Os planos de stock options designam uma forma de remuneração flexível que oferta opções de compra de ações a trabalhadores. Essas opções caucionam o direito de escolher se se compra, ou não, um determinado bloco de ações da empregadora, ou de uma empresa do grupo econômico a que ela pertença, pelo preço que tais ações possuíam, quando o plano foi proposto, o qual, em regra, é consideravelmente inferior ao valor que o mercado atribui às mesmas ações, no momento do exercício da opção. Fruto do atual estágio de desenvolvimento econômico, os planos de stock options buscam alinhar interesses entre trabalhadores e acionistas, direcionando os esforços de ambas as partes, no sentido de valorizar a companhia e, em contrapartida, todos os atores envolvidos no sucesso empresarial compartilham os resultados desse empenho conjunto. Assim, os mencionados planos apresentam-se tanto como uma forma de remunerar, fidelizar e motivar trabalhadores; quanto como um mecanismo voltado a aumentar a produtividade da empresa e reduzir os custos da produção. Essa ambivalência é alcançada em razão de o ativo econômico dado ao trabalhador, como contraprestação pelo trabalho executado, ser lastreado por ações da companhia. A questão central desta dissertação é desvendar a natureza jurídica das opções de compra de ações a trabalhadores. Para tanto, analisam-se: (i) as opções de compra de ações existentes no mercado de capitais, diferenciando-as das ações que as lastreiam; (ii) a estrutura dos planos de stock options; e (iii) a compatibilidade entre as opções de compra de ações oriundas de planos de stock options e os caracteres essenciais a toda prestação salarial. Com esse subsídio, é possível demonstrar que os argumentos reiteradamente utilizados para fundamentar a exclusão da natureza salarial das opções remuneratórias decorrem da confusão que se faz entre os valores mobiliários opções de compra de ações e as ações subjacentes a essas opções. Por fim, pode-se concluir que a natureza jurídica das opções de compra de ações ofertadas a empregados é salarial, uma vez que elas são dadas gratuitamente pelo empregador, como uma retribuição pelo contrato de trabalho, sem vulnerar o salário do trabalhador a riscos distintos daqueles inerentes a toda remuneração flexível. / The stock options plans are a kind of flexible compensation that offers stock options to the employees. These options ensure the right of the employee to choose whether to buy or not buy a delimited block of shares issued by the company that he works for, or by another company that belongs to the same economic group of the employer company, at the price that such shares had when the plan was proposed to the employee, which price is, in general, considerably lower than the value that the stock market assigns to the same shares at the moment of the strike of the option by the employee. Result of the current stage of economic development, the stock options plans seek to equalize the interests between employees and shareholders, directing the efforts of both parties towards the valorization of the company and, in return, all actors involved in the success of the company share the results of this joint commitment. Thus, these plans emerge as a way to compensate, to ensure the loyalty and to motivate the employees and also as a mechanism to increase the company\'s productivity and to reduce production costs. This ambivalence is achieved due to fact that the economic asset given to the employee as compensation for the work performed is backed by the company\'s shares. The central question of this dissertation is to reveal the legal nature of the employees` stock options. For that purpose, this dissertation analyzes: (i) the stock options existing in the capital market, distinguishing them from the shares that underlie such options; (ii) the structure of the stock option plans; and (iii) the compatibility between stock options arising from stock option plans and the essential elements of any salary compensation. With this subsidy, it can be demonstrated that the arguments repeatedly used to justify that the stock options do not have the legal nature of salary originate from the confusion that is made between the securities stock options and the shares that underlie such options. Finally, it can be concluded that the stock options offered to employees have the legal nature of salary, once they are given for free by the employer, as a retribution for the employment contract, without exposing the employee\'s salary to risks distinct from those inherent to any flexible compensation.