénomènes de décentralisation,d’autonomisation et de spécialisation qui modifient, au fil du temps, leur physionomie. / This work aims at contributing to the study of scientific internationalisation processesthrough a study of the specific case of political science from 1945 to 2010. This is doneon the basis of a comparison between France and Britain and a theoretical frameworkrevolving mainly around the concept of field and drawn from the sociology of scienceand political sociology. The demonstration is divided into three main parts. The first oneis a comparative historical sociology of two transnational political science organisations– the International Political Science Association (IPSA) and the European Consortiumfor Political Research (ECPR). The second is based on a comparative study of threepolitical science journals – the Revue Française de Science Politique, Political Studiesand the European Journal of Political Research. The third lies on a comparativeanalysis of British and French political scientists’ international careers, using materialdrawn from life-history interviews. The combined analysis of these three different typesof data leads us to conclude that an international field of political science hasprogressively emerged and that this field, while partially autonomous from nationaldevelopments, has its structures and rules partly linked to those of the American field. Asecond conclusion is the strong impact of decentralisation, autonomisation andspecialisation processes on the conditions and forms of the internationalisation ofnational fields.

Orientador: Lea Maria Leme Strini Velho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T14:57:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bennertz_Rafael_D.pdf: 2534067 bytes, checksum: 32253606a1a597ca51e0e70fdb75731c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esta tese apresenta a história do carro a álcool no Brasil, a partir de uma perspectiva sociotécnica, informada por estudos conduzidos nos campos dos Estudos Sociais da Ciência e da Tecnologia, Dinâmicas da Inovação, e Politicas de Ciência e Tecnologia. A história do carro a álcool no Brasil desde o início do século XX é interessante por si só e merece ser recontada. Ao tratar o carro a álcool como uma configuração sociotécnica e traçando a sua jornada inovativa, mais aspectos do desenvolvimento se tornam visíveis: o emaranhamento dos desenvolvimentos técnicos, econômicos e sociais (Capítulo 1); a importância do discurso sobre o Carro a Álcool Brasileiro e como ele se tornou uma entidade discursiva por si só (Capítulo 2); o papel especial que teve o estado Brasileiro em estimular o desenvolvimento do carro a álcool e mantendo o seu enraizamento social (Capítulo 3); o declínio parcial do carro a álcool depois de 1989 e seu re-avivamento noutra forma, o carro flex, que ilustra que não é a substituição de velhas por novas tecnologias, mas uma colcha de retalhos de velhas e novas tecnologias em continua evolução (Capítulo 4). A jornada inovativa do carro a álcool no Brasil, incluindo suas várias não-linearidades, começou com a pesquisa e o desenvolvimento conduzido no Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia, foi menos visível nas décadas de 1950 e de 1960s, e depois se tornou novamente importante nas décadas de 1970 e 1980, como uma resposta para a crise do petróleo de 1973 e para a dependência brasileira em petróleo. Por causa das mudanças nos contextos econômicos e políticos, ele quase desaparece na década de 1990. Nos próximos três capítulos foca-se a análise em três aspectos chaves da dinâmica sociotécnica na jornada inovativa do carro a álcool. O capítulo 2 trata do Carro a Álcool como uma entidade discursiva presente nas páginas da revista automotiva Quatro Rodas, que ao se tornar uma referência constante na revista reforçava o momentum para o desenvolvimento tecnológico do carro a álcool no Brasil. No capítulo 3 mostra-se como o estado Brasileiro macro-orquestrou o carro a álcool, conduzindo pesquisas e desenvolvimentos para o desenvolvimento do artefato sociotécnico e ao mesmo tempo criando as condições para o enraizamento social do carro. O capítulo 4 reconstrói o declínio do carro a álcool durante a década de 1990 e a emergência do carro flex durante a década de 2000 como uma colcha de retalhos de velhas e novas tecnologias em continua evolução. Nas conclusões, se dá novamente destaque à importância da abordagem multi-nível, assim como também o modo como a jornada inovativa do carro a álcool no Brasil foi moldada pelo regime tecnológico do automóvel, o regime nacional de inovação, e por novas constituencies de design e de manutenção, que em contra-partida foram modificadas pelo que aconteceu na jornada inovativa do carro a álcool no Brasil. Assim, esta tese não apenas apresenta uma reconstrução do desenvolvimento do carro