Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: International trade has increased tremendously in the last few decades. When parties to a contract find themselves in different countries and each has its own legal background, specific problems originate in connection with formation of the contract, its execution, the breach thereof and so forth. The predominant theme of this work is the question of how a diversity of legal rules should be approached in an international context. The focus is on contract formation, and the rules of offer and acceptance are therefore examined. As a result of diverse legal cultures, different legal systems often have contradicting rules pertaining to contract formation, which can lead to a variety of problems if the contracting parties are not aware of the inconsistencies. According to international private law's choice of law-rules, such a contract should be governed by the rules of the legal system with which it has the closest connection. Connecting factors can be for instance the domicile of particular persons at various times, the situs of property, or the place where a juristic act was performed. One specific legal system will therefore rule the contract. There is however another possibility: that of a uniform substantive law. This involves the unification of different legal rules into one set of rules to be applied to contracts which are concluded in an international context. Taking into account that many of the rules and doctrines applicable to contract law have a common philosophical origin, the necessity of a convergence of these rules may be questioned. However, most of the rules ended up being different in different legal systems, and parties to an international transaction will probably not have the same idea about questions such as the possibility to revoke an offer before acceptance, or the precise moment of formation of the contract. A comparative study of the rules of offer and acceptance illustrates this point. International efforts to unify the law in this regard are explored, in order to assess the possibility of a uniform substantive law of contracts. Some of the international instruments seem to be able to find a middle way between conflicting rules, although it may not always be the best way to solve the problem. It is argued that harmony is not necessarily advanced by a codification of existing rules, and that a common legal culture which can lead to the incremental development of harmonious legal principles may be an alternative solution for the problem of incompatible national legal systems in an international context. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Internasionale handel het die afgelope paar dekades geweldig toegeneem. Wanneer kontraktante hulle in verskillende lande bevind, elke party met sy eie regsagtergrond, ontstaan eiesoortige probleme in verband met kontraksluiting, die uitvoering daarvan, kontrakbreuk, en dies meer. Die oorheersende tema van hierdie werk is die vraag na die hantering van 'n verskeidenheid regsreëls betrokke in 'n internasionale konteks. Die fokus is op kontraksluiting, en die reëls aangaande aanbod en aanname word derhalwe ondersoek. As gevolg van die bestaan van uiteenlopende regskulture het verskillende regstelsels dikwels teenstrydige reëls met betrekking tot kontraksluiting. Dit kan natuurlik problematies wees, veral indien die partye tot die kontrak nie bewus is van die teenstrydighede nie. Ooreenkomstig die choice of law-reëls van internasionale privaatreg, word so 'n kontrak beheers deur die regstelsel waarmee dit die nouste verbintenis het. Faktore wat dui op so 'n band kan byvoorbeeld die domisilie van bepaalde persone op verskillende tye, die situs van eiendom, of die plek waar 'n regshandeling verrig is wees. Een spesifieke regstelsel sal dus van toepassing wees op die kontrak. Daar is egter ook 'n ander moontlikheid: dié van 'n eenvormige substantiewe reg. Dit behels die vereniging van verskillende regsreëls ten einde een stel reëls daar te stel wat toegepas word op internasionale kontrakte. lndien in ag geneem word dat heelparty reëls en leerstukke in die kontraktereg 'n gemeenskaplike filosofiese oorsprong het, is die noodsaaklikheid van 'n vereniging van die reëls nie 'n gegewe nie. Die meeste van dié reëls het egter verskillend uitgekristalliseer in verskillende regstelsels, en partye tot 'n internasionale transaksie sal heel waarskynlik nie dieselfde opinie hê oor kwessies soos die moontlikheid om 'n aanbod voor aanname daarvan te herroep, of die presiese oomblik van totstandkoming van 'n kontrak nie. 'n Vergelykende studie van die reëls van aanbod en aanname illustreer die punt. Internasionale pogings om die reg in die verband te verenig word ondersoek, ten einde die moontlikheid van 'n eenvormige substantiewe reg van toepassing op kontrakte te beoordeel. Sekere van die internasionale instrumente blyk 'n middeweg tussen uiteenlopende reëls te vind, alhoewel dit nie noodwendig die beste manier is om die probleem voorhande op te los nie. Daar word geargumenteer dat harmonie nie noodwendig bevorder word deur 'n kodifikasie van bestaande reëls nie, en dat 'n gemeenskaplike regskultuur wat tot die geleidelike ontwikkeling van eenvormige regsbeginsels kan lei, 'n alternatiewe oplossing vir die probleem van onversoenbare nasionale regstelsels in 'n internasionale konteks kan wees.

