Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Canterbury, 2006. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (p. 223-236). Also available via the World Wide Web.

This paper examines the short and long-term interdependencies between stock prices and dividends. I utilize firm level data from FTSE ALL SHARE from 1990-2014 and apply panel vector error correction model estimated with Engle & Grangers (1987) two-step procedure. The results show that there is a bi-directional long-term relationship between stock prices and dividends, i.e. an adjustment process is at work when a disequilibrium occurs. I also find a bi-directional short-term relationship. This paper also shows that Lintners model and the present value model are relevant frameworks in stock valuations.

We study the long-term performance of companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange that announced their intention to repurchase shares between the years of 2005 and 2013. We test the hypothesis that the market underreacts to share repurchase announcements and that repurchasing firms consequently outperform the market in the following years. We find that repurchasing firms yield a cumulative abnormal return of 15.76 percent, significant at the 1 percent level, over the four years following the announcement. To address the concern that microcaps may be driving the results, we also investigate the differences in abnormal returns between companies of different sizes. We form three portfolios based on market capitalization and find that the large, medium-sized and small companies yield 14.34 percent, 20.13 percent and 6.61 percent respectively. / Vi studerar den långsiktiga avvikelseavkastningen för företag noterade på Stockholmsbörsen som annonserat aktieåterköp mellan åren 2005 och 2013. Vi testar hypotesen att marknaden underreagerar på dessa annonseringar och att aktieåterköpande företag överpresterar marknaden de nästkommande åren. Vi finner att företag som återköper aktier ger en kumulativ abnormal avkastning på 15,76 %, signifikant på enprocentsnivån, under fyra år efter att företaget annonserat ett aktieåterköpsprogram. För att bemöta kritik mot tidigare anomaliforskning om att microcaps ofta snedvrider resultaten, undersöker vi skillnader i avvikelseavkastning mellan företag i olika storlek. Vi skapar tre portföljer baserat på företagens marknadsvärde och finner att stora, mellanstora och små företag genererar en kumulativ avvikelseavkastning på 14,34 %, 20,13 % samt 6,61 %.

Agricultural commodity derivatives were first introduced in South Africa in 1996 after the deregulation of the former marketing system. In the context of its proposed functions, namely price discovery and risk management, the question arose as to whether the futures market developed over time to performed its role efficiently. According to the Efficient Markets Hypothesis (EMH) an efficient market is one that accurately incorporates all information available at any point in time. The purpose of the research was to address the issue of price discovery efficiency, firstly, focusing on the weak-form methodology. Secondly, considering the behaviour of futures prices over time, the study addressed the concern of anomalies in daily returns – phenomena contradictory to the EMH by implication. Thirdly, as a means of defining the sources of inefficiency, the role of scheduled public information and its impact on futures prices was examined. Therefore, the primary objective of the research was to investigate and identify the main components of agricultural futures market inefficiency within the unique price formation structure of South African grain markets. The assessment of this problem is important in terms of evaluating the growth and development of the futures market for different grain commodities to date. The Exchange needs to review rules and regulations on a frequent basis in order to ensure proper functioning at all times especially in the case of a relatively new and fast growing market. The study contributed to the knowledge of understanding the price adjustment process and its implications for market efficiency in the context of the three grain markets considered. The weak-form efficiency was tested using a co-integration based model. Analysing daily spot and futures prices of white maize, yellow maize, and wheat, results indicated that all three markets were efficient and unbiased. Non-parametric tests revealed the significant presence of day-of-the-week and turn-of-the-month effects in the futures returns of the three commodities. Further non-parametric analyses suggested a high degree of uncertainty in futures returns around scheduled agricultural and macroeconomic information release dates also contributing significantly to the identified anomalies. It was concluded that (1) the markets’ ability to anticipate the contents of future information to be released, (2) the current skewed size distribution of broking members, (3) the significant role of the R/$ exchange rate in the price formation process of South African grains and, therefore, (4) the relationship to and influence of the broader economy enhanced the return effects (anomalies) creating opportunity for profitable arbitrage. This conclusion was mainly attributed to South Africa’s status as a price-taker in the world grain complex as well as the relatively short existence of the local agricultural futures markets.

