Master of Science / Department of Journalism and Mass Communications / Louise Benjamin / In 2013, creating a 57-second video can lead to more than $150,000 in profit for the creator and the creator can be anyone. This money-making opportunity comes from a recent popular trend known as a “viral video,” defined as a phenomenon of a video becoming highly popular through rapid, user-led distribution via the internet. However, research has not determined a clear model for creating a non-professional viral video. Interviews and YouTube analytics revealed how the video “I’m Farming and I Grow It,” a non-professional video created by three Kansas boys, was spread. Using the theories Uses and Gratifications and Two-Step Flow, this case study then analyzed the comments posted on the viral video and a content analysis of the comments identified the key factors mentioned by users, which contributed to the videos’ millions of views. The results conclude the key components for making a non-professional video go viral are “opinion leaders” spreading the message and video content that elicits positive feelings such as joy, humor, or praise. This study also provides a model to help a non-professional video go viral based on previous research and this case study.

The majority of previous research investigating the role of vision in controlling adaptive gait has predominantly focused on over-ground walking or obstacle negotiation. Thus there is a paucity of literature investigating visuomotor control of step descent. This thesis addressed the importance of the lower visual field (lvf) in regulating step descent landing control, and determined when visual feedback is typically used in regulating landing control prior to/during step descent. When step descents were completed from a stationary starting position, with the lvf occluded or degraded, participants adapted their stepping strategy in a manner consistent with being uncertain regarding the precise location of the foot/lower leg relative to the floor. However, these changes in landing control under conditions of lvf occlusion were made without fundamentally altering stepping strategy. This suggests that participants were able to plan the general stepping strategy when only upper visual field cues were available. When lvf was occluded from either 2 or 1 step(s) prior to descending a step during on-going gait, stepping strategy was only affected when the lvf was occluded in the penultimate step. Findings suggest that lvf cues are acquired in the penultimate step/few seconds prior to descent and provide exproprioceptive information of the foot/lower leg relative to the floor which ensures landing is regulated with increased certainty. Findings also highlight the subtle role of online vision used in the latter portion of step descent to 'fine tune' landing control.

La famille a fortement évolué ces dernières décennies. Aux côtés de la famille traditionnelle, les schémas familiaux, devenus multiples, ont bouleversé l’équilibre juridique tel que prévu par le Code civil de 1804. Toutefois, l’enfant demeure au cœur de ces familles, car aujourd’hui plus que jamais, l’enfant fait famille. Si au fil des siècles la protection légale de l’enfant commun s’est renforcée pour aujourd’hui atteindre un niveau efficient, l’augmentation du nombre de familles recomposées souligne les insuffisances de la loi quant à la protection des intérêts de l’enfant non commun. L’absence de lien de filiation entre le beau-parent et son bel-enfant peut se traduire par une atteinte à ses intérêts patrimoniaux. Sont appréhendés dans ces travaux les deux volets de la protection des intérêts patrimoniaux de l’enfant non commun : la protection imposée au couple recomposé et la protection souhaitée par le couple recomposé dans l’esprit d’une meilleure intégration de l’enfant non commun. Ainsi, de lege lata, quels sont les mécanismes de protection des intérêts patrimoniaux de l’enfant non commun ? Et quels seraient, de lege ferenda, les outils nécessaires pour une meilleure prise en compte de ses intérêts ? Le législateur doit-il intervenir, ou laisser la place à une plus grande contractualisation en droit de la famille ? / The concept of family has deeply changed over the last decades. Along with the idea of a traditional family, and the different family patterns that have multiplied over the years, these new entities have radically modified the legal structure that the 1804 Civil Code had built. However, children still remain at the heart of the concept of family because, more than ever before, they concretely make family. If the child’s legal condition has been reinforced over the past centuries so as to be fully operational now, the ongoing rise of step families and reconstituted families highlight the lack of legal regime regarding a child’s situation coming from one of these two kind of families. The absence of direct line of descent between the step father and his step child can lead to potential troubles to his legacy. In this paper, two aspects regarding the safety of a child’s legacy coming from non-traditional family schemes will be tackled: the legal regime enforced for reconstituted families, and the legal regime that this same type of family would desire to benefit from for the sake of their step child. Thus, de lege data, what are the main mechanisms enforcing the legal regime tackling the child’s legacy from a non-traditional family? And what would be, de lege ferenda, the required tools so as to perform a better comprehensive analysis of what his legacy requires in this specific scheme? Should the legislator interfere more or allow a wider development of contracts law for family matters?

