INTRODUÇÃO: O endotélio corneal exerce papel primordial para a fisiologia da córnea. Seus dados morfológicos gerados pelo microscópio especular (MEC) como densidade endotelial (DE), área celular média (ACM), coeficiente de variação (CV) e porcentagem de células hexagonais (HEX) são importantes para avaliar sua vitalidade. Para interpretar estes dados de forma padronizada e reprodutível, foi utilizado um programa estatístico de análise amostral, Cells Analyzer PAT. REQ.(CA). OBJETIVO: Demonstrar valores de referência para DE, ACM, CV e HEX. Demonstrar o percentual de células endoteliais marcadas e desconsideradas no exame ao marcar-se 40, 100 e 150 células em uma única imagem do mosaico endotelial e o perfil do intervalo de confiança (IC) das variáveis estudadas ao se considerar 40, 100, 150 e tantas células quantas indicadas pelo CA. Demonstrar o erro amostral de cada grupo estudado. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal. Os exames de MEC foram realizados com o aparelho Konan NONCON ROBO® SP-8000, nos 122 olhos de 61 portadores de catarata (63,97 ± 8,15 anos de idade). As imagens endoteliais caracterizaram se pelo número de células marcadas e consideradas para cálculo dos seguintes dados: DE, ACM, CV e HEX. Os grupos foram formados de 40, 100, 150 células marcadas numa única imagem endotelial e Grupo CA em que foram marcadas tantas células quanto necessárias em diferentes imagens, para obter o erro relativo calculado inferior ao planejado (0,05), conforme orientação do programa CA. Estudou-se o efeito do número de células sobre IC para as variáveis endoteliais utilizadas. RESULTADOS: A média dos valores de referência encontrados para DE foi 2395,37 ± 294,34 cel/mm2; ACM 423,64 ± 51,09 m2; CV 0,40 ± 0,04 e HEX 54,77 ± 4,19%. O percentual de células endoteliais desconsideradas no Grupo 40 foi 51,20%; no Grupo 100, 35,07% e no Grupo 150, 29,83%. O número médio de células calculado inicialmente pelo CA foi 247,48 ± 51,61 e o número médio de células efetivamente incluídas no final do processo amostral foi 425,25 ± 102,24. O erro amostral dos exames no Grupo 40 foi 0,157 ± 0,031; Grupo 100, 0,093 ± 0,024; Grupo 150, 0,075 ± 0,010 e Grupo CA, 0,037 ± 0,005. O aumento do número de células diminuiu a amplitude do IC nos olhos direito e esquerdo para a DE em 75,79% e 77,39%; ACM em 75,95% e 77,37%; CV em 72,72% e 76,92%; HEX em 75,93% e 76,71%. CONCLUSÃO: Os valores de referência da DE foi 2395,37 ± 294,34 cel/mm2; ACM foi 423,64 ± 51,09 m2; CV foi 0,40 ± 0,04 e HEX foi 54,77 ± 4,19%. O percentual de células endoteliais desconsideradas no Grupo 40 foi 51,20%; no Grupo 100 foi 35,07% e no Grupo 150 foi 29,83%. O programa CA considerou correto os exames nos quais 425,25 ± 102,24 células foram marcadas entre duas e cinco imagens (erro relativo calculado de 0,037 ± 0,005). O aumento do número de células diminuiu a amplitude do IC para todas as variáveis endoteliais avaliadas pela MEC / INTRODUCTION: Corneal endothelium plays an important role in physiology of the cornea. Morphological data generated from specular microscope such as endothelial cell density (CD), average cell area (ACA), coefficient of variance (CV) and percentage of hexagonal cells (HEX) are important to analyze corneal status. For a standard and reproducible analysis of the morphological data, a sampling statistical software called Cells Analyzer PAT. REC (CA) was used. PURPOSE: To determine normal reference values of CD, ACA, CV and HEX. To analyze the percentage of marked and excluded cells when the examiner counted 40, 100, 150 cells in one endothelial image. To analyze the percentage of marked and excluded cells according to the statistical software. To determine the confidence interval of these morphological data. METHODS: Transversal study of 122 endothelial specular microscope image (Konan, non-contact NONCON ROBO® SP- 8000 Specular Microscope) of 61 human individuals with cataract (63.97 ± 8.15 years old) was analyzed statistically using CA. Each image was submitted to standard cell counting. 40 cells were counted in study Group 40; 100 cells were counted in study Group 100; and 150 cells were counted in study Group 150. In study group CA, the number of counted cells was determined by the statistical analysis software in order to achieve the most reliable clinical information (relative error < 0,05). Relative error of the morphological data generated by the specular microscope were then analyzed by statistical analysis using CA software. For Group CA, relative planned error was set as 0.05. RESULTS: The average normal reference value of CD was 2395.37 ± 294.34 cells/mm2, ACA was 423.64 ± 51.09 m2, CV was 0.40 ± 0.04 and HEX was 54.77 ± 4.19%. The percentage of cells excluded for analysis was 51.20% in Group 40; 35.07% in Group 100; and 29.83% in Group 150. The average number of cells calculated initially by the statistical software