As Práticas de Movimento Corporal no Tempo Livre (PMCTL) fazem parte das manifestações culturais dos mais diferentes grupos sociais. Como práticas culturais, as PMCTL mudam quanto a forma, produtores, atores e significados, de acordo com as transformações dos contextos sócio-históricos nos quais elas se inserem. Independentemente dessas características, um aspecto que parece não deixar dúvidas é que as PMCTL ocupam um espaço social relevante, já que a maioria dos grupos sociais, com suas diferentes formas e dinâmicas, as têm criado, conservado, transmitido e transformado. Os estudos socioculturais têm se preocupado com esse fenômeno, procurando entender o papel que as PMCTL podem desempenhar no campo cultural, assim como desvendar, entre outros aspectos, de que maneira os sujeitos estabelecem vínculos e constroem significados sobre tais práticas. Tendo como referência esse campo teórico, esta pesquisa buscou compreender os aspectos socioculturais que subjazem ao envolvimento dos sujeitos com as PMCTL. Mais precisamente, pergunta-se: quais são as relações entre as disposições dos indivíduos para o envolvimento com as PMCTL e a localização e a trajetória biográfica dos mesmos no espaço social? Analiticamente, procurou-se sustentação nos trabalhos de Pierre Bourdieu e Bernard Lahire. O primeiro autor subsidiou o estudo da distribuição social das PMCTL no espaço social, enquanto o segundo, na análise das disposições atualizadas nas PMCTL e na interpretação da constituição das mesmas. A investigação constou de três etapas, cada uma orientada por objetivos específicos que, conjugados, procuraram auxiliar na construção das respostas para o problema de pesquisa. Na primeira etapa, descreveu-se a distribuição e o envolvimento com PMCTL da população de Porto Alegre, conforme a posição dos sujeitos (entre 25 e 65 anos, com atividade principal remunerada) no espaço social, estabelecida com base na macroposição de classe. Para tal, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa survey por questionário (n 1.090). Na segunda fase, os objetivos específicos tiveram como propósito analisar as características do envolvimento com PMCTL de sujeitos com perfis diferenciados de consumos culturais e também conhecer as possíveis relações entre disposições atualizadas no universo das PMCTL e as subjacentes em outras esferas da vida social. Com esse propósito, foram desenvolvidos dois procedimentos metodológicos. Primeiro, com base um levantamento específico sobre as práticas culturais da população de Porto Alegre, através de uma pesquisa survey por entrevista com amostra por cota, com ponderações desproporcionais (n 486): a) a convergência/divergência dos consumos culturais dos sujeitos e o vínculo com o espaço social ocupado; e b) a relação entre o grau de consonância/dissonância de legitimidade das práticas culturais dos sujeitos da amostra e o envolvimento com PMCTL. O segundo processo metodológico teve por objetivo conhecer o significado atribuído às PMCTL por sujeitos localizados em espaços sociais distantes, com perfis de consumos culturais diferentes, e os possíveis vínculos desses significados com práticas culturais no universo do cuidado do corpo e da sociabilidade. Essa parte do estudo consistiu num estudo de casos selecionados. Foram descritos na pesquisa seis casos, analisados em diálogo com outros 17. Os sujeitos que participaram dessa parte da pesquisa foram escolhidos a partir da amostra da segunda etapa, considerando a combinação de macroposição de classe e gênero e envolvimento com PMCTL convergentes e divergentes com as tendências estatísticas do grupo social de referência. Finalmente, na terceira etapa da pesquisa, procurou-se compreender a combinação dos fatores específicos da classe social à qual o sujeito pertence (e/ou pertenceu) e a trajetória biográfica deste em tal universo, na constituição de suas disposições e na relação com o envolvimento em PMCTL. Metodologicamente, nessa fase do estudo, desenvolveram-se dois retratos sociológicos de casos escolhidos da etapa anterior com base nos critérios de convergência/divergência entre o envolvimento dos sujeitos e as tendências identificadas no espaço social a que pertencem e a consonância/dissonância entre suas práticas culturais. O conjunto dos procedimentos desenvolvidos permite afirmar que: a) A classe social condiciona marcadamente o envolvimento com PMCTL, em menor medida também o tipo de prática realizada – o gênero é mais determinante nesse aspecto; b) A renda aparece fortemente associada com o envolvimento com PMCTL e também há uma associação entre maior envolvimento com exercícios físicos e esportes e menor participação no trabalho doméstico; c) A convergência (legítima e pouco legítima) e a dissonância de consumos culturais parecem não se associar de forma consistente com o tipo de PMCTL e o significado atribuído a estas; d) Sujeitos localizados num mesmo espaço social e com perfis culturais similares podem significar as mesmas PMCTL de formas diferentes; e) A prática de exercício físico entre mulheres de classes populares