a álcool no Brasil, mas também dá destaque à importantes elementos da jornada inovativa em contexto e contribui para os Estudos Sociais da Ciência e da Tecnologia, Dinâmicas da Inovação, e Políticas de Ciência e Tecnologia / Abstract: This thesis presents the history of the ethanol car in Brazil, analyzing it from a sociotechnical perspective, informed by scholarly work in Social Studies of Science, Innovation Dynamics and Science and Technology Policy. The history of the ethanol car in Brazil since the early twentieth century until today is interesting in its own right and deserves to be retold. By treating the ethanol car as a sociotechnical configuration and tracing its innovation journey, further aspects of the development become visible: the entanglement of technical, economic and social developments (Chapter 1); the importance of the discourse about the Brazilian Ethanol Car and how it became a discursive entity in its own right (Chapter 2); the special role of the Brazilian state in stimulating the development of the ethanol car and ensuring its embedding in society (Chapter 3); the partial decline of the ethanol car after 1989 and its revival in another form, the Flexible Fuel Vehicle, which illustrates that it is not substitution of old by new technologies, but an evolving patchwork of old and new technologies (Chapter 4). The innovation journey of the ethanol car, including various non-linearities, started as a research and development project conducted at the Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia, was less visible in the 1950s and 1960s, and then became important in the 1970s and the 1980s, as a response to the 1973 oil crisis and Brazil¿s dependence on imported oil. Because of changing economic and political contexts, it almost disappeared during the 1990s. In the next three chapters I zoom in on three key dynamics of sociotechnical development in the innovation journey of the ethanol car. Chapter 2 treats the Brazilian Ethanol Car as a discursive entity present on the pages of the automobile magazine Quatro Rodas, that by becoming a recurrent reference in the magazine reinforced the momentum for the technological development of the ethanol car in Brazil. In Chapter 3 it is shown how the Brazilian state macro-enacted the ethanol car, that is, at the same time conducting research for the development of the sociotechnical artifact, and creating the conditions for the societal embedding of the car. Chapter 4 reconstructs the decline of the ethanol car during the 1990s and the emergence of the flex-fuel vehicle during the 2000s as an evolving patchworks of old and new technologies, and argues that this is the general phenomenon encompassing different specific patterns. In the conclusion, the importance of the multi-level approach is highlighted again, as well as the way the innovation journey of the ethanol car in Brazil was shaped by the automobile technological regime, the national innovation regime, and by new design and maintenance constituencies, which in their turn were modified by what happened in the innovation journey of the ethanol car in Brazil. Thus, this thesis not only offers a sociotechnical reconstruction of the development of the ethanol car in Brazil, but also, by highlighting important elements of innovation journeys in context and taking part in the reflections about the tools and approaches of the sociotechnical perspective, contributes to the scholarly fields of social studies of science and technology, innovation dynamics and science and technology policy studies / Doutorado / Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica / Doutor em Política Científica e Tecnológica

運用科學知識在當代環境管制政策幾乎已屬常態。然而，科學卻不一定能有效解決環境污染問題。本研究探討雲林六輕石化廠區的揮發性有機物（VOCs）空氣污染問題，發現運作二十多年的六輕，其排放之VOCs數值，至今尚未釐清，但企業仍不斷擴廠，引發當地健康風險問題；同時，國光石化的環評中，PM2.5（細懸浮微粒）引發重大政治爭議，民間提出對抗性科學論述影響決策方向，後續，更促成相關管制法規通過。 在上述管制科學爭議中，本文採用新政治科學社會學所提供的制度、網絡與權力，與環境決策知識建構的途徑觀點，探討雲林石化廠區所排放的揮發性有機物（VOCs）、懸浮微粒（PM2.5）相關之管制科學爭議。運用次級資料分析法、田野調查以及深入訪談法，嘗試分析強調科學循證作為基礎的管制政策，何以仍落入管制失靈的窘境？本文探討兩個個案，其不同調的科學數字如何依循管制制度生產、傳遞及運用？其中，VOCs排放數字如何被各個政治行動者賦予政治性意涵，進而延宕政府管制的能力？甚而導致府際間嚴重衝突？而PM2.5的對抗性科學論述是如何被生產、傳遞乃至公共化？相關之政策網絡如何有效地將PM2.5的管制政策推入政治議程中，成為正式法規的一環？ 本研究發現，在VOCs個案中，基於污染物的特性、石化廠區的龐大營運複雜度、以及企業為管制資訊之主要來源等因素，使VOCs排放具有相當大的科學不確定性。不過，現行制度將這些科學不確定性切割成一場又一場對於企業資訊的審查，對於掌握確切污染狀況極其有限。在PM2.5個案中，在幾個重大政策窗事件出現之前，民間社會已有一定的知識建構基礎。而重大政策窗事件如六輕工安大火、國光石化興建以及2011年總統選舉等，促成不同社會網絡連結，協助、生產出對抗性論述，並結合公眾媒體的廣泛傳播特性，將相關科技風險知識公共化，終使得PM2.5管制法案成為正式規範之一。 / Scientific knowledge has been commonly employed for making environmental regulatory policies. This thesis aims at analyzing the contamination problems resulted from Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) released by the Six Naphtha Cracking Complex; it is discovered that the emission of VOCs remains a mystery after two decades of operation. However, the industrial expansion plan continues and has done a severe environmental and health destruction to the local community. Meanwhile, PM2.5, Fine Particulate Matters also triggered political controversies in the Environmental Impact Assessment process of Kuokuang Petrochemical Plant, the Eighth Naphtha Cracking Project(8th naphtha). The civil society has raised the opposing argument on the PM2.5 matter in terms of health impact, thereby influencing the direction of policy making and passing the regulations. In light of the controversies of regulatory science, this thesis adopts the perspective of New Political sociology of Science (NPSS), which substantiates the approach of institution, network and power, and other aspects of knowledge construction to analyze the emission of VOCs and PM2.5 in the petrochemical field. Moreover, secondary data, field research, and in-depth interviews are utilized to analyze these regulatory predicaments. It is discovered in the cases of VOCs, the scientific uncertainty is composed of the characteristics of VOCs, the complexity of petrochemical plant’s operations and the main regulatory information is generated by industries. Nevertheless, the regulatory institution just divided the scientific uncertainty into the tremendous conferences which peer-reviewed the information from industries. Furthermore, this regulatory institution hinders the true conditions of pollution from being known. In the meantime, in terms of PM2.5, the general public has had a solid knowledge pertaining to the critical national matters, such as several fire disasters of 6th naphtha, the policy of 8th naphtha, and the presidential election in 2011. Moreover, these policy windows promote the connection of social network and assistance, and accordingly generate the opposing discourse. The technology risk-related knowledge has also been conveyed by the mass media, thus ultimately enacting the PM2.5.

This thesis is treating how Swedish liberal adult education research (folkbildningsforskning) has emerged and consolidated. The concepts of doxa, consecration, capital and field of Pierre Bourdieu are used to reconstruct liberal adult education research as a social field. The empirical material consists of texts and documents, structured chronologically between the years of 1954-2007. Central questions are: In which way can liberal adult education research be reconstructed as a field? How does it emerge? Which are the central values (doxa) that hold the field together and going, and where are the boundaries of the field? Who are the central agents of the field? How do they achieve recognition, and on which grounds? Which are the arenas that work as concecrating instances? The study indicates that the area establishes common concepts and references. A gradual expansion occurs. This involves increased opportunities, but also involves competition. Four different phases can be reconstructed as central: the emergence (1954-1979), the expansion (1980-1989), the institutionalisation (1990-1999) and the consolidation (2000-2007). Research summaries as well as organizations of special interests are contributing to the glow of the area. A number of strong positions are established as are a number of pretenders. These relate, in different ways, to the area and to broader perspectives and settings. The area is successfully handling and employing different kinds of challenges and opportunities. This is considered a sign of relative strength of the reconstructed field of liberal adult education research. / Avhandlingen handlar om hur svensk forskning om folkbildning vuxit fram och konsoliderats. Med hjälp av Pierre Bourdieus begrepp doxa, konsekration, kapital och fält rekonstrueras folkbildningsforskning som ett fält. Det empiriska materialet består av texter och dokument. Detta struktureras längs en tidsaxel, mellan 1954-2007. Centrala frågor är: Hur kan folkbildningsforskningen som fält rekonstrueras? Hur sker dess framväxt? Vilka är de centrala värden (doxa) som håller samman och bär upp fältet och var går dess gränser? Vilka är agenterna på fältet? Hur når de erkännande och på vilka grunder sker det? Vilka är de arenor som fungerar som instanser för erkännande?Studien visar att området etablerar gemensamma begrepp och referenser. En successiv expansion sker. Detta innebär ökade möjligheter, men också större konkurrens. Fyra olika skeden kan rekonstrueras som centrala: framväxten(1954-1979), expansionen (1980-1989), institutionaliseringen (1990-1999) och konsolideringen(2000-2007). Kunskapsöversikter, liksom intresseorganisationer, bidrar till områdets formering. Ett antal starka positioner uppstår, liksom pretenderande grupper. Dessa knyter, på olika sätt, an till området, men också till bredare perspektiv och kontexter. Att området förmår hantera, och införliva, utmaningar av olika slag, tyder på en relativ styrka.