This thesis focuses on the history, current state, and conservation of butterfly diversity in the Submediterranean grasslands and Palaearctic steppes. The thesis is introduced with the summary of Cenozoic history of the steppe biome in Eurasia. Then it consists of three studies. The first study describes butterfly communities and microhabitat selection of a steppe specialist butterfly Proterebia afra in two relic grassland areas in the Balkans. Based on genetic markers and samples covering the whole distribution ranges, the second and third studies assess the phylogeography of two steppe butterflies, P. afra and Pseudophilotes bavius, distributed in the Irano-Anatolian region, the Balkans, as well as the northern Palaearctic steppes.

1 H. Summary The Users' Rights in the Information Society Dissertation thesis "The Users' Rights in the Information Society" focuses on the copyright exceptions and limitations (hereinafter referred to as copyright limitations) as an area which, in addition to the licensed use, affects users of copyrighted works in the most direct way. The term "users" is understood in the concept of this work, in accordance with foreign and Czech scientific literature, in a broad sense, covering also consumers of copyrighted works or users of digital content on the Internet. In the context of copyright limitations users are allowed to use copyrighted works on a non-contractual basis, without the consent of the author, either for free or in the form of a paid statutory license. Copyright limitations include a wide range of uses reaching from the quotations through the use for a private purpose to the so-called news reporting and governmental statutory limitations. The concept of users' rights (despite - as seen from a certain angle - its actual existence) has not been so far defined in the legal literature in a consistent manner. However it attracts an exceptional academic attention for its conceptual and strategic importance. The concept of users' rights represents - rather than a framework of real subjective rights - a...

Detta arbete beskriver förarbete och konstruktion av en stegmatare som sorterar och orienterar vevstakar för en takttid på tio sekunder. Industrier är ofta beroende av materialhanteringsutrustning där olika processer säkerställer någon form av sortering eller orientering, vilket styrker arbetets relevans. Detta har skett genom att dela in maskinen i två huvudfunktioner; trappfunktionen, som försorterar och transporterar vevstakarna vidare till andra huvudfunktionen; orienteringsfunktionen, där orienteringen sker. Genom att tillämpa metoder inom; konstruktion & tillverkning, feleffektsanalys och programvaror för materialdatabashantering, datastödd design, samt numerisk hållfasthetsanalys kunde en konstruktion utformas som speglar de aspekter som kännetecknar en genomtänkt produkt. Sju olika designmetoder användes för att generera och utvärdera idéer i flera itererande steg. Tio undersökande experiment utfördes som ytterligare utvärdering av koncept samt underlag för vidare beräkningar och slutsatser. Utformningen av stegmataren resulterade i en enkelverkande lutande trapp med två rörliga trappsteg och ett statiskt mellan dem för överföring. En enkelmatning efter trappen i form av ett “skovelhjul” säkerställer att vevstakarna levereras en-och-en till orienteringsfunktionen samtidigt som den garanterar takttiden. En orienteringsfunktion bestående av ett “rullband” som med hjälp av friktion och tyngdpunktsförskjutning orienterar vevstakarna med vevänden först. Slutligen studerades tre kritiska områden i konstruktionen för vidare analys med finita element-metoden med godkända resultat. Samtliga mål för projektet uppnåddes, exempelvis har stegmataren färre unika komponenter än befintliga lösningar. Ambitionen var att utforma stegmataren med en låg grad av komplexitet och utan sensorer har genomsyrat hela projektet, vilket även har uppnåtts. / This work describes the preparatory work and construction of a step feeder that sorts and orients connecting rods in a cycle time of ten seconds. Industries are often dependent of different material handling operations which assures a specific material orientation, which validates the importance of this work. This has been done by dividing the machine into two main functions; Stair case-function, which pre-sorts and transports the connecting rods further to the second function, the orientation- function where the orientation is performed. By using methods such as; design for manufacture & assembly, failure mode & effects analysis and softwares for material database handling, computer aided design and numerical strength analysis a construction could be formulated which reflects the aspects that characterize a well-planned product. Seven different design-methods were used in order to generate and evaluate ideas in several iterated steps. Ten investigative experiments were conducted as an additional evaluation of concepts and as a basis for further calculations and conclusions. The formulation of the step feeder resulted in a single-acting stair with two moving stairs and a static between them for transfer. A single-feeder after the staircase in the shape of a “paddle wheel” ensures that the connection rods are delivered one-by-one to the orientation-function while also ensuring the cycle time. An orientation-function consisting of a “conveyor“ that with the aid of friction and an offset of the center of gravity orients the connecting rods with the crankshaft-end first. Lastly were three critical areas in the construction further examined with finite element method with passing results. All objectives for the project were achieved, the step feeder have for instance fewer unique components than existing solutions. The ambition was to design the step feeder with a low grade of complexity and without sensors have permeated throughout the entire project, which also was achieved.