parece estar mais fortemente associada à intervenção sobre problemas manifestos do que a práticas preventivas e/ou de lazer; f) Entre as mulheres das classes sociais mais altas, há maior probabilidade de a prática assumir um caráter preventivo e de lazer; g) Entre os homens, independentemente da classe, o envolvimento com a PMCTL tende a ser orientado pelo lazer (e identificação) e práticas mais terapêuticas/reparadoras do que preventivas/conservativas, ainda que seja mais provável que possa assumir esse caráter entre sujeitos de classe mais alta; h) A prática de exercícios físicos, tanto em homens como mulheres, vincula-se com disposições de cuidado do corpo mais amplas (alimentação, estética), o que não ocorre com a prática de esportes; i) Disposições que subjazem as práticas corporais não são comuns ao conjunto das práticas culturais dos sujeitos; j) As disposições para o envolvimento com PMCTL são construídas nas relações de sociabilidade dos sujeitos, restringidas pelas condições objetivas de vida; e k) As PMCTL parecem ter um peso distintivo muito menor do que outras práticas culturais (música, por exemplo) e, particularmente, não carregam um potencial desclassificador em sua prática, talvez mais na forma ou no contexto da prática. / Body movement practices during spare time (BMPST) form part of the cultural manifestation of different sectors of society. As in other cultural practices, BMPST may vary in terms of type, creation, production and meaning, according to the social and historical context in which they occur. Despite these variations, BMPST have always played a significant role in society; different social groups have been creating, preserving, transmitting and transforming them in their dynamic and different forms over the years. Social and cultural studies have been involved in this phenomenon, by attempting to elucidate what could be the exact role of BMPST in the cultural field and to reveal, among other aspects, how personal connections are created and how ideas on such practices are formed. With this in mind, the aim of the present study was to develop an understanding of social and cultural aspects implicated in individuals‟ motivation towards BMPST. In particular, we inquired whether a correlation could be established between the motivation of individuals towards BMPST and their position/biographic trajectory in society. Analytically, we looked for support in works developed by Pierre Bourdieu and Bernard Lahire. Bordieu‟s theories gave rise to the study of social distribution of BMPST in society, whilst Lahire‟s lead to the updated analysis of motivation for BMPST and to the interpretation of their structure. This investigation consisted of three steps: each addressed specific aims which, when taken together, combined to yield answers to the postulated research questions. The first step described the distribution and involvement of Porto Alegre inhabitants in BMPST, according to their position in society (subjects aged between 25 and 65, in paid employment), based on broad class structure. For this, a survey questionnaire was drawn up (n 1.090). In the second step, specific aims were to analyze the involvement of subjects with different cultural interests in BMPST and to acknowledge possible associations between updated motivations towards BMPST and towards other fields in the subjects‟ social life. Two methodological procedures were developed to achieve this. The first was based on a specific survey about cultural practices among Porto Alegre inhabitants, using a questionnaire with stratified sampling and unequal sampling fractions (n 486): a) convergence/divergence of subjects‟ cultural interests and their relation with the social position that they occupy; and b) the correlation between consonance/dissonance degrees of subjects‟ cultural practices in the samples analyzed, and their involvement with BMPST. The second methodological procedure aimed to understand the significance attributed to BMPST by subjects of different social position and with different social interests, and the possible association between these factors and cultural practices in the universe of aesthetics and sociability. This part of the study involved the analysis of selected cases. Six cases were analyzed in association with another 17. Subjects that took part on this study were chosen from the sample used in the second step, considering the combination of class and gender structure and the involvement of convergent or divergent BMPST with statistical tendencies of the social reference group. The third and final step of this research aimed to understand the association between an individual‟s particular social class features and their biographical trajectory, on the creation of their motivation and involvement in BMPST. Methodologically, in this stage of the study, two sociological portraits of cases were chosen from the previous step, based on motivation of subjects towards convergence/divergence criteria and tendencies recognized in the social location to which they belong, and