Läraryrket är en viktig komponent i ett fungerande samhälle, men det råder lärarbrist vilket ökar arbetsbördan för verksamma. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka gymnasielärares upplevda hälsa i arbetslivet ur ett salutogent perspektiv (dvs hälsofrämjande) genom att undersöka vilka generella och specifika motståndsresurser gymnasielärare upplever i sitt arbete. Följande frågeställningar undersöktes: vilka faktorer upplever gymnasielärare påverkar deras hälsa och välbefinnande positivt? och vilka faktorer anser gymnasielärare har hjälpt dem att hantera stressfulla situationer? Åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes och analyserades utifrån en tematisk analys, som resulterade i fem friskfaktorer: (1) förmågan att avgränsa, (2) goda relationer till kollegor, elever och skolledning, (3)kompetensutveckling, (4) personlighetsfaktorer och (5) erfarenhet. De slutsatser som kan dras är att lärare i läraryrket behöver vissa generella och specifika motståndsresurser för att kunna hantera den stressfyllda miljön. Men för att bättre förbereda lärare i yrkeslivet kan simuleringsspel, att försöka återskapa verkligheten i en kontrollerad miljö, användas.

The dynamics of a plant-pathogen interaction vary both within and among species. Both spatial structuring and specific genetic and life-history characteristics will affect the interaction and the outcome of a potential co-evolution between the two organisms. In this thesis I have studied the interaction between the wild perennial herb Silene dioica and its automictic, obligate anther smut Microbotryum violaceum MvSd. From the plant perspective, I have examined different aspects of biochemical resistance in S. dioica to M. violaceum MvSd. From the pathogen perspective, I have focused on the breeding system of M. violaceum MvSd and its connection to fitness and distribution of genetic diversity. I have used varying methods; glasshouse trails involving inoculation of plants with the pathogen, classical Mendelian analysis involving controlled crosses between plants, microscopic studies of spores and molecular DNA-analysis. With the results I demonstrate that resistance to M. violaceum MvSd in S. dioica can be specific to the attacking pathogen strain and also spatially highly diverse both within and among populations within a metapopulation. Together, these factors are likely to delay the establishment of the disease within host populations and reduce the spread and amount of disease, once it has been established. The results also suggest that the specific resistance expressed against two different M. violaceum MvSd strains were determined by separate gene systems and that, in both cases, the resistance was simply inherited. This implies a potential for relatively rapid response to M. violaceum-induced selection in S. dioica populations variable for resistance. My results also show that automixis clearly is the predominating breeding system of M. violaceum MvSd, similarly to what earlier has been shown for M. violaceum MvSl. Furthermore, I found lower levels of neutral genetic diversity in M. violaceum MvSd in the northern parts of Sweden, compared to what has been found in populations in more southern Europe. This result is consistent with predictions that populations in the outer regions of a species distribution have lower levels of genetic variation. Moreover, populations were highly differentiated in northern Sweden, which could have been generated by high selfing rates, genetic drift and high population turnover rates, all factors that coincide with life-history and ecology of M. violaceum MvSd. However, despite the general low variability in neutral genetic markers, I did find variation in fitness related traits, both within and among populations, as well as differences in infection ability between strains, suggesting there is a potential for co-evolution between S. dioica and M. violaceum MvSd in the area. To summarize, this thesis reflect a plant-pathogen system that is highly influenced by constant colonisation-extinction dynamics, which is likely to have influenced both the genetics of resistance in the plant and the breeding system of the pathogen and thus also the interaction between the two organisms.