BAKGRUND: Investerare har försökt slå marknaden så länge kapitalmarknader har funnits. En investeringsstrategi som använts är ”Dogs of the Dow”. Investeringsstrategin bygger på att investera i de bolagen med högst utdelningsandel. Vedertagna ekonomiska teorier förespråkar även att investeringar i stabila utdelningsbolag ger möjlighet att generera riskjusterad överavkastning. Det finns idag motstridiga bevis från olika aktiemarknader huruvida det går att skapa riskjusterad överavkastning genom placeringar i högutdelande bolag. SYFTE: Syftet med studien är att undersöka om det går att skapa högre riskjusterad avkastning än SIX Return Index (.SIXRX) genom att placera i de aktierna med högst direktavkastning på Stockholmsbörsen. Vidare syftar studien att undersöka både huruvida ”Dogs of the Dow”- strategin och en investeringsstrategi i stabila utdelningsbolag kan generera riskjusterad överavkastning jämfört med index på Stockholmsbörsen. GENOMFÖRANDE: Det skapas två portföljstrategier där den ena utgår från ”Dogs of the Dow” och den andra utgår från placeringar i stabila utdelningsaktier. Studien är en kvantitativ undersökning där data samlas in från välrenommerade databaser. Portföljerna innehåller tio bolag som rebalanseras varje år för att sedan justeras för risk och transaktionskostnader. SLUTSATS: Studien presenterar inga bevis för att det går att skapa riskjusterad överavkastning med utgångspunkt i ”Dogs of the Dow”-strategin på Stockholmsbörsen. Däremot visar studien att det med hjälp av placeringar i stabila utdelningsbolag går att skapa riskjusterad överavkastning på Stockholmsbörsen men utan statistiskt signifikans. / BACKGROUND: Investors have been trying to beat the market for as long as capital markets have existed. An investment strategy used to outperform the market is “Dogs of the Dow”. The investment strategy is based on investing in the companies with the highest dividend yield. Economic theories argue that investments in companies with stable dividend payouts are able to create risk-adjusted excess returns. There are contradictory evidence from different markets whether it is possible to earn risk-adjusted excess return through high-yield investments. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study is to investigate whether it is possible to earn higher risk- adjusted returns than the SIX Return Index (.SIXRX) through investing in the highest dividend yield companies on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. The study aims to investigate whether the “Dogs of the Dow” strategy and an investment strategy in companies with stable dividend payouts can generate risk-adjusted excess return compared to the SIX Return Index. COMPLETION: There are two portfolio strategies, one of which is based on ”Dogs of the Dow” and the other is based on investments in companies with stable dividend payouts. The quantitative study collects data from reputable databases. The portfolios contain ten companies that are rebalanced each year and the returns are adjusted for risk and transaction costs. CONCLUSION: The study presents no evidence that it is possible to earn risk-adjusted excess return with the “Dogs of the Dow” strategy on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. However, the study shows that investments in companies with stable dividend payouts can earn risk-adjusted excess return on the Stockholm Stock Exchange but without statistical significance.

This thesis deals with the analysis of the profitability and risk of selected sectors on a stock exchange. For analysis of the industry period of 5 years was selected. This period begins in January 2010 and ends in December 2014. Data for the analysis were obtained from the New York Stock Exchange. Ratings industry is based on key indicators of profitability and risk. The profitability of the sector was calculated average and total. The risk was assessed by standard deviation, variance and coefficient of variation. The next step was to evaluate the sector by pricing model of capital asset. The coefficients alpha and beta were obtained by linear regression. MS Excel software was used for calculation. The first part describes the capital market, its subjects and the stock exchanges. For assessing the shares the basic formulas for calculating profitability, risk and CAPM are described in the theoretical part. Methodology paper describes the procedure for evaluating stocks and sectors. There is described a precise procedure of calculating individual indicators. In the third section the results of the analyzed sectors are evaluated. There is described the risk assessment of the industry and the future development of the sector. In conclusion the capital market and forecast of its development are evaluated.