Atualmente o mundo vem passando por algumas mudanças climáticas, sendo que um dos fatores que contribuem para essas mudanças é o aumento da emissão de gases de efeito estufa, principalmente o CO2. Uma das fontes de CO2 é a queima de combustíveis fósseis. A combustão do carvão para produção de energia, além de emitir gases de efeito estufa, gera uma grande quantidade de cinzas. A utilização das cinzas de carvão para síntese de zeólitas de alta pureza e utilização dessas zeólitas para a adsorção do CO2 pode ser uma estratégia interessante para mitigar a problemática da gestão de resíduos e da emissão de gases. O objetivo deste trabalho foi sintetizar e caracterizar zeólitas tipo Na-A de elevada pureza a partir de cinzas de carvão e avaliar sua aplicação como material adsorvente de CO2. As amostras de três tipos de cinzas de carvão (cinzas manga, cinzas ciclone e cinzas pesadas) foram coletadas na usina termelétrica de Figueira-PR. O tempo total do processo de síntese pelo método de duas etapas foi otimizado. As seguintes características dos produtos de síntese foram determinadas: composição mineralógica, composição química, morfologia, grupos funcionais e capacidade de troca iônica. Os produtos de síntese apresentaram relação SiO2/Al2O3 de 1,2 e uma relação de aproximadamente 80% de zeólita do tipo Na-A. As zeólitas foram usadas como material adsorvente de gás carbônico apresentando capacidade de adsorção entre 492 a 655 mg/g. A maior capacidade de adsorção foi obtida com a zeólita sintetizada a partir das cinzas pesadas. As zeólitas saturadas mostraram-se estáveis em temperatura ambiente e a dessorção do CO2 ocorreu entre 140-150 °C. / Currently the world is undergoing some climate change, one of the factors that contribute to these changes is the increase in greenhouse gas emissions, especially CO2. One of the sources of CO2 is the burning of fossil fuels. The combustion of mineral coal for energy production, in addition to emitting greenhouse gases, generates a large amount of ash. The use of coal ash for the synthesis of zeolites and the use of these zeolites for the adsorption of CO2 can be an interesting strategy to mitigate the problems of waste management and the emission of gases. The objective of this work was to synthesize and characterize high purity Na-A zeolite from coal ash and evaluate its application as a CO2 adsorbing material. Samples of three types of coal ash (fly ash, cyclone ashes and heavy ash) were collected at the Figueira-PR thermoelectric plant. The total time of the synthesis process by the two-step method was optimized. The following characteristics of the synthesis products were determined: mineralogical composition, chemical composition, morphology, functional groups and ion exchange capacity. The products synthesized presented a SiO2 / Al2O3 ratio of 1,2 and approximately 80% Na-A zeolite content. Zeolites were used as adsorbent material of CO2 having adsorption capacity between 492 and 655 mg / g. The higher adsorption capacity was obtained with the zeolite synthesized from the heavy ashes. The saturated zeolites were stable at room temperature and CO2 desorption occurred between 140-150 °C.