L'induction du métabolisme secondaire fait partie du système de défense des plantes lors d’une attaque par un microorganisme pathogène. Les propriétés antimicrobiennes ou de signalisation des métabolites secondaires (MS) peuvent être régulées par un processus majeur et efficace, la glycosylation. Cette réaction est catalysée par les glycosyltransférases (UGTs) qui assurent le transfert d’une molécule de sucre sur un MS. Mon travail de thèse a porté sur l’étude de trois UGTs d’Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), UGT76E12 d’une part, et UGT73B3 et UGT73B5 d’autre part, et a montré que 1) UGT76E12 est impliquée dans la mise en place de la résistance basale à la souche virulente de la bactérie Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, Pst DC3000, et participe au dialogue entre les voies de signalisation hormonale de l’acide jasmonique (JA) et de l’acide salicylique (SA). Des analyses par clustering hiérarchique ont révélé une co-expression forte entre le gène UGT76E12, et deux gènes codant une terpène synthase (TPS4) et un cytochrome P450 (CYP82G1), impliqués dans la biosynthèse d’un diterpène, le TMTT ((E,E)-4,8,12-triméthyletridéca-1,3,7,11-tetraène), suggérant un rôle pour UGT76E12 dans la régulation de la voie de biosynthèse des terpènes ; 2) UGT73B3 et UGT73B5 sont impliquées dans la mise en place de la résistance spécifique d’Arabidopsis à la souche avirulente Pst DC3000-AvrRpm1, notamment par la régulation de MS intervenant dans le maintien de l’état redox cellulaire au cours de la réaction d’hypersensibilité (HR). Ces deux gènes appartiennent à la classe des « SA-early induced-genes » et présentent un profil co-expression avec le gène TOLB-related et deux gènes codant des glutathion S-transférases (GSTU7 et GSTU24) impliqués dans la réponse au stress oxydant et la détoxication des MS. Nos résultats suggèrent un rôle pour UGT73B3 et UGT73B5 dans la glycosylation de métabolites oxydants associés à la mise en place de la HR. / Plant secondary metabolism induction is part of an integrated defense system after pathogen infection. Signalling and antimicrobial properties of secondary metabolites (SM) can be regulated by an efficient process named, glycosylation. This reaction is ensured by glycosyltransferases (UGTs) which catalyze the transfer of a sugar moiety on a SM. My PhD work was divided in two parts, the first on UGT76E12 and the second part on UGT73B3 and UGT73B5, three UGTs of Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) and it demonstrated that 1) UGT76E12 is involved in basal resistance establishment during plant challenge with the virulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst DC3000), and participates to the hormonal crosstalk between jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA). Clustering analyses revealed a strong co-expression between UGT76E12 and two genes encoding a terpene synthase (TPS4) and a cytochrome P450 (CYP82G1), both involved in the biosynthesis of a diterpene named TMTT ((E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene), which suggests a role for UGT76E12 in terpene biosynthesis pathway regulation. 2) UGT73B5 and UGT73B3 are involved in the establishment of Arabidopsis specific resistance against the avirulent strain of Pst DC3000-AvrRpm1, especially in the regulation of MS playing a role in redox homeostasis status during the hypersensitive response (HR). These two genes are part of SA-early induced-genes and showed co-expression patterns with the TOLB-related gene and two genes encoding glutathione S-transferases (GSTU7 and GSTU24) involved in oxidative stress responses and in MS detoxification. Our results suggest a role for UGT73B3 and UGT73B5 in the glycosylation of oxidant MS associated with HR establishment.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2015-10-28T14:51:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Thiago Martins Pinheiro - 2011.pdf: 7792502 bytes, checksum: 0ce0321b227c4468c3f23f00f407370d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-10-28T14:53:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Thiago Martins Pinheiro - 2011.pdf: 7792502 bytes, checksum: 0ce0321b227c4468c3f23f00f407370d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-28T14:53:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Thiago Martins Pinheiro - 2011.pdf: 7792502 bytes, checksum: 0ce0321b227c4468c3f23f00f407370d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) is considered the most important disease of rice fields. Due to the high variability of the pathogen's population, rice cultivars quickly have its race-specific resistance to blast broken. The identification for incorporating different resistance genes in improved and adapted cultivars, utilizing molecular tools, is one breeding strategy to find stable resistance in short period. The goal of this research was to identify the number of resistance genes and SRR molecular markers to the pathotypes IB-1 and IB-9 of M. oryzae, and characterize some enzymes related to the expression of resistance. The experiments were conducted under controlled conditions of green house and laboratories. After crossing cultivar Cica-8 and cultivar Metica-1, the populations F1, F2, BC1:1 and BC2:2 were sown in plastic trays containing five kg of soil fertilized. Each tray contained eight lines with ten plants per row. Each pathotype of M. oryzae inoculated thirty plants of resistant parents, thirty plants of susceptible parents, two hundred plants of F2 population, one hundred plants of BC1:1 population and one hundred plants of BC1:2 population. The isolates 1049 (IB-1) and 435 (IB-9) were cultivated on oat medium to produce the inoculum solution (3.105 conidia.mL-1). The inoculated plants were kept under high humidity condition at 