A presente investigação científica discorre acerca da análise comparativa dos segmentos Tradicional, Nível 1, Nível 2 e Novo Mercado da bolsa de valores brasileira. As bases do estudo estão calcadas nas relações entre retornos, risco e prêmios de risco em cada segmento. Para o alcance desse objetivo, foram organizadas carteiras teóricas, cada uma composta por ações de empresas listadas nos segmentos citados do mercado à vista. O intervalo de tempo delimitador dos dados amostrais compreende o período de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2010 e possui características cíclicas - típicas desse ambiente de negócios - de crescimento, de queda brusca provocada pelos efeitos da crise de 2008 e de recuperação lenta na valorização dos preços das ações. Isso enriquece as conclusões ao se examinar comparativamente as referidas carteiras teóricas à luz de ciclos distintos do risco sistemático. As conclusões corroboram parcialmente os fundamentos da governança corporativa ao evidenciar que, de todos os portfolios compostos por empresas que adotam as boas práticas de governança, somente o Novo Mercado de fato gera redução das incertezas, acarretando a diminuição do risco e elevados retornos, absolutos e excessivos, relativamente ao portfolio composto por empresas listadas no Tradicional e à média do mercado, a qual é dada pelo Ibovespa. Os níveis 1 e 2, apesar das empresas que os compõem adotarem regras de governança corporativa, não obtêm resultados de acordo com as expectativas geradas justamente por desenvolverem processos de maior transparência e respeito aos acionistas. As evidências apontam que as razões do fato supramencionado residem no estágio inicial de desenvolvimento no qual se encontram o mercado de ações brasileiro e a economia nacional pós-Plano Real, além de haver número reduzido de empresas listadas principalmente nos níveis 1 e 2. Análises futuras poderão estar mais bem alicerçadas a partir da expansão do mercado, a qual ainda é tímida, embora sejam inquestionáveis seus resultados econômico-financeiros na melhoria do bem-estar social. / This scientific investigation centers on a comparative analysis of the Traditional, Level 1, Level 2 and Novo Mercado listing segments of the Brazilian stock exchange. The study is based on the relationships among the return, risk and risk premium of each segment. For this, theoretical portfolios were created, with each composed of the stocks of companies listed on these segments in the spot market. The time interval of the sample data consists of the period from January 2005 to December 2010 and features the cyclical characteristics (which are typical in this business environment) of growth, the sharp declines caused by the 2008 crisis and the slow recovery in stock prices, with the comparison of these portfolios in the context of the different cycles of systemic risk enriching the conclusions. The conclusions partially corroborate the fundamentals of corporate governance by demonstrating that of all the portfolios formed by companies that adopt good governance practices, only the Novo Mercado in fact generates a reduction in uncertainties, with lower risks and higher absolute and excessive returns in relation to the portfolio formed by companies listed in the Traditional segment and to the industry average, as indicated by the Ibovespa. Although their component companies adopt more stringent corporate governance rules, the Level 1 and 2 segments have not obtained results that are consistent with the expectations they have generated by their adoption of processes marked by greater transparency and respect for shareholders. The evidence suggests that the reasons for this are the initial stage of development of Brazil’s stock market and the country’s economy following the implementation of the Real Plan, as well as the low number of listed companies in the Level 1 and 2 segments. Future analyses could enjoy more solid support due to the market’s growth, which remains timid. However, the financial results unquestionably contribute to improving the well-being of society.