consonance/dissonance in their social practices. The procedures developed allow us to state that: a) Social class profoundly influences one individual‟s involvement with BMPST; less intensely, it also influences the kind of practice performed – gender is more relevant in this respect; b) Income is strongly associated to individuals‟ involvement with BMPST and there is also an association between the frequency of physical exercise/sports and a lower significant involvement in domestic work; c) Convergence (legitimate and less legitimate) and dissonance of cultural interests are not consistently associated with the kind of BMPST and the significance to them attributed; d) Subjects belonging to the same social location and with similar cultural profiles can understand the same BMPST in different ways; e) the practice of physical exercise amongst women from the more prevalent classes is more often a consequence of existing body problems than due to prevention practices or leisure; f) Among women from higher social classes, BMPST is most commonly associated with leisure and avoiding situations prejudicial to health; g) Among men, independently of their social class, BMPST are usually related to leisure and most commonly involved with therapeutic/repairing and not so much with preventive/conservative practices, although the latter may appear among individuals of higher social classes; h) Among men and women, practicing physical exercise is associated with broader body concerns (aesthetics, healthier diet), contrasting with what usually happens in sporting practice; i) Motivations implicated in physical practices diverge from common cultural practices of the subjects; j) Motivation to BMPST are based on subjects‟ sociability, and limited by their objective life conditions; and k) BMPST seem to have a smaller distinctive weight when compared with other cultural practices (music, for example) and, in particular, do not possess a potential for breaking down class differences. / Las Prácticas de Movimiento Corporal en el Tiempo Libre (PMCTL)forman parte de las manifestaciones culturales de los más diferentes grupos sociales. Como prácticas culturales, las PMCTL refieren a diferentes condiciones de producción , actores, significados y función, de acuerdo con las transformaciones de los contextos socio-históricos en los cuales ellas se insertan. Independientemente de esas características, un aspecto que parece no dejar dudas es que las PMCTL ocupan un espacio social relevante, ya que la mayoría de los grupos sociales, con sus diferentes formas y dinámicas, las han creado, conservado, transmitido y transformado. Los estudios socioculturales se han ocupado de este fenómeno, buscando entender el papel que las PMCTL pueden desempeñar en el campo cultural, como también develar, entre otros aspectos, de qué manera los sujetos establecen vínculos y construyen significados sobre tales prácticas. Teniendo como referencia ese campo teórico, esta investigación busca comprender los aspectos socioculturales que subyacen a la participación de los sujetos en las PMCTL. Más precisamente, preguntarse: ¿cuáles son las relaciones entre las disposiciones de los sujetos para participar de PMCTL y su localización y trayectoria biográfica en el espacio social? Analíticamente, esta tesis procura sustentación en los trabajos de Pierre Bourdieu y Bernard Lahire. El primer autor orienta el estudio de la distribución social de las PMCTL en el espacio social, mientras el segundo, promueve el análisis de las disposiciones actualizadas en las PMCTL y en la interpretación de su constitución. La investigación consta de tres etapas, cada una orientada por objetivos específicos que, conjugados, procuran auxiliar en la construcción de las respuestas para el problema de investigación. En la primera etapa, se describe la participación en PMCTL de los habitantes de la Ciudad de Porto Alegre - Brasil, conforme a la posición de los sujetos (entre 25 y 65 años, con actividad principal remunerada) en el espacio social, establecida con base en la macroposición de clase. Para esto, fue desarrollada una investigación survey por cuestionario (n 1090). En la segunda etapa , los objetivos específicos tuvieron como propósito analizar las características de la participación en PMCTL de sujetos con perfiles diferentes de consumos culturales, y también conocer las posibles relaciones entre las disposiciones actualizadas en el universo de las PMCTL y las subyacentes en otras esferas de la vida social. Con este propósito, fueron desarrollados dos procedimientos metodológicos. El Primero, en base a un relevamiento específico sobre las prácticas culturales de los habitantes de Porto Alegre, a través de una investigación survey por entrevista con una muestra por cuota, con ponderación no-proporcional (n 486),donde se investigó: a) la convergencia/divergencia de los consumos culturales de los sujetos y el vínculo con el espacio social ocupado; y b) la relación entre el grado de consonancia/disonancia de legitimidad de las prácticas culturales de los sujetos de