Context: The problem this thesis address is concerned with experimental software engineering and is associated with validity of the studies with students as subjects. Often in software engineering experiments students are used because students are easily available and are willing to participate in experiment studies, professionals are rarely available to participate in research study and there are several benefits of using students as research subject.The validity of experiments studied with students are questioned because students are less experienced and skilled compared to professionals. Objectives: The goal of this research is to find evidence whether or not the research studies with students as subjects can be trusted to get valid results. Identify factors that influence the results of experiment studies with students. Identify the ways to improve the validity of experiment studies with students. Methods: In this systematic literature review a number of article sources are used, including Compendex, Inspec, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, and Springer Link. Experiment studies in software engineering are selected after reading titles and abstracts to decide whether the articles are relevant to the subject. Snowball sampling is done to identify several experiment studies that address same research problems. Results: It is found that graduate students serve as good proxies to study professional practices compared to undergraduate students, because there are significant differences between result/findings of studies with undergraduate students as subjects and studies with professionals as subjects. The following factors influencing the results of experiment studies are identified: Number of subjects, Task related knowledge, Motivation levels of subjects, Training provided, Task related experience and Incentives or grades given for participation in the experiment. This study also identifies some problems with the way of conducting and reporting experiments in software engineering. Addressing these problems could improve the validity of experiment studies with students. Conclusion: The results indicate that students can be used to study professional practices but they cannot be said true for all areas and problems of software engineering because the results of experiment studies with different type of subjects in different area and problems are varying. Which means that whether or not students could be used to study a professional practice depends upon the research problems being studied, type of students subjects chosen for the study, difference between students chosen and professionals to whom the results/findings will be generalized. We conclude that graduate students serve as good proxies to study professional practices compared to undergraduate students. The cumulative experience or overall industry or academic experience of subjects does not seem to be affecting the result/findings of experiment studies unless the overall experience includes task related experience. Even though the study identified above mentioned factors that influences the results/findings of experiment studies there still might be few factors which the study might have failed to identify due lack of data. We suggested improvements for reporting that could improve the comparability of studies. / Often in software engineering experiments students are used because students are easily available and are willing to participate in experiment studies, where as professionals are rarely available to participate in research study. This thesis investigates whether it is ok to use students as experiments subjects while studying professional practices. Thesis also investigates the factors which influences the results of experiment studies with students. The derived knowledge from the thesis can assists researchers improve the way of conducting and reporting software engineering experiments, It also aids in improving the comparability of experiment studies.

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Syftet med denna intervjustudie är att med en vetenskapligt kvalitativ metod undersöka hur motivation hos elever skapas utifrån yrkesverksamma historielärares perspektiv, samt hur detta skapande förhåller sig till motivationsteorier. Sju lärare fördelat på två grundskolor och ett gymnasium, har intervjuats. Svaren från intervjuerna har bearbetats separat och sedan analyserats utifrån motivationsteorier. Resultatet visar att lärarna ser egenskaperna i rollen som lärare vara den primära faktorn i skapandet av motivation hos eleverna. Dessa är att vara en god berättare, engagerad, ha goda ämneskunskaper och ha förmåga att kunna beröra elever. Elever i denna ålder befinner sig på en rad olika mognadsnivåer, vilket uttrycktes som betydande för möjligheter och användande av metod, i skapandet av elevmotivation. I frågan om ämnet historia har några unika motivationsfaktorer, så kan inget enhetligt svar påvisas. Det nämndes av en lärare att det hos vissa individer, oftast pojkar, förekommer ett starkt intresse för krig och väpnade konflikter. Detta skulle kunna användas av läraren i historieundervisningen genom att utgår från liknande händelser och utvidga dessa till historiska samband. / The purpose of this interview study is to examine, by scientific method, how motivation should be created from the perspective of professional working teacher’s of history, and how this creating stands in relation to motivation theories. Seven teachers divided into two nine-year compulsory schools and one upper secondary school have been interviewed. The answers from the interviews have been adapted separately and then analysed from motivation theories. The result show that the teachers consider that the primary factors for creating motivation of students is the qualities that the role of a teacher has. These qualities are to being a good storyteller, being absorbed in the matter, have good subject knowledge and a power to touch students mind. Students in this age find oneself in different maturity level, which expressed as important factor for the possibilities and for methods used when creating motivation of students. No homogeneous answer was given for the question if the subject of history has unique factors for motivation. It was mention by one teacher that a strong interesting for war and armed conflicts could occur in some individuals; in the most cases these were boys.The teacher when teaching in history could use this, by using similar events from the history and by expanding these to a history relation.

Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturstudie är att undersöka vad nationell och internationell forskning från de senaste två decennierna har att säga om dramapedagogik. Därtill har studien för avsikt att undersöka vad som kan uppnås genom att använda dramapedagogik i undervisningen och hur det påverkar elevernas utveckling. Materialet har valts ut genom databassökningar och manuella sökningar. Därefter har materialet analyserats och kategoriserats och 18 kvalitativa och kvantitativa vetenskapliga texter har valts ut. De aktuella studierna är publicerade i åtta olika länder, mellan år 2000 och år 2023.  Resultatet av studien pekar på att dramapedagogik är ett gynnsamt verktyg i undervisning. Forskningen visar en samstämd bild av att pedagogiskt drama både täcker in och stärker arbetet med värdegrundsfrågor, samt inlärning av rena ämneskunskaper. Det finns starka belägg för att pedagogiskt drama gynnar elevers personliga utveckling, empatiska förmåga, gruppkänsla och motivation. En del av forskningen säger att lärare gärna vill arbeta mer med dramapedagogik, men att de upplever brist på både kunskap och tid för undervisningsmetoden.

The aim of the study was to establish the possible causes of poor Grade 12 results in physical science in South Africa and to apply a total quality management (TQM) approach to suggest a solution. The literature study indicates that resources, preparation or subject knowledge, commitment and support affect the quality of performance. The research was done in one school district (cluster). Following the literature study a questionnaire was distributed to 150 science teachers from 31 schools and the response rate was 73% (113 responses). The questionnaire tested the respondents' perception on the availability of resources and the support received by them, the support given to learners and their level of preparation and subject knowledge. From this, as well as from the biographical information from the questionnaire, certain conclusions were made about the reasons for poor performance of learners in science examinations. It could be concluded from the analysis of the results that limited support to teachers and support to learners are important factors contributing to a poor Grade 12 pass rate. The pass rate also correlates positively with experience levels of teachers. Although 39% of teachers are unqualified or under-qualified, no significant correlation could be found between pass rate and level of qualification. Analysis of the effect of commitment on pass rate was inconclusive. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The aim of the study was to establish the possible causes of poor Grade 12 results in physical science in South Africa and to apply a total quality management (TQM) approach to suggest a solution. The literature study indicates that resources, preparation or subject knowledge, commitment and support affect the quality of performance. The research was done in one school district (cluster). Following the literature study a questionnaire was distributed to 150 science teachers from 31 schools and the response rate was 73% (113 responses). The questionnaire tested the respondents' perception on the availability of resources and the support received by them, the support given to learners and their level of preparation and subject knowledge. From this, as well as from the biographical information from the questionnaire, certain conclusions were made about the reasons for poor performance of learners in science examinations. It could be concluded from the analysis of the results that limited support to teachers and support to learners are important factors contributing to a poor Grade 12 pass rate. The pass rate also correlates positively with experience levels of teachers. Although 39% of teachers are unqualified or under-qualified, no significant correlation could be found between pass rate and level of qualification. Analysis of the effect of commitment on pass rate was inconclusive. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Lärares planering och genomförande av matematikundervisning utgår i stor utsträckning från lärarhandledningen. För att kunna bedriva en rik matematikundervisning behöver lärarhandledningen därför vara designad på ett stödjande och kunskapsutvecklande sätt för läraren, vilket kan ses som att den talar till läraren till skillnad från andra lärarhandledningar som talar genom läraren. Utifrån idén tala till läraren har forskare tagit fram tre designprinciper för att visa på hur lärarhandledningar bör vara designade. Syftet med studien är att analysera en på den svenska marknaden relativt ny lärarhandledning och undersöka hur de tre designprinciperna framkommer. Analysen är genomförd med ett analysverktyg i form av nyckelord. Resultatet visar att två av tre designprinciper finns med dock med vissa begränsningar. Vår slutsats är att den analyserade lärarhandledningen mer talar genom läraren i stället för till. / Teachers’ planning and implementation of the teaching of mathematics is mainly based on the teacher’s manual for any specific textbook. For the teacher to learn varied and comprehensive teaching skills the manual needs to be designed to support and develop these. In this way they speak to, as opposed to through, the teacher as other manuals do. Based on this, researchers have formed three design principles to point out how teacher’s manuals should be designed. The goal of this study is to analyse a manual, newly released in Sweden, and investigate how the three principles are presented. The analysis was carried out through the use of certain keywords. The result shows that two out of three design principles have been applied, but not to their full extent. Our conclusion is that the analysed teacher’s manual speaks more through the teacher instead of to him/her.