This thesis answers the question how and why do individuals specialise in different types of political participation? By examining the degree to which individuals concentrate their political activities within one type of political participation, or spread them out across many. This thesis complements previous research on rates of political participation; and adapts and extends existing theories of political participation to explain differences in the degree of specialisation between different groups in society and between countries. Using data from the European Social Survey, covering as many as 21 European countries, and applying a range of different statistical methods, I distinguish four types of political participation: voting, conventional and unconventional political participation and consumer politics. I show that in countries with higher levels of socio-economic development, more democratic experience, and an increased presence of mobilising agents, the degree to which individuals concentrate their political activities within one type of political participation is higher, regardless of the accessibility and responsiveness of their political institutions. This is partly due to the fact that these countries have a higher educated population and that higher educated individuals specialise more. Specialisation also varies along the lines of other socio-demographic divisions, such as those based on gender. Moreover, I show that in contexts in which political issues are salient, such as during an election year, individuals are more likely to engage in non-electoral types of political participation if they also vote. This implies that specialisation is reduced during times of country-wide political mobilisation. The final finding of my thesis is that non-Western immigrants tend to concentrate their political activities less within one type of political participation than the majority population in Western Europe. Western immigrants specialise quite differently, suggesting differences in the way in which they are mobilised. As well as providing an important contribution to the study of political participation, these findings are relevant to discussions regarding citizen engagement and representation.

L’objectif de cette étude est de saisir une image des éléments explicitement reconnaissables de la recherche en communication visibles dans les revues savantes Canadian Journal of Communication et dans Communication de 1974 à 2005. Il s’agit d’une analyse bibliométrique des articles publiés par les chercheurs d’institutions canadiennes et de leurs références bibliographiques. La bibliométrie est « l’application de méthodes statistiques aux livres et aux autres moyens de communication » (Pritchard, 1969: 348-349). C’est la première fois qu’une analyse de ce type est tentée dans ce corpus particulier. Nous nous sommes appuyés sur des postulats théoriques provenant de la sociologie des sciences et des études en communication scientifique. L’idée maîtresse est la suivante : l’activité scientifique est un « continuum de création de nouvelles connaissances » (Vassallo, 1999), dont l’organisation est basée sur l’échange d’information (Price, 1963; Crane, 1972), qui se traduit en reconnaissance sociale, en autorité scientifique, et constitue un investissement pour l’acquisition de crédibilité (Merton, 1938; Hagstrom, 1965; Bourdieu, 1975; Latour et Woolgar, 1986). À partir de l’analyse des articles, nous identifions s’ils sont le résultat de recherches empiriques ou fondamentales, ou le produit d’une réflexion critique. Il s’agit aussi de détecter les approches méthodologiques et les techniques d’investigation utilisées, ainsi que les sujets qui y sont abordés par les chercheurs. Nous détectons également les principaux lieux de recherche (universités et types de départements). Nous analysons aussi les thématiques des articles. Enfin, nous analysons des références bibliographiques des articles afin de cerner les sources d’idées qui y sont décelables. Notre corpus principal comporte 1154 articles et 12 840 titres de documents en référence. L’analyse bibliométrique des articles révèle ainsi une recherche canadienne en communication d’emblée qualitative, intéressée pour les spécificités historiques, le contexte social et la compréhension des interrelations