The equity side of the court of exchequer "is by far the most obscure of all the English jurisdictions," declared Plucknett. The purpose of this essay is to shed some light upon this court and to explore its jurisdiction, to introduce its staff, to discover its procedures, to explain its equity records, and perhaps to render Plucknett's statement obsolete. Institutional history has an unfortunate tendency to dryness and remoteness, which coupled with the author's literary short-comings portends a tedious undertaking for the reader of this work. However, a reminder of the immense importance- of institutional history for both the lawyer and the historian will, hopefully, overcome this initial discouragement. Substantive law is inextricably intermingled with the procedures of the court; the practicalities of the prosecution of a lawsuit can never be neglected. Of initial and fundamental importance is that for which the petitioner prays. In practical terms this was a remedy for a grievance or a complaint; in larger terms and in the context of this study, this was the prayer for equitable relief. This study demonstrates that equity was bigger than the chancery and that others besides the lord high chancellor had a hand in its development . It is true that the court of chancery was the most important court of equity, but the existence of an alternative high court of equity in the exchequer had a significant effect upon the development of equity and upon the chancery itself.

A comparison of the legal regulation of relationship between parents and children in the Czech Republic and Italy The purpose of this thesis is to provide an overview of the basic differences between legal regulation of the relationship between parents and children in the Czech Republic and Italy. This theme was chosen because of the different historical development and social conditions in both countries, which results in a different concept of parenthood and other relations derived from it. The study is divided into three main parts, that in particular reflect the formation and area of application of relations between parents and children and eventually means of protection of a child as long as he is not provided with proper care in his family environment. These parts are: a) parenthood, b) the content of relationship between parents and children, c) substitute parenthood and substitute education. Each part contains two chapters for a better comparison. The first always briefly outlines the Czech legal regulation and the second chapter is devoted to a deeper explanation of the Italian regulation. Basic differences of both legal systems are explicitly highlighted. Subchapters focus on individual legal institutions of family law relating to the relationship between parents and children or other...

This master thesis deals with the impact of recodification of private substantive law on property tax legislation, however, it is mostly concerned with real estate transfer tax. This paper is divided into four chapters including introduction and conclusion. The second chapter deals with recodification and the most important changes it has brought and their impact on property tax legislation. The central third chapter is concerned with the effective regulation of real estate transfer tax, which is thoroughly analysed and compared with the previous legislation. Apart from this, the chapter critically evaluates this legislation and introduces suggestions 'de lege ferenda'.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriano Andrade de Souza.pdf: 2758545 bytes, checksum: 134ca246bbd2fb13b10e25c008e115d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-17 / Brazilian speleological patrimony is formed by a set of material and immaterial goods of invaluable natural and cultural values, and it`s preservation is essential to guarantee to present and future generations a healthy environment. Until recently, this environmental patrimony benefited from an efficient protection from the Brazilian substantive law. Nevertheless, this condition has been profoundly changed by Decree n. 6.640/2008, which modified the structure of Decree n. 99.556/1990, our most effective cave protection rule. This change had the purpose of introducing a new legal framework, that jeopardizes the integrity of most part of caves located in national territory, and, for that reason, demands efficient interpretations in order to minimize the noxious impacts on the environment. Answering that call, this work aimed to analyze not only the Decree in case, but also, in a general way, the Brazilian substantive