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’étude des rachats d’actions propres en France. Le cadre institutionnel et théorique de ces opérations fait l’objet de la première partie. La seconde partie étudie les annonces des programmes de rachats et les rachats effectifs réalisés en vertu de ces programmes. Les résultats empiriques montrent, dans un premier temps, que la réaction du marché à l’annonce d’un programme de rachat et l’évolution des cours durant la période qui suit cet événement sont favorables. Ils révèlent, dans un second temps, qu’un taux de rendement en dividende élevé, un niveau de free cash-flow important et une évolution défavorable des cours avant l’annonce sont les principaux facteurs qui conduisent les entreprises à procéder effectivement à des rachats d’actions propres. Dans un troisième temps, nous trouvons que le développement récent des plans de stock-options est également une des explications du recours accru des entreprises françaises aux rachats. Enfin, la troisième partie s’intéresse aux offres publiques de rachat d’actions. Au vu des résultats, la réaction à l’annonce d’une offre est positive. En outre, elle est plus favorable que celle associée aux annonces des programmes de rachat. / Résumé anglais non transmis par le doctorant

Employee share options and Black Economic Empowerment deals are financial instruments found in the South African market. Employee share options (ESOs) are issued as a form of non-cash compensation to the employees of the company in addition to their salaries or bonuses. Its value is linked to the share price and since there is no downside risk for the employee his share option is similar to owning a call option on the stock of his employer. Black economic empowerment (BEE) deals in this report refer to those types of transactions structured by listed South African companies to facilitate the transfer of a portion of their ordinary issued share capital to South African individuals or groups who qualify under the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act of 2003 (“the Act”). This Act requires a minimum percentage of the company to be black-owned in order to address the disproportionate distribution of wealth amongst racial groups in South Africa due to the legacy of Apartheid. These transactions are usually structured in such a way to allow the BEE partner to participate in the upside of the share price beyond a certain level but not in the downside which replicates a call option on the share price of the issuing company. The cost of both ESOs and BEE deals has to be accounted for on the balance sheet of the issuing company at its fair-value. Neither of these instruments can be traded and their extended option lifetimes are features that distinguish these deals significantly from regular traded options for which liquid markets exist. This makes pricing them a non-trivial exercise. A number of types of mathematical models have been developed to take the unique structure features into account to price them as accurately as possible. Research by Huddart&Lang (1995&1996) has shown that option holders often exercise their vested options long before the maturity of the transactions but are unable to quantify a measure that can be used. The wide variety of factors influencing option holders (recent stock price movements, market-to-strike ratio, proximity of vesting dates, time to maturity, share price volatility and wealth of option holder) as well as little exercise data publicly available prevents the options from being priced in a consistent manner. Various assumptions regarding the exercise behaviour of option holders are used that are not based on empirical observations even though the option prices are sensitive to this input. This dissertation provides an overview of the models, inputs and exercise behaviour assumptions that are recognized in pricing both ESOs and BEE deals under IFRS 2 in South Africa. This puts the reader in a position to evaluate all pricing aspects of these deals. Furthermore, their structuring are also analysed in order to identify the general issues related to them. A number of methods to manage the pricing issue surrounding exercise behaviour on ESOs have been considered for the South African market. The ESO Upper Bound-methodology showed that for each strike there is a threshold at which exercise will occur and the employee can invest the after-tax proceeds in a diversified portfolio with a higher expected return than that of the single equity option. This approach reduces the standard Black-Scholes option value without relying on assumptions about the employee’s exercise behaviour and is a viable alternative for the South African market. The derived option value represents the cost of the option. Seven large listed companies’ BEE transactions are dissected and compared against one another using the fair-value of the transaction as a percentage of the market capitalization of the company. The author shows how this measure is a more equitable way of assigning BEE credits to companies than the current practice which is shareholding-based. The current approach does not reward the effort (read cost) that a company has undertaken to transfer shares to black South Africans but only focuses on the amount that is finally owned by the BEE participants. This leaves the transaction vulnerable to a volatile share price and leads to transactions with extended lock-in periods that do not provide much economic benefit to the BEE participants for many years. Other inefficiencies in the type of BEE transactions that have emerged in reaction to the BEE codes that have been published by the South African government are also considered. Finally the funding model that is often used to facilitate these deals is assessed and the risks involved for the funder (bank) is reflected on. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Mathematics and Applied Mathematics / unrestricted

<p>We investigate some simulation-based approaches for the valuing of the employee stock options. The mathematical models that deal with valuation of such options include the work of Jennergren and Naeslund [L.P Jennergren and B. Naeslund, A comment on valuation of executive stock options and the FASB proposal, Accounting Review 68 (1993) 179-183]. They used the Black and Scholes [F. Black and M. Scholes, The pricing of options and corporate liabilities, Journal of Political Economy 81(1973) 637-659] and extended partial differential equation for an option that includes the early exercise. Some other major relevant works to this mini thesis are Hemmer et al. [T Hemmer, S. Matsunaga and T Shevlin, The influence of risk diversification on the early exercise of employee stock options by executive officers, Journal of Accounting and Economics 21(1) (1996) 45-68] and Baril et al. [C. Baril, L. Betancourt, J. Briggs, Valuing employee stock options under SFAS 123 R using the Black-Scholes-Merton and lattice model approaches, Journal of Accounting Education 25 (1-2) (2007) 88-101]. The underlying assets are studied under the GARCH (generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity) effects. Particular emphasis is made on the American style employee stock options.</p>

<p>We investigate some simulation-based approaches for the valuing of the employee stock options. The mathematical models that deal with valuation of such options include the work of Jennergren and Naeslund [L.P Jennergren and B. Naeslund, A comment on valuation of executive stock options and the FASB proposal, Accounting Review 68 (1993) 179-183]. They used the Black and Scholes [F. Black and M. Scholes, The pricing of options and corporate liabilities, Journal of Political Economy 81(1973) 637-659] and extended partial differential equation for an option that includes the early exercise. Some other major relevant works to this mini thesis are Hemmer et al. [T Hemmer, S. Matsunaga and T Shevlin, The influence of risk diversification on the early exercise of employee stock options by executive officers, Journal of Accounting and Economics 21(1) (1996) 45-68] and Baril et al. [C. Baril, L. Betancourt, J. Briggs, Valuing employee stock options under SFAS 123 R using the Black-Scholes-Merton and lattice model approaches, Journal of Accounting Education 25 (1-2) (2007) 88-101]. The underlying assets are studied under the GARCH (generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity) effects. Particular emphasis is made on the American style employee stock options.</p>

本研究以2002年至2007年曾發行員工認股權之國內上市(櫃)公司為研究樣本，首先從公司特性及股權結構之觀點，分析公司選擇發行員工認股權之決定性因素。此外，本研究進一步以績效調整後之盈餘管理幅度為應變數，從員工認股權佔總獎酬之重要程度，探討員工認股權、公司治理特性與盈餘管理之關聯性。 實證結果顯示，在公司發行員工認股權之決定性因素方面，公司成長機會、人力資源貢獻度、員工股票分紅比率與公司發行員工認股權之可能性呈顯著正向關係，而自由現金流量、股權結構綜合指標則與公司發行員工認股權之可能性呈顯著負向關係。在探討員工認股權、公司治理特性與盈餘管之關聯性方面，員工認股權佔總獎酬之比例與盈餘管理幅度呈顯著正向關係，而公司治理特性綜合指標則與盈餘管理幅度呈顯著負向關係。 / Based on a sample of Taiwanese companies has been issued employee stock option listed in Taiwan Securities Exchange over the period of 2002-2007. First, this thesis analyses the determinant of the company issued employee stock options of the company characteristics and ownership structure. Second, uses the performance matched discretionary accruals and the employee stock option of the total compensation to explore the impacts of employee stock options and corporate governance characteristics on the earnings management. The empirical results show that in the determinant of the company issued employee stock options, the company's growth opportunities, the contribution of human resources, employee stock bonus to total bonus and the possibility of issued employee stock options was a significant positive relationship, and free cash flow, ownership structure composite indicator the possibility of issued employee stock options was a significant negative to the relationship. In the impacts of employee stock options and corporate governance characteristics on the earnings management, the employee stock option of total compensation and earnings management was a significant positive relationship. The corporate governance and earnings management was a significant negative relationship.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-11-09T10:25:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ellen Nakayama.pdf: 1820329 bytes, checksum: c56354f5064fb3c4115f6f05baee03b2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-09T10:25:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ellen Nakayama.pdf: 1820329 bytes, checksum: c56354f5064fb3c4115f6f05baee03b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-13 / This paperwork is a theorectical study regarding the possibility of Brazilian social security contribution levy on stock options’ plans offered by the companies to their employees, considering the matrix-rule of tax incidence, the social security system’ finance and labor law concepts, which were crucial to define the legal nature of it and to analyse doctrine and former court decision rendered in scope of Labor Law and Tax Law / O presente trabalho consiste em um estudo teórico acerca da possível incidência de contribuição social sobre a folha de salários e demais rendimentos do trabalho (contribuição previdenciária patronal) na outorga de opções de ação pelas companhias aos seus empregados, considerando a regra-matriz de incidência tributária, o sistema de financiamento da seguridade social e conceitos advindos do direito trabalhista, que foram determinantes para se definir a natureza jurídica do instituto e analisar a doutrina e a jurisprudência em âmbito trabalhista e tributário

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T19:14:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A remuneração executiva por meio de Opções de Ações tem sido considerada um mecanismo capaz de alinhar os interesses dos gestores aos objetivos de longo prazo dos acionistas. Entretanto, estudos têm investigado possíveis problemas associados ao seu uso, corroborando a idéia de que a remuneração executiva não é apenas um mecanismo de incentivo, mas também parte do problema de agência em si. As fraudes contábeis ocorridas no mercado norte-americano geraram ainda maior cautela quanto à sua utilização e, internacionalmente, refletiram-se no aumento do número de requisitos para a divulgação desses planos. Entre os anos de 2006 e 2007 cresceu significativamente o número de empresas listadas no Brasil que passaram a utilizar planos de Opções de Ações para remunerar seus executivos, mas a regulamentação da divulgação de informações ou evidenciação (disclosure) desses planos não acompanhou tal crescimento. Até o final do ano de 2007, apenas o Ofício-Circular nº 01/2007 da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM) identifi / Executive compensation through Stock Options has been considered a mechanism capable of aligning the interests of managers and the long-term objectives of shareholders. Nevertheless, studies into possible problems associated with the use of stock options in executive compensation have corroborated the idea that executive compensation is not merely an incentive mechanism, but also part of the agency problem in itself. The accounting frauds that have occurred in the North-American market have produced even greater caution in relation to its use and, internationally, this is reflected an increase in the number of demands for disclosure of such plans. Between the years 2006 and 2007 the number of listed companies in Brazil that used Stock Options plans to compensate their executives grew significantly, but the regulations regarding the disclosure of such plans failed to accompany that growth. Until the end of 2007, only Notification nr. 01/2007 from the Brazilian Securities Exchange Commission (Comissão de Val