was 247.48 ± 51.61 cells and the average number of cells included in the final sampling process was 425.25 ± 102.24 cells. The average relative error was 0.157 ± 0.031 for Group 40; 0.093 ± 0.024 for Group 100; 0.075 ± 0.010 for Group 150 and 0.037 ± 0.005 for Group CA. The increase of the marked cells decreases the amplitude of confidence interval (right and left eyes respectively) in 75.79% and 77.39% for CD; 75.95% and 77.37% for ACA; 72.72% and 76.92% for CV; 75.93% and 76.71% for HEX. CONCLUSION: The average normal reference value of CD was 2395.37 ± 294.34 cells/mm2, ACA was 423.64 ± 51.09 m2, CV was 0.40 ± 0.04 and HEX was 54.77 ± 4.19%. The percentage of excluded cells for analysis was 51.20% in Group 40; 35.07% in Group 100 and 29.83% in Group 150. CA software has considered reliable data when 425.25 ± 102.24 cells were marked by the examiner in two to five specular images (calculated relative error of 0.037 ± 0.005). The increase of the marked cells decreases the amplitude of confidence interval for all morphological data generated by the specular microscope

abstract: Fossil fuel CO2 (FFCO2) emissions are recognized as the dominant greenhouse gas driving climate change (Enting et. al., 1995; Conway et al., 1994; Francey et al., 1995; Bousquet et. al., 1999). Transportation is a major component of FFCO2 emissions, especially in urban areas. An improved understanding of on-road FFCO2 emission at high spatial resolution is essential to both carbon science and mitigation policy. Though considerable research has been accomplished within a few high-income portions of the planet such as the United States and Western Europe, little work has attempted to comprehensively quantify high-resolution on-road FFCO2 emissions globally. Key questions for such a global quantification are: (1) What are the driving factors for on-road FFCO2 emissions? (2) How robust are the relationships? and (3) How do on-road FFCO2 emissions vary with urban form at fine spatial scales? This study used urban form/socio-economic data combined with self-reported on-road FFCO2 emissions for a sample of global cities to estimate relationships within a multivariate regression framework based on an adjusted STIRPAT model. The on-road high-resolution (whole-city) regression FFCO2 model robustness was evaluated by introducing artificial error, conducting cross-validation, and assessing relationship sensitivity under various model specifications. Results indicated that fuel economy, vehicle ownership, road density and population density were statistically significant factors that correlate with on-road FFCO2 emissions. Of these four variables, fuel economy and vehicle ownership had the most robust relationships. A second regression model was constructed to examine the relationship between global on-road FFCO2 emissions and urban form factors (described by population ii density, road density, and distance to activity centers) at sub-city spatial scales (1 km2). Results showed that: 1) Road density is the most significant (p<2.66e-037) predictor of on-road FFCO2 emissions at the 1 km2 spatial scale; 2) The correlation between population density and on-road FFCO2 emissions for interstates/freeways varies little by city type. For arterials, on-road FFCO2 emissions show a stronger relationship to population density in clustered cities (slope = 0.24) than dispersed cities (slope = 0.13). FFCO2 3) The distance to activity centers has a significant positive relationship with on-road FFCO2 emission for the interstate and freeway toad types, but an insignificant relationship with the arterial road type. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Environmental Social Science 2018

Orientador: Leonardo de Barros Pinto / Orientador: Sandra Cristina de Oliveira / Banca: Renato Dias Baptista / Banca: Antonio Lázaro Sant'Ana / Abstract: This study aimed to make an analysis of agrarian systems of the city of Palmital / SP, located in the center west region of São Paulo, more precisely in the Middle Paranapanema, through a historical context, landscape analysis and of existing studies on it. Then it was established the typology of farmers of the municipality and of production systems by them. Such an approach is based on a systemic approach, guided the premises of the diagnosis of agrarian systems tool. Defined typologies, the different forms of income generation of productive systems in that locality were established. Assuming the importance of equity in the maintenance and reproduction of agricultural production systems by means of multivariate statistical analysis (multiple regression model) were analyzed what are the factors that interfere positively or negatively in the agricultural income of farmers. Data collection for analysis was done through a survey form applied to a stratified sample of farmers, proportional (to the condition of the farm). All data collected are between the period August 2013 to July 2014. These results point allowed the transformation of agrarian systems of the study area and the presence of different types of farmers: employers and family, with diversification in these production systems, respectively; in cases in which it showed those factors that influence the result obtained in agricultural income positive or negative way. Anyway, enabling elaborate proposals for rural develop... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Resumo: Este estudo teve como principal objetivo fazer uma análise dos sistemas agrários do município de Palmital/SP, localizado na região centro oeste do estado de São Paulo, mais precisamente na região do Médio Paranapanema, por meio de uma contextualização histórica, da análise da paisagem e dos estudos existentes sobre este município. Em seguida se estabeleceu a tipologia dos produtores rurais de Palmital/SP e dos sistemas de produção por eles praticados. Tal abordagem está baseada em um enfoque sistêmico, pautadas nas premissas da ferramenta do diagnóstico de sistemas agrários. Definidas as tipologias, foram estabelecidas as distintas formas de geração de renda daqueles sistemas produtivos na referida localidade. Assumindo a importância da variável renda na manutenção e reprodução dos sistemas de produção agrícola, por meio de análise estatística multivariada (modelo de regressão múltiplo) foram identificados quais são os fatores que interferem positiva ou negativamente na renda agrícola dos produtores rurais. A coleta dos dados para análise foi feita por meio de um formulário de pesquisa aplicado a uma amostra de produtores rurais estratificada, proporcional à condição do estabelecimento rural. Todos os dados coletados estão compreendidos entre o período de agosto de 2013 a julho de 2014. Os resultados deste trabalho permitiram apontar as transformações dos sistemas agrários da região estudada bem como a presença de distintos tipos dos produtores rurais: patronais e familiares,... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Purpose – The purpose of the research is to explore how to reduce waste in value flows and to minimize the bullwhip effect within operations. To fulfill and answer the purpose of the research three questions of issue has been established: 1. What issues in value flows can be identified, regarding inbound and outbound flows? 2. How can issues in value flows be minimized, with regards to inbound and outbound flows? 3. How can a model be created to understand the relationship between value flow improvements and the bullwhip effect? Method – To retrieve understanding of the topic that thesis involves, support of literature studies, observations and data collection was used. The literature study created a foundation of theoretical framework. The data collected from the case company formed a base that partly facilitates the purpose of this thesis. The theoretical framework and data collection were thoroughly analyzed and discussed in order to propose solutions for improvements. Findings – The research establishes different issues that can be identified in outbound and inbound flows such as; waste in transportation, waste in inventory, waste in movement and waste in overproduction. Further, in order to minimize the identified issues in inbound and outbound flows it is imperative to find out the root cause for the issues. When the root cause was established, statistical approach was utilized to further explain the issue. The findings from the statistical approach elucidated a large variance between supply and demand, resulting in a bullwhip effect. In order to minimize the bullwhip effect, improvements should focus on insufficiencies such as; lack of communication, order batching and disorganization. In addition, standardization through 5s approach mitigates the waste in transportation and movement. To understand the relationship between value flow improvements and the bullwhip effect, a causal loop diagram was created to understand the phenomenon from a system perspective. Implications – The research contributes with solutions on how to identify the bullwhip effect as well as highlighting the issues in value flows. Furthermore, this research solidifies the importance of using lean process to improve overall productivity in value flows. Limitations – The research was limited to one case company and one area in the case company. The answers that are presented in this research could increase the reliability and credibility if the authors had been able to investigate several areas at the case company or several companies. Furthermore, the date that has been retrieved is based solely on one supplier at the case company. Keywords – ‘Lean Process’, ‘Bullwhip Effect’, ‘Supply Chain Management’, ‘Continuous Improvement’, ‘System Perspective’ and ‘Statistical Analysis’.