la muestra y la participación en PMCTL. El segundo procedimiento metodológico tuvo por objetivo conocer el significado atribuido a la participación en PMCTL por sujetos localizados en espacios sociales distantes, con perfiles de consumos culturales diferentes, y los posibles vínculos de esos significados con prácticas culturales relacionadas al cuidado del cuerpo y de la sociabilidad. Este momento de la tesis consistió en un estudio de casos seleccionados. Fueron descritos en la investigación seis casos, analizados comparativamente? con otros 17. Los sujetos que participaron fueron elegidos a partir de la muestra de la segunda etapa, considerando la combinación de macroposición de clase, género y participación en PMCTL convergentes y divergentes con las tendencias estadísticas del grupo social de referencia. Finalmente, en la tercer etapa de la investigación, se procuró comprender la combinación de los factores específicos de la clase social a la cual el sujeto pertenece (y/o perteneció) y su trayectoria biográfica en dicho universo, en la constitución de sus disposiciones y en la relación de éstas con la participación en PMCTL. Metodológicamente, en esta fase del estudio, se confeccionaron dos retratos sociológicos de casos elegidos de la etapa anterior pertenecientes al mismo espacio social, más participantes de PMCTL diferentes (convergentes e divergentes con las tendencias identificadas en el espacio social a que pertenecen). El conjunto de los procedimientos desarrollados en las tres etapas de la investigación? permite afirmar que: a) La clase social condiciona marcadamente la participación en PMCTL y, en menor medida, también el tipo de práctica realizada – el género es más determinante en ese aspecto; b) La renta aparece fuertemente asociada con la participación en PMCTL, también hay una asociación entre la mayor práctica de ejercicios físicos y deportes y la menor participación en el trabajo doméstico; c) La consonancia (legítima y poco legítima) y la disonancia de consumos culturales parecen no estar asociados de forma consistente con el tipo de PMCTL y el significado atribuido a estas; d) Sujetos localizados en un mismo espacio social y con perfiles culturales similares pueden significar las mismas PMCTL de formas diferentes; e) La práctica de ejercicios físicos entre mujeres de clase popular parece estar más directamente asociada a la intervención sobre problemas manifiestos que a prácticas preventivas y/o de ocio; f) Entre las mujeres de las clases sociales más altas, hay mayor probabilidad de la práctica asumir un carácter preventivo y de ocio; g) Entre los hombres, independientemente de la clase, la participación en PMCTL tiende a ser orientada por el ocio (e identificación) y por prácticas más terapéuticas/reparadoras que preventivas/conservativas, aunque sea más probable que asuma este carácter entre sujetos de clase más alta; h) La práctica en ejercicios físicos, tanto en hombres como en mujeres, se vincula con disposiciones de cuidado del cuerpo más amplias (alimentación, estética), lo que no ocurre con la práctica de deportes; i) Las disposiciones que subyacen a las prácticas corporales no son comunes al conjunto de las prácticas culturales de los sujetos; j) Las disposiciones para la participación en PMCTL son construidas en las relaciones de socialización de los sujetos, restringidas por las condiciones objetivas de vida; y k) Las PMCTL parecen tener un peso distintivo mucho menor que otras prácticas culturales (música, por ejemplo) y, particularmente, no cargan un potencial desclasificador en su práctica, posiblemente en la forma o en el contexto de la práctica.

La presente investigación consiste en Proponer una Solución para Reducir los Reclamos en el Abastecimiento de Repuestos de Productos de Línea Blanca. Para ello, se aplicó principalmente Métodos de Clasificación ABC, Diagramas de Análisis de Actividades, Distribución por Mezcla de Familias, Métodos de Pronósticos de la Demanda, entre otras herramientas de la Ingeniería Industrial. Finalmente, se concluyó que al mejorar la Productividad del “Picking” (Sacado) y del Embalaje, al mejorar la Identificación y Reconocimiento Visual de los Repuestos y de los Espacios y al realizar una mejor Planificación de la Demanda, un adecuado Control del Inventario, una mejor Planificación del Abastecimiento, se reducirán los Reclamos en el Abastecimiento de Repuestos de productos de línea blanca. The present research is to propose a solution to Reduce Claims in supply of spare parts Products Appliances. To do this, we will mainly apply ABC classification methods, diagrams Analysis Activities, Distribution mix of families Methods demand forecast and other tools of industrial engineering. Finally, it was concluded that by improving the productivity of the "Picking" (Taken) and packaging, improving the identification and Visual Recognition of parts and spaces and improving planning Demand with an adequate control of inventory and with a better supply planning, Claims will be reduced in the Supply of white goods´ spare parts.