Submitted by Victor Bourroul Holloway Ribeiro (victor.holloway@outlook.com) on 2015-05-05T18:42:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Victor_Ribeiro-20150505.pdf: 1568158 bytes, checksum: c8a977529cac8af2a9ac6d67176b4caa (MD5) / Rejected by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br), reason: Boa tarde Victor Seu trabalho não condiz ao padrão. 1.FUNDAÇÃO GETULIO VARGAS 2.ESCOLA DE DIREITO DE SÃO PAULO Qualquer dúvida estou à disposição. Att. Suzi 3799-7876 on 2015-05-06T17:42:57Z (GMT) / Submitted by Victor Bourroul Holloway Ribeiro (victor.holloway@outlook.com) on 2015-05-06T19:20:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Victor_Ribeiro-20150505.pdf: 1569735 bytes, checksum: 5e0fd4561bd7139ce19ee3654a4c8a31 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2015-05-06T19:36:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Victor_Ribeiro-20150505.pdf: 1569735 bytes, checksum: 5e0fd4561bd7139ce19ee3654a4c8a31 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-06T19:40:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Victor_Ribeiro-20150505.pdf: 1569735 bytes, checksum: 5e0fd4561bd7139ce19ee3654a4c8a31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-07 / The goal of this research is to analyze in a decentered regulation perspective the creation of Brazilian premium Corporate Governance segments. The goal of analyzing the creation of Brazilian premium Corporate Governance segments includes the description of the phenomenon by recognizing factors that led companies to change their behavior and the prescription of a normative argument formulated from the recognition of those factors. In the Corporate Governance literature, regulation is usually defined as a state-centered conception. Researches about premium Corporate Governance segments (Novo Mercado, Level 1 and Level 2) created by São Paulo Stock Exchange – Bovespa often adopt the state-centered definition of regulation. As opposed to a mandatory state regulation, these premium segments were classified as a private and self-regulatory phenomenon, conducted by the market. This analysis was followed by a normative argument that prescripts contractual or self-regulatory arrangements for policy makers with intention to promote specific Corporate Governance rules. However, the assumption of a state-centered regulation was contested by a decentered perspective. The decentered perspective argued that not only states are increasingly involved in complex collaborations and delegations with non-state actors to exercise regulation, but also non-states actors are regulating, setting standards, gathering information and enforcing rules. To handle those complex regulatory events, Julia Black formulated the concept of decentralized regulation, which was grounded on systems theory and the governance literature. Regulation in a decentering perspective is implemented by a network of interdependent state and non-state actors. Embracing Julia Black’s concept of decentralized regulation, the present research describes the creation of Brazilian premium Corporate Governance segments and formulates a normative argument deriving from the decentered perspective. Based on the results, the research concludes that the creation of Brazilian premium Corporate Governance segments did not involve just the parties of the Participation Agreement. Instead, it involved many interdependent state and non-state actors, which shared many mechanisms for the application of the regulation. Therefore, it is not possible to indicate the self-regulation and private legal instruments as the only factors that led companies and shareholders to alter their behavior and to adopt specific Corporate Governance rules. Accordingly, the normative argument that follows this analysis, rather than the prescription of self-regulation, is the prescription of the mobilization of the regulatory power fragmented among many state and non-state actors. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar pela perspectiva da regulação descentralizada a criação dos segmentos de listagem do mercado de valores mobiliários administrado pela Bovespa. O objetivo de analisar a criação dos segmentos de listagem inclui a descrição do fenômeno para apontar fatores que levaram as companhias e controladores a alterarem seus comportamentos e a construção de um argumento normativo formulado a partir do reconhecimento desses fatores. No debate sobre regulação da Governança Corporativa, o conceito de regulação normalmente assume uma definição centrada no Estado. Grande parte da análise da criação dos segmentos de listagem do mercado administrado pela Bovespa seguiu essa perspectiva. A criação dos segmentos de listagem, então, foi classificada como um fenômeno autorregulatório, privado e de mercado. Dessa análise seguiu a formulação de um argumento normativo, o qual prescreveu o uso da autorregulação a atores que visassem estabelecer regras específicas de Governança Corporativa. Contudo, a perspectiva da regulação descentralizada questionou o pressuposto da centralidade do Estado no conceito de regulação. A perspectiva da regulação descentralizada sustentou que não só atores estatais estão cada vez mais envolvidos com atores não estatais em complexas colaborações e delegações para o exercício da regulação, como também sustentou que atores não estatais exercem regulação, incluindo, a formulação, monitoramento e enforcement de regras. Para lidar com essa complexidade dos fenômenos empíricos regulatórios, Julia Black, baseando-se na teoria dos sistemas e na literatura de Governança, formulou o conceito de regulação descentralizada. Pelo conceito de regulação descentralizada, a regulação é exercida por uma rede de atores interdependentes, estatais e não estatais, que utilizam mecanismos legais e extralegais para o exercício do poder e do controle. Diante disso, adotando esse conceito de regulação descentralizada de Julia Black, o presente trabalho pretendeu descrever a criação dos segmentos de listagem e formular um argumento normativo baseado nessa descrição. Como resultado da pesquisa realizada, foi possível concluir que a criação dos segmentos de listagem não se restringiu às partes que celebraram o Contrato de Participação, mas envolveu diversos atores, estatais e não estatais, os quais tinham uma relação de interdependência entre si e compartilharam diversos mecanismos no exercício da regulação. Com isso, não se pode resumir os fatores que fizeram com que companhias e controladores alterassem seus comportamentos e adotassem algumas regras de Governança Corporativa à voluntariedade e ao aspecto autorregulatório. Desta análise segue que, se é possível apontar para um argumento normativo do caso da criação dos segmentos de listagem, o argumento normativo não é a prescrição da autorregulação, mas sim a prescrição do uso do poder regulatório fragmentado entre diversos atores, estatais e não estatais.