law available to protect the natural underground cavities. To achieve such goal, law doctrine, case law, as well as deductive, inductive and analogical reasoning has been used. Federal Constitution and Federal rules have been examined: either those rules designed especially to protect the speleological patrimony or those which are useful for cave protection despite not being issued for that very reason. Some of the main State cave protection rules, especially the ones based on States Constitutions, have also been seen. At the end, an expressive range of the national rules available to protect the speleological patrimony has been explored. Concerning specifically to the changes in the Decree n. 99.556/1990, it has been shown that they couldn t have been made by another decree, which consisted violation of the Brazilian Constitution. Regarding the substantive aspects of the changes, an interpretation track has been chosen in order to, as much as possible, minimize the environmental losses and keep compatibility with the Federal Constitution / O patrimônio espeleológico brasileiro é formado por um conjunto de bens materais e imateriais de inestimável valor natural e cultural, e a sua preservação é fundamental para garantir às gerações presentes e futuras um meio ambiente saudável. Até rescentemente, esse patrimônio ambiental gozava de proteção eficiente no direito material brasileiro, mas esse status foi profundamente alterado com a edição do Decreto n. 6.640/2008, que modificou a estrutura da nossa principal norma especificamente dirigida à tutela de cavernas: o Dec. n. 99.556/1990. Essa mudança visou a implantar, no âmbito infraconstitucional, um novo regime jurídico, que ameaça por em risco a integridade da maior parte das cavernas sitas em território nacional, e, por tal razão, clama por interpretações que miniminizem os resultados nocivos ao meio ambiente. Atendendo a esse chamado, este trabalho visou a analisar não apenas o decreto em questão, como, de uma forma geral, as normas brasileiras de direito material à disposição do aplicador do direito para a proteção das cavidades naturais subterrâneas. Para tanto, valeu-se do estudo da doutrina e da jurisprudência, bem como se utilizaram os métodos dedutivo, indutivo e analógico. Examinaram-se a Constituição Federal, as normas federais e especificamente destinadas à proteção do patrimônio espeleológico ou aquelas que, mesmo não tendo esse propósito específico, podem ser utilizadas em seu proveito, bem como algumas das principais normas estaduais voltadas à tutela de cavernas, sobretudo as previstas nas respectivas Constituições. Ao final, conseguiu-se percorrer significativo espectro do instrumental normativo nacional disponível à proteção do patrimônio espeleológico, e, especificamente no que diz respeito às alterações no Decreto n. 99.556/1990, evidenciou-se sua inconstitucionalidade formal, e, no que diz respeito ao conteúdo material do decreto, apresentou-se uma linha de interpretação que, tanto quanto possível, minimizasse as perdas ao meio ambiente, e mantivesse compatibilidade com a Constituição Federal

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Undario Andrade.pdf: 504544 bytes, checksum: 0364ba42ca3f8f04e8cb9f24b406ada1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-25 / The present study has as its object the study of the power of the civil court and judges to tailor the procedure provided by law to the case. If one side of the legislator 's duty to create the necessary procedures for protection of the right materials provided abstractly, it seems necessary to understand that it is also given to the magistrate, and some uniquely contoured on a theoretical level, a related power so that it can perform precisely the same activity. We believe that this possibility is due to the Brazilian legal and constitutional system, which besides allowing the general control of the constitutionality of laws, including under the rules of procedure; expressed the need to reach the constitutional dictates of a timely judicial review and above all effective, it also has to be better suited to resolve the factual issues that are brought to the Judiciary. Was this attempted rapprochement between the substantive and procedural law, through the study of differentiated guardianships, as well as the principles of instrumentality and fungibility, which moved us to try to establish criteria for this adequacy is reached by the judge in his activity, preserved since the constitutional principles and parameters. That's what we intend to identify and propose / Este trabalho tem como