Nya ledningsstödsystem är under införande inom Försvarsmakten. För förband som verkar inom teknisk tjänst innebär detta nya förutsättningar för att lösa sina uppgifter. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur väl de ledningsstödssystem som är under införande är anpassade till verksamhetens krav inom Teknisk Bataljon och vilka förändringar som bör göras för att få en klok systemlösning. Styrande dokument inom teknisk tjänst har studerats och personer verksamma inom Teknisk Bataljon och Forsvarets Forskningsinstitutt har intervjuats. Tekniskt finns det förutsättningar för att arbeta effektivt, men idag används flera olika system parallellt. Det är på fältet svårt att ha en gemensam teknisk lägesbild, där särskilt överblick av reservdelar och materiell status är viktigt. Det största hindret för detta är förmågan att i samma system verka mellan förband då transmissionsresurser kan vara olika eller saknas. Säkerhetskrav och förmågan att verka med andra nationer utgör även dessa hinder för att verka effektivt både nationellt och internationellt. Studien pekar på att systeminförandet inte kommer att leda till gynnsammast möjliga effekter då detta inte sker på tillräcklig nivå, eller är koncentrerat till ett system, för att lyckas med detta. Effektivare ledningsstödsystem möjliggör lättare och därmed rörligare tekniska förband. En klok implementering skulle ha både verksamhetsrationella och kostnadseffektiva vinster. / New Command and Control Support systems are being introduced within the Swedish Armed Forces. Military maintenance units are therefore presented with new conditions. This study aims to evaluate how well this implementing of systems is adapted to said organizations and what should be done to further improve the effects of this change. Directorial documents are studied and active personnel are interviewe to provide data for this study. There are technical solutions to put in place an effective use of maintenance units and today there are several systems used side by side. Sensemaking is hard to achieve on the field, in particular with important items like spare parts and technical systems. The largest hindrance is within transmission resources and common transmission system, which are sometimes different and sometimes absent. Information security and capability to exchange information with other nations restricts operational effect, both nationally and internationally. This study suggests that the implementation will not reach optimum effect since the changes doesn’t reach low enough within the organization, or are focused on a single system to achieve maximum effect. More effective Command and Control systems enable more mobile maintenance units. A wise implementation will lead to both rational operations and economical efficiency.

A functional spare parts management for a producing paper industry is a key to maintain an efficient production. A non functional component of a value-creating chain may lead to major financial losses. A downtime in a plant is normally costly and can amount to hundreds of thousands of swedish crowns. High stocks of spare parts will in turn generate high amount of tied up capital. A good way to reduce these inventory balances is to let facilities within the same geographical area have a pooling of identical spare parts. The purpose of this study is two-folded. First, through literature studies and interviews, find out what characteristics a spare part should fulfill to be suitable in a joint spare parts management. The second is to investigate, through practical studies, the value a joint management offers from an economic perspective. Interviews are conducted with key personnel for the spare parts management at each individual factory, all these over the telephone. The interviews are conducted so that the authors gain a deeper insight into how they collaborate today and get the respondent's views on future collaboration. The result from the literature study, what properties an article should have for use in a joint spare parts network are the following; high value, slow moving article, high process criticality and long delivery time from supplier. By applying poisson distribution and LCC analysis on twelve selected spare parts, the result shows that the case company can save up to SEK 915,000 by implementing a joint spare parts management. / En fungerande reservdelshantering för en producerande pappersindustrianläggning är en av nycklarna för att bibehålla en effektiv produktion. När en värdeskapande kedja upphör att fungera kan det leda till stora ekonomiska förluster. Ett driftstopp i en anläggning är normalt sätt kostsamma och kan uppgå till hundratusentals kronor. Detta medför höga lagersaldon av reservdelar som i sin tur genererar till mycket bundet kapital. Ett bra sätt att få ner dessa lagersaldon är att anläggningar inom samma geografiska area har en gemensam reservdelshantering för identiska reservdelar. Syftet med denna undersökning är tvådelat. Det första är att genom litteraturstudier och intervjuer upprätta ett underlag för att identifiera reservdelsartiklar att samarbeta med. Det andra är att påvisa vilken ekonomisk sparpotential som finns vid en gemensam reservdelshantering. Intervjuer genomförs med nyckelpersoner för reservdelshanteringen på varje enskilt bruk. Intervjuerna genomförs för att författarna ska få en djupare insikt i hur de samarbetar idag samt få respondenternas synpunkter på framtida samarbete. Resultatet utifrån litteraturstudien har medfört att de egenskaper en artikel bör inneha för att användas i ett gemensamt reservdelsnätverk är följande; högt ekonomiskt värde, låg omsättningshastighet, hög processkritikalitet samt lång leveranstid från leverantör. Genom att använda poissonfördelning och LCC-analys på tolv stycken artiklar blir resultatet att fallföretaget kan spara 915 000 kr vid implementering av gemensam reservdelshantering.