28°C, during seven days. Evaluations were made identifying the number of resistant and susceptible plants. Eleven microsatellite markers were tested by PCR strategies, utilizing DNA of each parent (resistance and susceptible), F1 and F2 populations. PCR reactions were assembled according to the characteristic of each SSR prime. The fragments were separated by denature polyacrylamide (6%) gel to identify polymorphism. Linkage analysis of the RM7102 microssatelite marker was estimated using the MAP MAKER III software. The enzymatic characterization was studied through the extraction of proteins, before and after inoculation, during five consecutive days for the determination of the activity of β-1,3-glucanase (PR1) and peroxidase. Segregation in populations F2 resistant and susceptible presented ratio of 3 plants resistant to 1 plant susceptible. An SSR marker has been identified, RM7102, and linked to the resistance gene of cultivar Cica-8 to the pathotype IB-1. Peroxidase had little activity in all populations. The F2 populations, susceptible to both isolates, presented high β-1,3- glucanase activity. / A brusone (Magnaporthe oryzae) é considerada a doença mais importante dos arrozais. Devido à alta variabilidade da população do patógeno, cultivares de arroz rapidamente tem sua resistência à brusone sucumbida. A identificação e incorporação de diferentes genes de resistência em cultivares melhoradas e adaptadas, com o auxílio de técnicas moleculares, constitui-se em uma das estratégias na busca de resistência estável a serem adotadas. Tendo em vista o desafio acima colocado, este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar o número de alelos envolvidos na expressão de resistência do arroz a brusone, identificar marcadores microssatélites ligados a estes alelos e caracterizar a ação de duas enzimas relacionadas à patogênese. Os experimentos foram conduzidos sob condições controladas de casa de vegetação e laboratório. As gerações F1, F2, RC1:1 e RC1:2 foram semeadas em bandejas plásticas. Cada bandeja continha oito linhas, sendo dez plantas por linha. Cada patótipo de M. oryzae foi inoculado em trinta plantas do genitor resistente, trinta plantas do genitor suscetível, duzentas plantas da população F2, cem plantas da população RC1:1 e cem plantas da população RC1:2. Os isolados 1049, patótipo IB-1 e 435, patótipo IB-9, foram cultivados em meio de cultura aveia-dextrose-ágar para produção de solução de inóculo, à concentração de 3.105 conídios.mL-1. As plantas inoculadas foram mantidas sob alta condição de umidade e temperatura média de 28ºC, durante sete dias. As avaliações foram feitas identificando a proporção de plantas resistentes e suscetíveis. Para testar onze marcadores microssatélites selecionados, foram feitas extrações de DNA de cada genitor e das populações F1 e F2. As reações de PCR assim como os ciclos de amplificação foram montadas de acordo com a característica de cada microssatélite. As reações foram submetidas a gel poliacrilamida desnaturante (6%) para identificação de polimorfismo entre os genitores e as populações F1 e F2. A caracterização enzimática foi estudada através da extração de proteínas, antes e depois da inoculação, durante cinco dias consecutivos para a determinação da atividade enzimática de β-1,3-glucanase (PR1) e peroxidase. A segregação em ambas as populações F2 apresentou proporção de três plantas resistentes para uma planta suscetível. Foi identificado um marcador microssatélite, RM7102, ligado ao alelo de resistência da cultivar Cica-8 ao patótipo IB-1. Não foi possível detectar diferenças entre as populações F2 resistentes e F2 suscetível quanto atividade de peroxidase. A população F2 suscetível, para ambos os patótipos, apresentou alta atividade de β-1,3-glucanase, enquanto a atividade da mesma enzima nos genitores e população F2 resistente não mostrou aumento significativo.

No description available.

Abstract Aim The main purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of a very heavy resisted sprint training regimen and a unresisted sprint training regimen on sprint, acceleration and jump performance in late pubertal adolescent football (soccer) players at mid- to post-PHV and >95% PAH. Method In total 27 male football players were recruited as volunteer participants. The participants had no previous experience with resisted sprint training. The participants were randomly assigned to either the resisted sprint (RST) (n=9) or unresisted sprint (UST) (n=10) training group. However, the grouping was matched based on the force-velocity (F-v) profiling. A control group (i.e. TAU group n=8) was matched with the experimental groups based on age and anthropometrics. The training was done twice a week for four weeks, consisting of either resisted or unresisted sprints. 24 of the original 27 participants could later be included for statistical analysis. During intervention the TAU group performed the regular team training with no additional stimuli from the researchers. Anthropometrics, sprint, acceleration and jump performance testing was tested pre- and post-training intervention. Results The four-week training intervention resulted in significant improvements of sprint- and acceleration for the RST-group. The improvements were 3,8% (±0.05) in T30, 4,2% (±0.06) in T20, 5,7% (±0.06) in T10, and 7,9% (±0.06) in the T5. The RST and UST groups also had significant improvements in both vertical and horizontal jump performance. Further there were several significant between group changes in both sprint and jump performance favoring the RST group over both the UST and TAU groups. Conclusion The conclusions are that in this population a very heavy RST regimen elicits improvements in sprint and acceleration performance whilst a UST regimen does not. Further, both the