Submitted by CESAR QUEIROZ BOTELHO (cesar.botelho@gmail.com) on 2016-09-01T22:44:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 UMA ESTRATÉGIA ALTERNATIVA DE FINANCIAMENTO.pdf: 1122469 bytes, checksum: 97e48bad3c94e2c678b7f8e80e797c96 (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Cesar, boa tarde Os títulos: Agradecimentos - Resumo - Abstract devem estar centralizados. Por gentileza, realize a alteração e submeta novamente o arquivo. Att. on 2016-09-02T15:34:04Z (GMT) / Submitted by CESAR QUEIROZ BOTELHO (cesar.botelho@gmail.com) on 2016-09-02T15:43:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 UMA ESTRATÉGIA ALTERNATIVA DE FINANCIAMENTO.pdf: 1121067 bytes, checksum: e43728e4013db33e76708b29cd4feec4 (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Conforme contato telefônico, realizar uma nova submissão. Grata, on 2016-09-02T18:26:12Z (GMT) / Submitted by CESAR QUEIROZ BOTELHO (cesar.botelho@gmail.com) on 2016-09-02T18:34:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 UMA ESTRATÉGIA ALTERNATIVA DE FINANCIAMENTO.pdf: 1121883 bytes, checksum: 9ea705d391b7c0b545d5434f0bad2781 (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Aguardo nova submissão. Grata, on 2016-09-02T19:16:24Z (GMT) / Submitted by CESAR QUEIROZ BOTELHO (cesar.botelho@gmail.com) on 2016-09-02T19:17:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 UMA ESTRATÉGIA ALTERNATIVA DE FINANCIAMENTO.pdf: 1122025 bytes, checksum: d632a0ac42a566c13151d78b5e187d96 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2016-09-02T21:37:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 UMA ESTRATÉGIA ALTERNATIVA DE FINANCIAMENTO.pdf: 1122025 bytes, checksum: d632a0ac42a566c13151d78b5e187d96 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-05T12:06:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 UMA ESTRATÉGIA ALTERNATIVA DE FINANCIAMENTO.pdf: 1122025 bytes, checksum: d632a0ac42a566c13151d78b5e187d96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-03 / This study investigates an alternative financing scheme for individuals and firms whom have no interest in getting rid of its investments using the Brazilian stock market. It compares the payoff structure of this financing strategy with a traditional bank loan. It concludes that in this kind of operations, the possibility of paying less interest than banks are significant, mainly with the purchase of 50% calls over the financed. / Este trabalho investiga a possibilidade de um empréstimo diferenciado para pessoas físicas e jurídicas que não têm interesse em se desfazer de suas aplicações financeiras utilizando o mercado da bolsa de valores do Brasil. Explica o mercado de aluguéis de ativos no pais e descreve o payoff das operações utilizadas com hedge no mercado de opções com um hedge extra na compra de opções e a compara com um empréstimo bancário em grades bancos do país. Faz a análise em três cenários de preços diferentes e conclui que neste tipo de operação a possibilidade de pagar menos juros do que os bancários nos períodos é significativa, principalmente com a compra de 50% a mais nas opções de compra do montante financiado nos cenários de preço de fechamento e preço médio.

Enterprise risk management (ERM) has emerged as a distinct model for managing a sophisticated portfolio of corporate risks. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of ERM on firm value for companies on the Johannesburg Securities Exchange. The sample comprised forty-five firms from different industries over the period 2000-2016. Most studies used five or ten-year periods, using data derived from only one industry. Tobin’s Q was used as a proxy for firm value. Multivariate regression analysis was employed to determine statistical relationships. The findings indicate a significant correlation between ERM and Tobin’s Q, indicating that ERM significantly contributes to firm value. These findings may be used to develop and shape ERM policy frameworks for firms and countries. The study provides new insights, from an African emerging market context on the value effects of ERM. Larger and international samples may improve future studies. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)