The object of this master´s thesis is to analyse economic situation in the company Agroroservis s.r.o. by used methods. External and internal structure of the company as well as the financial situation is judged gradually. The last part of the master´s thesis is decided suggestion, which can help to improve actual conditions.

The master´s thesis deals with long-term assets. It contains analysis of differences in appreciation of the long-term assets between czech accounting legislation and international accounting standards IFRS/IAS, and succesive application of ascertained differences into the corporate enterprise with the target to find out the impact on trading income.

Purpose of this thesis is to create strategies based on market analyses for optimized inventory management in area of small batch production and enforce meaning of the supply chain marketing within KLM company. This thesis providing ABC analysis, new system developed for efficient identification of the parts and suppliers. Based on these analyses new quotation system for spare parts management has been proposed.

The thesis focuses proposal business plan for company Esponex s.r.o., which wants to enter the market with used spare parts for cars as a mediator. The purpose is proposal business plan for project Vrakotechna.cz and successful launch of new intermediary services on the market. The thesis contains a theoretical part, an analysis of the current state and proposal business plan. The theoretical part discusses the basic terms related to business plans. The analytical part focuses on introduction of the company, its mission, analysis of the market, where the company operates and also includes an analysis of target customer, the company surroundings, competition and SWOT analysis. The aim is to proposal a business plan, particularly marketing and financial plan.

Syfte - Sjunkande marginaler hos primärprodukter har riktat ökad uppmärksamhet mot den lönsamma reservdelsverksamheten. Det finns dock utmaningar kring flödet av reservdelar, bland annat i) teoretiskt gap kring flödet av reservdelar, ii) behovet att effektivisera flöden av reservdelar, och iii) avsaknad av praktisk arbetsprocess. Med bas i dessa utmaningar har studiens syfte formulerats till ”Att utforma en arbetsprocess för effektivare materialflöde av reservdelar mellan OEM och centrallager för tillverkande företag”. Genom att identifiera och analysera effektivitetsvariabler som påverkar flödet av reservdelar, har en praktiskt tillämpbar arbetsprocess skapats för att effektivisera försörjningskedjan och fylla kunskapsgapet inom området. Metod - Denna studie är av typen enfallsstudie, som undersöker materialflödet av reservdelar och arbetsprocesser inom logistik. Data samlades in genom intervjuer och dokumentstudier för att identifiera effektivitetsvariabler. Studien kombinerar teori och empiri för att erhålla djupare förståelse av fallet och strävar efter att dra slutsatser och ge insikter som kan tillämpas inom logistikområdet i allmänhet. Resultat - Resultatet av studien redovisas en arbetsprocess som har utformats för att effektivisera materialflödet av reservdelar mellan OEM och centrallager. Genom att ha identifierat effektivitetsvariabler har studien prioriterat de variablerna med störst förbättringspotential. En arbetsprocess har utvecklats med konkreta förslag på förbättringar för att minska avstånd, kostnader och ledtider till centrallagret. Resultaten ger insikter om hur materialflödet kan effektiviseras mellan OEM och centrallager hos tillverkande företag. Implikationer - Resultatet av studien fyller kunskapsgapet genom att undersöka reservdelsflödet och dess koppling till effektivisering av försörjningskedjor. Genom att ha identifierat effektivitetsvariabler bidrar studien till ökad förståelse för hur företag kan effektivisera hanteringen av reservdelar. Studien adresserar viktiga utmaningar inom reservdelsförsörjningen genom att erbjuda praktiska lösningar och insikter till beslutsfattare för att skapa effektiva materialflöden. I studien har en arbetsprocess skapats, vilket kan hjälpa företag att effektivisera dess reservdelsflöden och undvika onödig resursförbrukning. Resultatet av studien kan fungera som en vägledning för företag som strävar efter att förbättra sitt materialflöde av reservdelar och öka sin övergripande effektivitet. Begräsningar - Studiens begränsningar är att enbart en enfallsstudie har utförts. Dessutom behandlas endast det materialflöde uppströms mellan OEM och centrallager som utgörs av det utvidgade försörjningskedjan. Därav undersöks inte materialflödet nedströms mot slutkund. / Purpose - Falling margins in primary