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Rogerio da Silva.pdf: 444221 bytes, checksum: 93a299afd8c6e16987e2b9cb06ea71f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-28 / This study examines the involvement of funds of Venture Capital and Private Equity and the widespread use of stock options in IPOs (Initial Public Offering) in Brazil. The Agency theory, developed by Jensen and Meckling (1976), argues that the tools of controlling and incentive can behave as a complement of one another. Several studies conducted abroad and in Brazil analyzed the impact of monitoring funds of PE / VC of the performance of IPOs, however the literature is still scarce aimed at analyzing the strategies of incentives through stock options (ISOs) as a strategy of reducing the agency conflict. This study seeks to fill the gap found in Brazilian literature, analyzing the involvement of funds of VC / PE and generalization of incentive plans via stock options (ISOs) interact to predict the performance of IPOs in Brazil. The results suggest that companies backed by venture capital funds and private equity are more likely to use the widespread use of stock options for all employees. The results also suggest that companies backed by funds from Venture Capital and Private Equity have a CAR (Cumulative Abnormal Return) higher than companies that aren´t backed for this type of fund. / Este estudo analisa o envolvimento de fundos de Venture Capital e Private Equity e o uso generalizado de Stock Options nos IPOs (Oferta Publica Inicial) no Brasil. A teoria de Agência, desenvolvida por Jensen e Meckling (1976), argumenta que as ferramentas de controle e de incentivo podem comportar-se como complemento uma da outra. Diversos estudos realizados no exterior e no Brasil analisaram o impacto do monitoramento dos fundos de PE/VC no desempenho dos IPOs, porem ainda é escassa a literatura voltada a analisar as estratégias de incentivos via opções de compra de ações (ISOs) como estratégia para a redução do conflito de agência. Este estudo procura preencher a lacuna encontrada na literatura Brasileira, analisando como o envolvimento de fundos de VC/PE e a generalização de planos de incentivo via opções de compra de ações (ISOs) interage para prever o desempenho dos IPOs no Brasil. Os resultados sugerem que as empresas apoiadas por fundos de Venture Capital e Private Equity apresentam maior probabilidade de utilização de uso generalizado de Stock Options para todos os funcionários. Os resultados também sugerem que as empresas apoiadas por fundos de Venture Capital e Private Equity apresentam um CAR (Retorno Excendente Acumulado) superior do que as empresas que não possuem participação deste tipo de fundo.

[pt] Na tentativa de melhor capturar fatos estilizados do comportamento dos preços de opções financeiras, em especial para tratar a questão do sorriso da volatilidade, modelos de volatilidade estocástica têm sido objeto de estudo em diversos mercados. Neste contexto, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar os modelos de volatilidade estocástica de Heston (1993), Bates (1996) e Double Heston (2009) junto ao método de Lewis (2000) para precificar opções de ações no mercado brasileiro de derivativos, caracterizados por serem de curto prazo. Para isto foram precificadas opções de compra da Petrobrás e Vale. Os modelos foram comparados de acordo com a qualidade do ajuste aos dados in-sample e a capacidade preditiva com dados out-of-sample. Ademais, buscou-se verificar a volatilidade implícita gerada por cada um dos modelos. Ao fim, identificou-se que considerar a volatilidade como estocástica, mesmo quando é descrita por apenas um processo estocástico, é a decisão mais importante a ser tomada a fim de melhorar o apreçamento das opções. Além disso, adicionar saltos a um modelo de volatilidade estocástica parece ser mais relevante do que adicionar um segundo processo estocástico para modelar a volatilidade na precificação de opções de curto prazo. / [en] In an attempt to better capture stylized facts about financial option prices behavior, especially to address the issue of volatility smile, stochastic volatility models have been the object of study in several markets. In this context, the main purpose of this work is to assess the stochastic volatility models of Heston (1993), Bates (1996) and Double Heston (2009) along with the Lewis method (2000) for stock option pricing in Brazilian derivative market, featured by being short-term. Therefore, Petrobrás and Vale s call options were priced. The models were compared according to the in-sample fit skill and the out-of-sample forecasting power. Furthermore, it was verified the implied volatility begot by each model. In the end, it was figured out that consider the volatility as stochastic even when it is described by only one stochastic process is the preeminent matter to do in order to improve option pricing. Plus, adding jumps in a stochastic volatility model seems to be more important than adding a second stochastic process to model the volatility in short-term option pricing.