<p>Designing estimators based on low rank signal models is a common practice in signal processing. Some of these estimators are designed to use a single low rank snapshot vector, while others employ multiple snapshots. This dissertation deals with both these cases in different contexts.</p><p>Separable nonlinear least squares is a popular tool to extract parameter estimates from a single snapshot vector. Asymptotic statistical properties of the separable non-linear least squares estimates are explored in the first part of the thesis. The assumptions imposed on the noise process and the data model are general. Therefore, the results are useful in a wide range of applications. Sufficient conditions are established for consistency, asymptotic normality and statistical efficiency of the estimates. An expression for the asymptotic covariance matrix is derived and it is shown that the estimates are circular. The analysis is extended also to the constrained separable nonlinear least squares problems.</p><p>Nonparametric estimation of the material functions from wave propagation experiments is the topic of the second part. This is a typical application where a single snapshot vector is employed. Numerical and statistical properties of the least squares algorithm are explored in this context. Boundary conditions in the experiments are used to achieve superior estimation performance. Subsequently, a subspace based estimation algorithm is proposed. The subspace algorithm is not only computationally efficient, but is also equivalent to the least squares method in accuracy.</p><p>Estimation of the frequencies of multiple real valued sine waves is the topic in the third part, where multiple snapshots are employed. A new low rank signal model is introduced. Subsequently, an ESPRIT like method named R-Esprit and a weighted subspace fitting approach are developed based on the proposed model. When compared to ESPRIT, R-Esprit is not only computationally more economical but is also equivalent in performance. The weighted subspace fitting approach shows significant improvement in the resolution threshold. It is also robust to additive noise.</p>

In recent years, it has been observed that software clones and plagiarism are becoming an increased threat for one?s creativity. Clones are the results of copying and using other?s work. According to the Merriam – Webster dictionary, “A clone is one that appears to be a copy of an original form”. It is synonym to duplicate. Clones lead to redundancy of codes, but not all redundant code is a clone.On basis of this background knowledge ,in order to safeguard one?s idea and to avoid intentional code duplication for pretending other?s work as if their owns, software clone detection should be emphasized more. The objective of this paper is to review the methods for clone detection and to apply those methods for finding the extent of plagiarism occurrence among the Swedish Universities in Master level computer science department and to analyze the results.The rest part of the paper, discuss about software plagiarism detection which employs data analysis technique and then statistical analysis of the results.Plagiarism is an act of stealing and passing off the idea?s and words of another person?s as one?s own. Using data analysis technique, samples(Master level computer Science thesis report) were taken from various Swedish universities and processed in Ephorus anti plagiarism software detection. Ephorus gives the percentage of plagiarism for each thesis document, from this results statistical analysis were carried out using Minitab Software.The results gives a very low percentage of Plagiarism extent among the Swedish universities, which concludes that Plagiarism is not a threat to Sweden?s standard of education in computer science.This paper is based on data analysis, intelligence techniques, EPHORUS software plagiarism detection tool and MINITAB statistical software analysis.

One of the primary objectives of this thesis was to design fiber/filler/polymer structures for newsprint and in the process develop a greater understanding of fiber/filler/ polymer structures. Five different designed structures were created for study. The designed structures were composed of virgin, hydrosulfite bleached, TMP southern pine, Georgian kaolin clay and various polymers. Five filler levels from 0% to 20% were employed with each of these different structures. Numerous physical tests were used to gather data which would help to develop an understanding for the macroscopic properties of the structures. Paper structures were created and data from bulk physical tests and particle based SEM image analyses were compared. Comparisons were made using a statistical method called Principal Component Analysis (PCA) where the data is grouped and reduced to find data correlations not readily apparent in the raw data.