sous-jacentes aux phénomènes de communication, en particulier, au Canada et au Québec. Au cœur de ces études se distingue principalement l’application de l’analyse de contenu qualitative dans les médias en général. Cependant, à partir de 1980, l’exploration du cinéma, de l’audiovisuel, des nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication, ainsi que la multiplication des sujets de recherche, annoncent un déplacement dans l’ordre des intérêts. Communication et le CJC, se distinguent cependant par l’origine linguistique des chercheurs qui y publient ainsi que dans les thématiques. L’analyse des références bibliographiques, et de leurs auteurs, met en relief l’intérêt partagé des chercheurs d’institutions universitaires canadiennes pour les agences de réglementation et les politiques gouvernementales canadiennes s’appuyant souvent sur l’analyse de documents législatifs et de rapports de diverses commissions d’enquête du gouvernement canadien. L’analyse révèle aussi les principales inspirations théoriques et méthodologiques des chercheurs. Parmi les plus citées, on voit Innis, McLuhan, Habermas, Tuchman, Bourdieu, Foucault, Raboy, et Rogers. Mais ces références évoluent dans le temps. On voit aussi une distinction relativement claire entre les sources citées par la recherche francophone et la recherche anglophone. / The aim of this study is to obtain an image of the recognizable elements of communication research visible in Canadian Journal of Communication and Communication from 1974 to 2005. This is a bibliometric analysis of the scientific papers and their bibliographies published in these journals by researchers from various Canadian Universities. Bibliometry is "the application of mathematics and statistical methods to books and other media of communication" (Pritchard, 1969). This is the first time that such analysis is attempted with this particular corpus. We based ourselves on theoretical postulates from the sociology of science and scientific communication studies, that indicate that the scientific activity is a « continuum de création de nouvelles connaissances » (Vassallo, 1999), where the organisation is based on the exchange of information (Price, 1963; Crane, 1972), and is in turn translated in social recognition, scientific authority, and is an investment to acquire credibility (Merton, 1938; Hagstrom, 1965; Bourdieu, 1975; Latour et Woolgar, 1986). Based on the article analysis, we can identify if they are empirical, theoretical or methodological researches. We can also detect the scientific methods applied by the researchers and their objects of study. Likewise, we observe the most common places to do research (universities and departments). Finally, we do a citation analysis to find the most important sources used by the researchers. Our corpus includes 1154 articles and 12 840 titles of referenced documents. The bibliometric analysis of the articles published in Canadian Journal of Communication and Communication from 1974 to 2005 shows that the Canadian communication research is qualitative in essence, interested in the historical particularities, the social context and the understanding of the underlying interrelations of the communication phenomenon, especially in Canada and Quebec. The application of content analysis to the media in general is dominant. However, since 1980, the exploration of cinema, audiovisual, internet and the multiplication of objects of study foreshadow the move in the research communication agenda in Canada. Communication and the CJC, however, differ by their thematics, and by the linguistic origin of the researchers who publish in them. The citation analysis shows the shared interest of researchers from different Canadian universities for regulatory agencies and Canadian government policies, which is often based on content analysis of legislative documents and reports of various commissions of inquiry of the Canadian government. The citation analysis also reveals the most importat theoretical and methodological research influences. Among the most cited, we see Innis, McLuhan, Habermas, Tuchman, Bourdieu, Foucault, Raboy, and Rogers. But these references are evolving over time. We see as well as the distinctions between French and English Canadian communication research traditions.