SOUZA, R. M. \\Estatstica em Bioequivaência: Garantia na qualidade do medicamento generico\". 2008. 42 f Dissertação (Mestrado em Saude na Comunidade) Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir~ao Preto - USP Como alternativa aos medicamentos de uso humano de grande circulação no mercado brasileiro foram regulamentados os medicamentos genericos, conforme a Lei dos genericos no 9787/99, que evidenciaram os estudos de bioequivalência e biodisponibilidade no Brasil com o objetivo de avaliar a bioequivalência das formulações genericas, tomando-se como referências os medicamentos ja existentes no mercado e com eficacia comprovada. Duas formulações de um mesmo medicamento são consideradas bioequivalentes se suas biodisponibilidades não apresentam evidências de diferenças signicativas segundo limites clinicamente especificados, denominados limites de bioequivalência. Os estudos de bioequivalência são realizados mediante a administração de duas formulações, sendo que uma esta em teste e a outra e a referência, em um numero de voluntários previamente denidos, usando-se um planejamento experimental, na maioria das vêzes do tipo crossover. Apos a retirada de sucessivas amostras sanguíneas ou urinárias em tempos pre-determinados, estudam-se alguns parâmetros farmacocinéticos como area sob a curva de concentrac~ao, concentrac~ao maxima do farmaco e tempo em que a concentração ao maxima ocorre. Esta dissertação de mestrado introduz alguns conceitos basicos de bioequivalênncia para, logo em seguida, apresentar analises Bayesianas para medidas de bioequivalência tanto univariada como multivariada assumindo a distribuição ao normal multivariada para os dados e também a distribuição de Student multivariada. Uma aplicação a de exemplicar o que foi introduzido e apresentada e, para o conjunto de dados em estudo têm, por meio de criterios de seleção ao de modelos, evidências favoraveis a escolha dos modelos multivariados para a condução deste estudo de bioequivalência media. / SOUZA, R. M. \\Statistics on Bioequivalence: Guarantee in quality of generic drug\". 2008. 42 s Dissertation (Master Degree) Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir~ao Preto - USP As an alternative to medicines for human use of great movement in Brazil, the use of generic medicines were regulated, according to the law of the generic no 9787/99, which establish the studies of bioavailability and bioequivalence in Brazil in order to evaluate bioequivalence of generic formulations, considering as reference existing medicinal products, with proved ecacy. Two formulations of the same drug are considered bioequivalents if your bioavailability do not present evidence of signicant dierences according to clinically specied limits known as bioequivalence limits. Bioequivalence studies are carried out by the administration of two formulations (one is in test and the other one is the reference) in a pre-dened number of volunteers using an experimental plan that is often the crossover one. After the withdrawn of successive blood or urinary samples in predetermined intervals, some pharmacokinetic parameters were studied, such as area under concentration curve, maximum concentration of drug and time that the maximum concentration occurs. This dissertation introduces some basic concepts of bioequivalence and following that, it is presented Bayesian analysis for both as univariate and as multivariate bioequivalence measures assuming the multivariate normal distribution for the data and also the distribution of multivariate t student distribution. An application in order to illustrate what was introduced is presented in this work, and by using means of selection criteria of models, it was observed that for all data on study, there were evidences that lead to choose the multivariates models in order to conduct this study of average bioequivalence.