objeto o estudo do poder do juiz cível de adequar o procedimento previsto em lei ao caso concreto. Se de um lado o legislador tem o dever de criar os procedimentos necessários à tutela do direito material abstratamente previsto, entendemos parecer necessário que seja também conferido ao magistrado, excepcionalmente e com alguns contornos definidos no plano teórico, um poder correlato para que ele possa realizar concretamente essa mesma atividade. Entendemos que essa possibilidade é decorrência do próprio sistema jurídico-constitucional brasileiro, que além de permitir o controle difuso da constitucionalidade das leis, inclusive, sob as regras de procedimento; expressa a necessidade de que para o alcance dos ditames constitucionais de uma tutela jurisdicional tempestiva e, sobretudo efetiva, tenha também ela de ser adequada para melhor resolver as questões fáticas que são postas ao Poder Judiciário. Foi essa tentativa de reaproximação entre o direito material o processo, passando pelo estudo das tutelas diferenciadas, bem como de princípios como o da instrumentalidade e da fungibilidade, que nos moveu a tentar estabelecer critérios para que essa adequação seja alcançada pelo juiz em sua atividade, desde que preservados os princípios e parâmetros constitucionais. É o que pretendemos identificar e propor

Throughout the history of Procedural Law, a theme which undoubtedly calls for greater importance is the right of action, however, today does not have greater presence. Accordingly, the focus has moved towards the effective jurisdictional protection due to the phenomenon of constitutionalisation which the right of action has crossed. the author, in addition to analyzing the most important landmarks in the development of right of action, also focuses on the study of what is currently happening with effective judicial protection in order to reach a truly effective process thatensures our rights. / A lo largo de la historia del Derecho Procesal, un tema que sin duda reclama mayor importancia es el del Derecho de Acción, sin embargo, hoy en día no tiene mayor presencia. en tal sentido, el enfoque se ha trasladado hacia la tutela Jurisdiccional efectiva a causa del fenómeno de constitucionalización que atravesó el Derecho de Acción. el autor, además de analizar los hitos más importantes en los que se desarrolla el Derecho de Acción, se centra también en el estudio de lo que viene pasando en la actualidad con la Tutela Jurisdiccional Efectiva con la finalidad de llegar aun proceso verdaderamente eficaz que garantice nuestros derechos.

In this article, the author introduces the main features and fundamentals of Private Law. Then, he makes a brief tour of the areas covered by private law within the system. Finally, through a comparison between the operation of private law and public law, the different logic to which each responds is emphasized. / En el presente artículo, el autor realiza una introducción a las principales características y fundamentos del Derecho Privado. Luego, hace un breve recorrido sobre las áreas que abarca el derecho privado dentro del ordenamiento. Finalmente, a través de una comparación entre el funcionamiento del derecho privado y del derecho público, se enfatiza la lógica distinta a la que cada uno responde.

Public procurement-related crimes (in Czech republic) (summary of the dissertation) Vladislav Hřebíček In his paper, the author focuses on the area of public procurement-related crimes in the Czech Republic. As there has been no comprehensive coverage on the subject so far, the paper's primary ambition is to sum up the current state of knowledge while critically considering particular resources (mainly legislation and practice of courts), overlapping significantly into the area of daily practice of detecting such crimes and gathering evidence. In the first chapter, the author provides definitions for key terms and examines the term procurement from the perspectives of its legal definition as well as its interpretation based on court practice. Furthermore, the chapter specifies what is to be understood as procurement-related crime, placing this type of crime within the broader context of economic crime. At the same time, it offers answers to the related criminological questions and presents statistical data provided by the Police of the Czech Republic and the Czech Ministry of Interior. The second chapter gives the reader a historical overview of this area of law mainly from the perspective of criminal law. Covering the timeframe of 1918 (when the previous legislation was adopted) until the present day, it...