. Ce travail propose, en se basant sur un corpus issu de revues spécialisées en médecine tropicale et sur une série d'interviews de spécialistes du domaine, de comprendre le (ou les) rôle(s) des cartes, d'étudier son évolution au cours du temps ainsi que son impact dans la construction du fait scientifique. Cette étude s'est plus particulièrement appuyée sur la sémiotique peircienne qui a permis d'appréhender le sens des cartes, sur les écrits de Latour concernant la construction de la science ainsi que sur ceux de Robert concernant les technologies intellectuelles. Ces écrits ont donné lieu à la construction d'un système d'analyse de toute carte que notre corpus a alimenté. Outre l'impact réel des cartes publiées, impact constaté par une plus forte citation des articles les publiant, il a été mis en évidence que le(s) rôle(s) évolue(nt) au cours du temps. Au départ, toutes les cartes publiées avaient une fonction d'illustration et n'étaient pas nécessaires à la compréhension de l'article. Au fur et à mesure que les médecins adoptent les avancées de la cartographie, elles acquièrent de nouveaux rôles et deviennent des outils de recherche qui possèdent une autonomie scientifique. Inversement, nous observons des cartes qui perdent de leur « scientificité » au cours du temps. Si donc le rôle de la carte en médecine tropicale est dépendant à un moment donné des connaissances sémiologiques et médicales de son auteur et de son lecteur, il l'est aussi du temps qui, par l'évolution technique, scientifique et sociopolitique de l'environnement, modifie l'apport de ce support pour la recherche et pour la communication. / These objects can cover many different disciplines and appear in this study both politically and scientifically. This study intends to, by being based on a corpus of magazines specialised in tropical medicine and on a series of interviews of specialists in the area, understand the role of maps, studying their evolution in time and their impact on the construction of scientific fact. This study is primarily based on Peirce's semiotics allowing the comprehension of maps, on Latour's works about the construction of science and on Robert's studies into intellectual technologies. These papers led to the construction of an analytical system for all maps used by our corpus. Beyond the primary impact of published maps, which can be noticed through frequent quotations of the articles publishing them, it has been proved that its roles change over time. To start with, all the published maps had an illustrated purpose and were not required to understand the article. As doctors started adopting the progress in cartography, map stook on new roles and became research tools with their own scientific independance. Conversely, we observe that some maps loose their « scientificity » with time. In conclusion, if the role of maps in tropical medicine is dependant on the semiological and medical knowledge of the author and the reader, it is also dependant on the time, which by the technical, scientific and sociopolitical evolution of the environment, alters the use of this format for research and communication.

Les modèles techniques agricoles fondés sur l’utilisation de produits phytopharmaceutiques (pesticides) ont des impacts environnementaux et sanitaires face auxquels les pouvoirs publics affichent la volonté d’une « transition écologique ». Dans ce contexte, on s’interroge de plus en plus sur la notion de verrouillage technologique pour comprendre la persistance de ces modèles et les obstacles au développement d’alternatives techniques moins consommatrices de ces produits (Cowan, Gunby, 1996 ; Vanloqueren, Baret, 2008). Les analyses mettent en avant l’importance des dimensions cognitives pour expliquer les situations de verrouillage (influence des cadres cognitifs et normes pour l’action, dispositifs matériels d’accès aux connaissances techniques – Stassart, Jamar, 2009 ; Labarthe, 2010). Parallèlement, la « participation » est souvent invoquée comme un moyen d’améliorer la mobilisation des connaissances dans les situations de choix technologiques (Barber, 1984 ; Callon et al., 2001…).L’objectif de cette thèse est de mettre à l’épreuve cette conviction sur la participation, à partir de l’étude du cas de l’agriculture de conservation (AC) en France et au Brésil. L’AC est un modèle technologique innovant qui émerge comme « candidat » à l’agriculture durable dans le débat public, en dépit de la dépendance de certaines techniques à l’utilisation d’herbicides.Pour comprendre les effets de la participation sur la capacité des acteurs à accéder aux connaissances et à faire des choix technologiques, la thèse analyse la façon dont l’idée de participation se décline concrètement dans le régime d’accès aux connaissances en agriculture. L’évolution de la politique agricole en France et le passage d’un référentiel « modernisateur » à un « référentiel de marché » (Muller, 2000) a fait l’objet de nombreuses études, mais peu souvent menées depuis le point de vue des connaissances. Or, de profonds changements sont en cours, suite au tournant libéral des années 1990 et à la transformation du rôle de l’Etat vers la mise en œuvre d’une régulation par l’information (Majone, 1996). L’analyse de ces transformations en France révèle que l’Etat ne s’est pas doté des dispositifs institutionnels et matériels adéquats pour assurer