Os equinos são animais muitas vezes utilizados para práticas esportivas sendo assim o sistema músculo esquelético o mais importante dentro da prática da Medicina Veterinária nestes animais. As claudicações decorrentes de esforços físicos excessivos ou repetidos somados às deficiências de aprumos e nutrição inadedequadas apresentam uma importância econômica bastante relevante na equinocultura mundial. Diversos esforços tem sido realizados na tentativa de aperfeiçoar o exame tradicional de claudicação. Métodos objetivos, por avaliações cinéticas e cinemáticas, apresentam a vantagem de serem mais precisos, possibilitarem comprovação científica dos achados clínicos e eliminam o viés de interpretação por parte do examinador. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a utilização da acelerometria na determinação dos tempos de apoio, tempos de suspensão e tempo total das passadas de equinos ao trote (3,5 m/seg.) em esteira de alta velocidade. Cinco equinos adultos (10 a 20 anos de idade) da raça Puro Sangue Árabe foram instrumentados com um acelerômetro triaxial na região dorsal dos cascos dos membros anteriores. Foram analisadas 120 passadas de cada membro para determinação dos tempos de apoio, suspensão e totais e foram calculadas as diferenças estatísticas entre os tempos dos mesmos membros, entre os membros direito e esquerdo do mesmo animal e entre os animais. Todos os valores obtidos dos mesmos membros foram estatisticamente semelhantes em todos os animais (variância &le; a 0,0087 seg.). Os tempos de apoio entre os membros direito e esquerdo foram diferente estatisticamente em 3 animais, os tempos de suspensão em 1 animal, e os tempos totais não diferiram em nenhum animal, porém esta variação encontrou-se em milésimos de segundo. Quando realizada a comparação entre os animais, houve diferença estatística em todos os valores mensurados, utilizando para p <0,05. Podemos concluir que a utilização da acelerometria foi eficiente na obtenção dos tempos de apoio, de suspensão e tempos da passada no modelo proposto e que as diferenças estatísticas encontradas em alguns resultados possivelmente não apresentam significância na aplicabilidade clínica sugerida. Estudos futuros com a utilização de animais claudicantes e grupo controle são necessárias para validação da utilização do método para exames de claudicação e controles de tratamentos. / Horses are animals usually used for sports, so the locomotor system plays the most important role in the equine veterinary medicine practice. Lameness resulting from excessive or repetitive physical efforts, plus conformation defects, nutrition and training represents a relevant economical amount in the global equineculture. Many efforts have been made to try improving the traditional lameness exam. Objective methods, like kinetic and kinematics evaluations, shows advantages such a precision, possibility of scientific evidences of clinical findings and elimination of observer interpretation bias. The present study has the objective to evaluate the utilization of acceletometry in the determination of stance phase, swing phase and total time of steps of horses trotting (3,5 m/s) on high speed treadmill. Five adult horses (10 -20 years old) Arabs were instrumented with a triaxial accelerometer in the dorsal aspect of forelimb hooves. It was analyzed 120 steps for each limb to determine the stance, swing phases and total time of steps and the statistical differences between the same limb, between the right and left limb of the same horse and between horses were calculated. All values obtained from the same limb were statistically similar in all horses (variance &le; 0,0087 sec.). The stance phase time between right and left forelimbs were statistically different in 3 horses, the swing phase time were different in 1 horse and the total time was not different in all horses; nevertheless the variation was found in thousandth of a second. When compared the values between the horses, there was statistical difference in all measured values, considering p <0, 05. We could conclude that the utilization of accelerometry was capable to obtain the stance phase, swing phase and total time of steps in the proposed model and the statistical differences founded in some results possible do not represent significance in the clinical applicability. Future researches utilizing lame horses and control groups are necessary to validate the utilization the method for lameness examination and treatment controls.

Reliable cost estimation is important for economic production, cost control and maintaining competitive advantage in manufacturing contract bidding. Therefore, estimating the manufacturing cost of a machined part is of critical importance in CNC manufacture. Computers aided systems the link to manufacturers CAD systems and databases have been used since the 1980’s to identify product cost and enable a company to evaluate resource utilisation. While the concept of an integrated costing system has made significant advances in integrating the design function with the cost estimation process, there are still major gaps in acquisition and application of detailed product data for generation of timely and reliable costing information feedback to engineers. Integrated costing systems are information intensive and require significant manufacturing data support. A major obstacle is the bespoke nature of the available cost relevant data and their storage in company specific database tailored to individual company practices. Thus there is need to consider standardisation of information from the design of component through to their process planning and manufacture. This will allow seamless exchange of detailed, cost relevant, information between other computers aided systems and costing systems to facilitate automatic and reliable cost information feedback. In this research a novel framework is specified and designed for enabling detailed product information that exists across CNC manufacturing, to be utilised for generation of reliable cost estimates. The standards based costing proposed in this thesis framework facilitates high-level integration of various CAx resources and increases the availability of product creation process (PCP) data that are applicable in costing process. A prototype implementation of the unified costing framework is utilised to demonstrate the capabilities of the framework. The demonstration is conducted using two industrially inspired prismatic test components where the components machining cycles were timed with a stop watch and the actual result compared with the prototype system estimated result to determine its reliability. The research shows that implementation of manufacturing standard that contain structured representation PCP information together with an effective data retrieval mechanism and computational algorithms can provide a standard compliant framework to realise an information rich (detailed) costing system. The potential of the proposed framework is not limited to enabling the use of detailed information that exist within manufacturing facility to generate cost information; it also provides a standard compliant approach for the development of future generations of costing systems.