Traditionally, energy capture by non-concentrating solar collectors is calculated using the Hottel-Whillier Equation (HW): Q(u)=A(c)*F(r)*S-A(c)*F(r)*U(l)*(T(fi)-Tₐ), or its derivative: Q(u)=A(c)*F(r)*S-A(c)*F(r)*U(l)*((T(fi)-T(fo))/2-Tₐ). In these models, the rate of energy capture is based on the collector's aperture area (A(c)), collector heat removal factor (F(r)), absorbed solar radiation (S), collector overall heat loss coefficient (U(l)), inlet fluid temperature (T(fi)) and ambient air temperature (Tₐ). However real-world testing showed that these equations could potentially show significant errors during non-ideal solar and environmental conditions. It also predicts that when T(fi)-Tₐ equals zero, the energy lost convectively is zero. An improved model was tested: Q(u)=A(c)F(r)S-A(c)U(l)((T(fo)-T(fi))/(ln(T(fo)/T(fi)))-Tₐ) where T(fo) is the exit fluid temperature. Individual variables and coefficients were analyzed for all versions of the equation using linear analysis methods, statistical stepwise linear regression, F-Test, and Variance analysis, to determine their importance in the equation, as well as identify alternate methods of calculated collector coefficient modeling.

Η παρούσα μελέτη παρουσιάζει τρία μεθοδολογικά σχήματα τα οποία μπορούν να εφαρμοστούν στην χωρική και χρονική ανάλυση δεδομένων για την διαχείριση των υδατικών πόρων. Αποτελείται από τρία ανεξάρτητα μεταξύ τους τμήματα τα οποία είναι : α)Χρήση Γεωγραφικών Συστημάτων Πληροφοριών και Πολυδιάστατης Στατιστικής Ανάλυσης για την διερεύνηση των σχέσεων μεταξύ υπόγειων υδάτων και χρήσεων γης β)Μελέτη χρονικών υδροχημικών δεδομένων από ένα μεγάλης διάρκειας πρόγραμμα παρακολούθησης σε μιά ρηχή λίμνη με χρήση Πολυδιάστατης Στατιστικής Ανάλυσης και γ)Εφαρμογή της Clean φασματικής ανάλυσης σε υδροχημικά δεδομένα : Παραδείγματα από δύο λίμνες της Ελλάδας. / The present study intoduces three methodologies which can be applied in water resource management. It consist of three independed projects : a)Indentifing relationships between groundwater quality and landuse using GIS and Multivariate Statistical Analysis b)A long-term study of temporal hydrochemical data in a shallow lake using multivariate statistical techniques and c)Application of Clean Spectral Analysis to hydrochemical data : Case studies from two lakes, Greece.

Darbo „Duomenų kompiuterinės statistinės analizės technologijos“ tikslas – išanalizuoti ir palyginti įvairių populiarių statistinių paketų galimybes bei pateikti rekomendacijas vartotojui. Šiame darbe buvo išanalizuoti SPSS 8.0 for Windows, STATISTICA 7 ir Minitab 15 English statistiniai paketai. Atlikti statistiniai skaičiavimai su anketos „Apie tai, kaip tu gyveni“ duomenimis, panaudojant minėtus statistinius paketus. Įvertintos šių statistinių paketų galimybės. Sudarytos statistinių paketų lyginamosios analizės lentelės. Pateiktos rekomendacijos vartotojui, padedančios jam pagrįstai pasirinkti tinkamiausią statistinį paketą, atsižvelgiant į vartotojo poreikius ir galimybes. Statistiniam paketui STATISTICA 7 sukurtos dvi makrokomandos, panaudojant šiame pakete integruotą VISUAL BASIC programavimo kalbą. Pirmoji makrokomanda skaičiuoja tiriamųjų anketų užpildymo baigtumo laipsnius. Antroji makrokomanda filtruoja pasirinkto kintamojo duomenis pagal pasirinktą kriterijų. Darbas inovatyvus tuo, kad sukurtos dvi makrokomandos, praplečiančios statistinio paketo STATISTICA 7 galimybes. / The aim of work “The technologies of computer-based statistical analysis of data”- to analyse and to compare the potentials of various popular statistical packages and to propose the recommendations for the consumer. In this work there were analysed SPSS 8.0 For Windows, STATISTICA 7 and Minitab 15 English statistical packages. Using these mentioned packages there were accomplished statistical calculations according to the questionnaire “About that, how do you live” data. There were assessed the potentials of these statistical packages. There were composed the charts of comparative analysis of the statistical packages. Recommendations were given for the consumer, helping him to pick reasonably the best statistical package, considering consumer’s requirements and possibilities. For the statistical package STATISTICA 7 there were created two macros, using VISUAL BASIC computerese integrated in this package. The first macro calculates the completeness degrees of the investigative questionnaires filling. The second macro filters the data of chosen variable according to the chosen criterion. This work is innovative that there were created two macros, extending potentials of statistical package STATISTICA 7.