Submitted by CARLA MARIA GOULART DE MORAES (carlagm) on 2015-06-24T15:15:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela Boito Maurmann Hidalgo.pdf: 1733495 bytes, checksum: cdb19b0552b9ccee1ffbd4eebf4265b9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-24T15:15:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela Boito Maurmann Hidalgo.pdf: 1733495 bytes, checksum: cdb19b0552b9ccee1ffbd4eebf4265b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-08 / Nenhuma / O presente estudo trata dos problemas concernentes à relação entre direito material e processo, procurando demonstrar que a negação, pela doutrina majoritária, da ação de direito material, considerada mero slogan, é a grande fonte da subtração do mundo prático e, por isso, da inefetividade do processo e da conseqüente não-concretização dos direitos (pretensões) de direito material, que dependem do processo para realizar-se. Para tanto, busca, na (des) construção da pré-compreensão dessa relação, delinear o modo como essa relação se desenvolveu até a completa autonomia entre direito material e processo, demonstrando que esse alheamento não foi superado. Analisa, em seguida, como o paradigma da modernidade, como era da técnica, se projeta nessa relação, transformando o direito material em produto do processo, em que a essência do direito material, o que ele é, não é considerada. Procura, a partir disso, buscar os elementos que levam à possibilidade de aniquilação do direito material pelo processo, em que o direito material não é o que ele é, mas o que diz dele o processo, o que só é possível porque a força do direito material ? a ação de direito material ? fora negada. Nesse contexto, o objetivo é demonstrar que a negação da ação de direito material subtrai as possibilidades/pressupostos do acontecer do direito material no processo. O desiderato final é fundamentar a tarefa hermenêutica da ação de direito material. O embasamento teórico está, no que concerne à defesa da ação de direito material, na doutrina de Pontes de Miranda e Ovídio Araújo Baptista da Silva. A leitura hermenêutica que se propõe busca, fundamentalmente, em Martin Heidegger e Hans-Georg Gadamer, as condições de possibilidade de desvelamento da ideologia que está à base da negação da ação de direito material e a projeção de uma visão autêntica da relação entre direito material e processo, em que a ação de direito material é a fonte de irradiação de efeitos e fala ao processo como o modo-de-ser do direito material. Por fim, projetam-se os efeitos desse novo modo-de-ver tal relação e de fazer direito sobre alguns dos institutos processuais mais discutidos do processo civil. / The present study deals with problems concerning the relation between substantive law and process, aiming at showing the denial, by the majority doctrine, of the action of the substantive law, considered mere slogan, is a great source of subtraction of the practical world, and therefore the infectivity of the process and the consequent non- concretization of the rights (pretensions) of substantive law, which depend on the process to be achieved. We aim at, in the (de)construction of the pre-comprehension of this relation, delineating how this relation has developed to the complete autonomy between the substantive law and process, showing this alienation has not been surpassed. Then, we analyze how the paradigm of modernity as the age of technique is projected in this relation, transforming the substantive law in the product of the process, in which the essence of the substantive law, what it really is, is not considered. We seek for elements which lead to the possibility of annihilation of the substantive law by the process, in which the substantive law is not what it is, but what the process tells it is. It is possible because the strength of the substantive law ? the action of substantive law has been denied. In this context, I aim at demonstrating the denial of the action of the substantive law subtracts the possibilities/presuppositions for the substantive law to take place in the process. The final desideratum is to fundament the hermeneutics task of the substantive law action. The theoretical basis is, concerning the substantive law action, in the doctrine of Pontes Miranda and Ovídio Araújo Baptista da Silva. The hermeneutics reading which is intended seeks, fundamentally, in Martin Heidegger and Hans-Georg Gadamer, the conditions of the possibility for unveiling the ideology which is the basis for the denial of the substantive law and the projection of an authentic view of the relation between the substantive law and process, in which the action of the substantive law is the source of irradiation of effects and tells to the process, like the mode of being of the substantive law. Finally, the effects of this new mode of viewing this relation and making law over some most discussed procedural institutes of the civil procedure is projected.