Sammanfattning Det här är en kvalitativ studie i syfte att undersöka hur vetenskapliga teorier synliggörs i lärarstudenters reflektioner över sin undervisning i ämnet svenska på lågstadiet. Materialet är insamlat i samband med lärarstudenters verksamhetsförlagda utbildning och består av intervjuer, observationer av undervisning och texter i form av pedagogiska planeringar. Resultatet visar att lärarkandidaters reflektioner håller en låg nivå när det gäller skoldidaktisk reflektion och att grunda sina resonemang i teorier om lärande och i professionella ämneskunskaper i svenska, även om deras undervisning håller god kvalitet.                       Sammantaget är min slutsats att olika metoder eller förklaringsmodeller som används inom forskning skulle kunna synliggöras i större utsträckning inom ramen för svenskkurser i lärarutbildningen. De kan dessutom användas som redskap för dokumentation av elevers kunskaper samt studenters egna skoldidaktiska reflektioner men även för det systematiska arbetet med att dokumentera elevers lärande som en förutsättning och utgångspunkt för planering av kommande undervisning, det vill säga formativ undervisning. Det skulle kunna vara ett sätt att överbrygga teori-praktikproblemet i lärarutbildningen såväl som att höja nivån av hur studenter relaterar till vetenskapliga modeller som stöd för skoldidaktisk reflektion. / Title: “At least I thought the pupils were good”: Theorisation in education students’ didactic reflections on teaching Swedish   This qualitative study aimed to investigate the role of theory in education students’ reflections on their teaching of Swedish in lower primary school. The material was collected in connection with the students’ practical placements and comprises of interviews and observations. Although these prospective teachers performed well in the classroom, the study shows that the students’ didactic reflections were generally below par and inadequately founded in theories of learning or Swedish subject knowledge.        The overall conclusion is that different methods or models used in research can be highlighted to a greater extent in the Swedish subject courses on the primary education program. Students may not only use such theoretical tools to document pupils’ knowledge and formulate their own didactic reflections, but these tools could also prove useful in formative teaching, that is, in systematically documenting pupils’ learning in order to plan future teaching. This could therefore be a way to bridge the theory-practice gap in teacher training as well as improve education students’ use of theoretical models in their didactic reflections.

Sammanfattning Det här är en kvalitativ studie i syfte att undersöka hur vetenskapliga teorier synliggörs i lärarstudenters reflektioner över sin undervisning i ämnet svenska på lågstadiet. Materialet är insamlat i samband med lärarstudenters verksamhetsförlagda utbildning och består av intervjuer, observationer av undervisning och texter i form av pedagogiska planeringar. Resultatet visar att lärarkandidaters reflektioner håller en låg nivå när det gäller skoldidaktisk reflektion och att grunda sina resonemang i teorier om lärande och i professionella ämneskunskaper i svenska, även om deras undervisning håller god kvalitet.                       Sammantaget är min slutsats att olika metoder eller förklaringsmodeller som används inom forskning skulle kunna synliggöras i större utsträckning inom ramen för svenskkurser i lärarutbildningen. De kan dessutom användas som redskap för dokumentation av elevers kunskaper samt studenters egna skoldidaktiska reflektioner men även för det systematiska arbetet med att dokumentera elevers lärande som en förutsättning och utgångspunkt för planering av kommande undervisning, det vill säga formativ undervisning. Det skulle kunna vara ett sätt att överbrygga teori-praktikproblemet i lärarutbildningen såväl som att höja nivån av hur studenter relaterar till vetenskapliga modeller som stöd för skoldidaktisk reflektion. / Title: “At least I thought the pupils were good”: Theorisation in education students’ didactic reflections on teaching Swedish   This qualitative study aimed to investigate the role of theory in education students’ reflections on their teaching of Swedish in lower primary school. The material was collected in connection with the students’ practical placements and comprises of interviews and observations. Although these prospective teachers performed well in the classroom, the study shows that the students’ didactic reflections were generally below par and inadequately founded in theories of learning or Swedish subject knowledge.        The overall conclusion is that different methods or models used in research can be highlighted to a greater extent in the Swedish subject courses on the primary education program. Students may not only use such theoretical tools to document pupils’ knowledge and formulate their own didactic reflections, but these tools could also prove useful in formative teaching, that is, in systematically documenting pupils’ learning in order to plan future teaching. This could therefore be a way to bridge the theory-practice gap in teacher training as well as improve education students’ use of theoretical models in their didactic reflections.