products have directed increased attention to the profitable spare parts business. However, there are challenges around the flow of spare parts, including i) theoretical gap around the flow of spare parts, ii) the need to streamline the flow of spare parts, and iii) lack of practical work process. Based on these challenges, the purpose of the study has been formulated as "To design a work process for more efficient material flow of spare parts between OEM and central warehouse for manufacturing companies". By identifying and analyzing efficiency variables that affect the flow of spare parts, a practically applicable work process has been created to streamline the supply chain and fill the knowledge gap in the field. Method - This study is of the single-case study type, which examines the material flow of spare parts and work processes in logistics. Data were collected through interviews and document studies to identify efficiency variables. The study combines theory and empiricism to obtain a deeper understanding of the case and aims to draw conclusions and provide insights that can be applied within the field of logistics in general. Findings - The result of the study is a work process that has been designed to streamline the material flow of spare parts between the OEM and the central warehouse. By having identified efficiency variables, the study has prioritized those variables with the greatest potential for improvement. A work process has been developed with concrete proposals for improvements to reduce distance, costs, and lead-times to the central warehouse. The results provide insights into how the material flow can be made more efficient between the OEM and the central warehouse of manufacturing companies. Implications - The result of the study fills the knowledge gap by examining the flow of spare parts and its connection to the efficiency of supply chains. By having identified efficiency variables, the study contributes to increased understanding of how companies can streamline the handling of spare parts. The study addresses important challenges in spare parts supply by offering practical solutions and insights to decision makers to create efficient material flows. In this study, a work process has been created, which can help companies to streamline their spare parts flows and avoid unnecessary resource consumption. The result of the study can serve as a guide for companies that strive to improve their material flow of spare parts and increase their overall efficiency. Limitations - The study's limitations are that a single case study has been carried out. In addition, only the upstream material flow between the OEM and the central warehouse that constitutes the extended supply chain is treated. As a result, the material flow downstream towards the end customer is not investigated.

Additive manufacturing (AM), commonly known as 3D printing, has been attracting attention from practitioners as well as academicians with its continuous evolution from being used primarily for prototyping to now end-product production. Despite this technology's current and future potential, few studies indicate that AM has not been extensively used across all industries. This dissertation addresses knowledge gaps by providing theoretical and empirical support for adopting AM through three essays that study the role of AM in restructuring supply chains. Essay 1 provides systematic support for AM implementation by developing a typology derived from technology-specific potentials and challenges to adopting AM. This study uses an exploratory research approach to collect and analyze data from semi-structured interviews of practitioners with deep knowledge of AM and supply chains from diverse industries. In Essay 2, our results show that AM adoption positively influences supply chain responsiveness and, in turn, reshoring decisions. Essay 3 compares different supply chain configurations based on traditional and AM. We developed a hybrid simulation model combining discrete event simulation and agent-based simulation and compared the performance in terms of wait time and costs. Our results indicate that under certain conditions, the centralized configuration delivers spare parts faster than the distributed configuration, contrary to previous literature findings. However, a hybrid configuration (a combination of centralized and decentralized) provides a better response (reduced wait time) than the traditional, centralized, and decentralized configurations. Collectively, the three essays provide academicians and practitioners with a more comprehensive understanding of how AM creates value for supply chains.