cette fonction de régulation dans le domaine de l’agriculture et de l’utilisation des pesticides. Dans ce contexte, la participation est invoquée pour organiser de grandes consultations nationales (Grenelle de l’Environnement) visant à produire du consensus sur des sujets controversés, tandis que les moyens matériels d’accès à des connaissances adéquates pour évaluer et débattre des options technologiques font défaut dans les services de l’Etat et auprès d’autres acteurs du débat public. adéquats La participation est aussi utilisée pour renvoyer l’innovation à des dispositifs locaux « en partenariat » ou « en réseaux » associant public et privé (et notamment les firmes d’amont fournisseuses de produits phytopharmaceutiques, porteuses de conflits d’intérêt), où les moyens mutualisés pour l’accès aux connaissances manquent. L’analyse des réseaux d’action publique impliqués dans le développement de l’AC confirme cette fragmentation croissante des conditions d’accès aux connaissances, entre accumulation des ressources cognitives par les firmes, et inégalités d’accès aux connaissances entre agriculteurs développant des alternatives. Dans ce contexte, la référence à « la participation » ne permet pas de compenser ces changements structurels à l’œuvre, et masque au contraire le retrait de l’Etat d’une politique volontariste en faveur de la réduction de pesticides et la perte d’un certain nombre de ses prérogatives liées aux connaissances. La dimension comparative avec le Brésil permet de confirmer l’existence de tels effets « pervers » en termes de dépolitisation des débats sur les évolutions du régime d’accès aux connaissances. / Intensive use of pesticides in agriculture has environmental and sanitary impacts that led to the need for less harmful techniques. Policy makers are claiming for an “ecological transition” of the sector but they are facing technological lock-ins : pesticides-based solutions remain dominant because of institutional and cognitive factors that prevent the development of other alternatives (Cowan, Gunby, 1996; Vanloqueren, Baret, 2008…). In this context, the idea of enlarging the participation of new actors in technological decisions has gained success as it is supposed to enlarge the range of available evidence and lead to better and fairer technological choices (Barber, 1984; Callon et al., 2001; Elgert, 2010)This PhD research aims at questioning the idea of participation as a way to unlock technological lock-ins , using the case of Conservation Agriculture (CA) in France and Brazil, an innovation presented as based on participatory dynamics of R&D and a way to achieve sustainable agriculture, in spite of the dependence of some practices on an intensive use of herbicides. Data was collected from academic literature, documentary analysis, and semi directive or collective interviews with 51 actors both in France and Brazil. Results show the deep changes the regime of knowledge in agriculture has undergone in the last decades under the liberalization of the sector- and why referring to the idea of participation is unefficient to counterbalance these structural changes, or can even have perverse effects.Academic literature described the evolution of agricultural policies, at the international, European and French levels, analyzing the “environmental” turn of the 1980s and the “liberal” turn of the 1990s-2000s (Fouilleux, 2003; Muller, 2000; Trouvé, 2007). But few studies focused on the impacts these changes had on how decision makers and farmers have access to scientific and technical evidence to innovate and cope with new situations. This PhD research shows how the regime of knowledge in France evolved from the modernization period (1960s) - when access to reliable evidence was an issue of public concern and funding in the State administrations and extension services; to a turning point in the 2000s when the State progressively disengaged from the debate on the technological trajectory of the sector and private firms became more and more implicated. In the case of CA, the results of a policy networks analysis show the concentration of material resources to produce robust evidence (R&D, extension services, databases ) in the hands of private firms wishing to develop technological packages based on the use of pesticides. On the other hand, local farmers trying to reduce their consumption of pesticides lack resources to systematically evaluate the innovations they produce.In this context, the idea of participation refers to organizing big national consultations (as the Grenelle de l’Environnement) that rather aim at producing consensus than shedding light on existing controversies and alternatives. It is also used to discharge the responsibility for producing pesticide-less alternatives to different kinds of partnerships at a local level (sometimes associating private firms with commercial interests in selling pesticides).This research therefore shows that, besides other institutional and cognitive factors, the issue of accessing adequate evidence is of crucial importance to understand changes in policy making and the State and at the heart of great economic and socio-political conflicts. It also highlights the importance of taking into account structural determinants and evidence-related power games in order to evaluate the impacts of “participation” on improving technological choices.