RST- and UST- training regimens elicit improvements in both vertical and horizontal jump performance. The improvements of the present study follow the pattern of previous studies in the field indicating a greater horizontal force generating ability. However, the improvements in the present study are larger than previously seen, indicating that this type of training might be extra beneficial to enhance sprint and jump performance in late pubertal adolescent athletes. The findings of the present study also contradict the typical recommendations of using light resistance loads (i.e. the 10% rule) when it comes to RST. Heavier loads, as in this case 103,5% of body weight on average, can indeed be used to produce sprint and acceleration gains in a late pubertal adolescent athlete population. The improvement in these short sprints (5-30m) versus the eventual performance decrease in longer sprints 40-70m (e.g. due to less effective maximal velocity phase) is a trade off which logically should be worthwhile for team sport athletes. / Abstrakt Syfte Det huvudsakliga syftet med denna studie var att undersöka och jämföra effekterna av väldigt tungt belastad sprintträning och obelastad sprintträning på sprint-, acceleration och hopprestation hos unga fotbollsspelare i sena tonåren som ligger på en mognadsgrad av ”mid- post-PHV” samt >95% PAH. Metod Totalt 27 fotbollsspelare rekryterades som frivilliga deltagare. Deltagarna hade ingen tidigare erfarenhet av belastad sprintträning. Deltagarna blev slumpmässigt indelade till antingen den belastade (RST) eller den obelastade (UST) träningsgruppen. Dock skedde grupperingen med deltagarnas kraft- hastighetsprofilering som bas, då grupperna blev matchade efter denna. Kontrollgruppen (TAU n=8) matchades med experimentgrupperna efter ålder och antropometri. Träningen bestod av väldigt tungt belastad eller obelastad sprintträning och utfördes två gånger i veckan under fyra veckor. 24 av de initialt 27 deltagarna kunde inkluderas för vidare analys. Under interventionen genomförde TAU den vanliga lagträningen utan ytterligare träningsstimuli från forskarna. Antropometri, sprint, acceleration och hopprestation testades före respektive efter interventionen. Resultat Den fyra veckor långa träningsinterventionen resulterade i signifikanta förbättringar i sprint och acceleration för RST-gruppen. Förbättringarna var 3,8% (±0.05) i T30, 4,2% (±0.06) i T20, 5,7% (±0.06) i T10, och 7,9% (±0.06) i T5. RST och UST grupperna hade också signifikanta förbättringar i både vertikal och horisontell hopprestation. Vidare fanns det flera signifikanta mellangruppsskillnader i både sprint- och hopprestation till fördel för RST gruppen över både UST och TAU grupperna. Konklusion Konklusionen är att ett väldigt tungt RST-träningsprogram framkallar signifikanta förbättringar i både sprint, acceleration och hopprestation medan ett UST-träningsprogram inte gör det. Vidare kan konkluderas att både ett RST- och ett UST-träningsprogram signifikant förbättrar både vertikal och horisontell hopprestationen. Förbättringarna följer mönstret från tidigare studier på området och indikerar en större horisontell kraftproduktion. Dock är förbättringarna större än vad som tidigare observerats vilket indikerar att denna typ av träning kan vara extra förtjänstfull för denna population. Resultaten motsäger även den typiska rekommendationen kring lätta vikter (dvs. 10% regeln) vid belastad sprintträning. Tyngre belastning, som i detta fall i genomsnitt 103,5% av kroppsvikten, kan användas för att producera sprint- och accelerationsförbättringar i denna population. Förbättringen av denna typ av korta sprinter (5-30m) gentemot den eventuella prestationsförsämringen i längre sprinter (40-70m) torde vara ett byte som är värt att göra för lagidrottare.

Le développement actuel des piles à combustible SOFC fonctionnant à température intermédiaire suppose l'optimisation des méthodes de synthèse et de mise en forme pour les matériaux nouveaux développés au cours des dernières années. En effet, les propriétés électrochimiques de ces dispositifs sont étroitement liées aux caractéristiques des poudres de départ ainsi qu'à la microstructure des électrodes (ou de l'électrolyte) après leur mise en forme. Une amélioration significative des dites propriétés peut être obtenue par la nanostructuration des matériaux. Dans ce contexte, ce travail de thèse est consacré à l’élaboration du matériau de cathode Nd2NiO4+d ainsi que du matériau d'électrolyte Ce1-xAxO2-d. Les méthodes mises en œuvre sont la synthèse de nanopoudres en milieux éthanol/eau supercritiques et par voie pyrosol ainsi que le dépôt de couches minces en milieu CO2 supercritique. Les objets obtenus ont enfin été caractérisés par spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique afin de quantifier leur performance pour l’application SOFC. / The ongoing development of Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells implies the optimization of the synthesis and deposition methods for the new materials developed these past years. Indeed, electrochemical properties of these materials are closely linked to the initial powder characteristics as well as the electrode (or electrolyte) microstructure after deposition. Significant improvement of the aforementioned properties can be obtained via nanostructuration of the materials. Thus, this thesis is dedicated to the synthesis of the cathode material Nd2NiO4+d and the electrolyte material Ce1-xAxO2-d. Methods employed are namely nanopowder synthesis in water/ethanol supercritical mixtures and spray pyrolysis as well as thin film deposition in supercritical fluids. The obtained objects have finally been characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in order to assess their performance for the SOFC application.