The study is intended to identify the methods teachers use to develop students' reading skills, how they select methods and why. The thesis begins with learning theories and previous research on the topic and an explanation of the different literacy learning methods.  The study is a qualitative study and includes ten interviews with teachers working in four different counties. The interviews have been analysed and discussed with the basis in the study's aim and research questions. The result shows that all teachers choose to mix synthetic and analytical literacy learning methods. They do this to meet each individual student at his level in the processes of literacy learning. There is not one method that suits all students, but, there are methods that are suitable for everyone. According to the interviewed teachers, it is a big difference in the achievement levels in reading in grade one. Some students only recognise the letters in their own name, some students already know all the letters of the alphabet, some read short words, and some have begun to read “easy to read” chapter-books.  Their choices are made to get varied and interesting teaching and combining different methods and approaches to be able to capture all the students. The challenge is to get everyone to feel like they are a part of the community of reading and writing in the classroom and that everyone feels like a reader and a writer. All the teachers in the survey mean that the reading and writing education should be based on the students and have a content that interests them to be fruitful for the students. / Studien syftar till att kartlägga metoder verksamma lärare använder för att utveckla elevers läsförmåga, hur de väljer metoder och varför. Uppsatsen inleds med beskrivningar av lärandeteorier och tidigare forskning om ämnet samt en redogörelse av olika läsinlärningsmetoder. Undersökningen är en kvalitativ studie och omfattar tio intervjuer med verksamma lärare från fyra olika kommuner. Intervjuerna har analyserats och diskuterats utifrån studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Resultatet visar att samtliga lärare väljer att blanda syntetiska och analytiska läsinlärningsmetoder, detta gör de för att kunna möta varje enskild elev på dennes nivå i läsinlärningprocessen. Det finns inte en metod som passar alla elever däremot finns metoder som passar för varje individ. Enligt de intervjuade lärarna är det stor skillnad på kunskapsnivåerna i läsning i årskurs ett. En del elever känner bara igen bokstäverna i sitt eget namn, några elever kan alla bokstäver i alfabetet, andra läser korta ord och vissa har börjat att läsa lättlästa kapitelböcker när de börjar årskurs ett. Deras val är gjorda för att få en varierad och intressant undervisning och de kombinerar olika metoder och tillvägagångsätt för att kunna fånga upp alla elever. Utmaningen är att få alla att känna sig som en del av läs- och skrivgemenskapen i klassen och känna sig som läsare och skrivare. Alla lärare i undersökningen menar att läs- och skrivundervisningen ska utgå från eleverna och ha ett innehåll som intresserar dem för att den ska vara givande för eleverna.

O perigo geológico de escorregamentos é a probabilidade da ocorrência de eventos ou fenômenos desta natureza, induzidos ou não pela atividade humana que podem causar danos humanos, socioeconômicos e ambientais. A cartografia de perigos geológicos de escorregamentos é um importante instrumento para gestão dos territórios para Estados Nacionais, setor privado, ONGs, comunidades locais, organizações científicas, etc. O desenvolvimento da ciência e das técnicas fez surgir diversos métodos de avaliação de perigos de escorregamento. No presente trabalho, o método sintético e o método analítico foram comparados com base em Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG), técnicas de geoprocessamento e modelagem de dados cartográficos. Os atributos utilizados, na forma de matrizes numéricas foram declividade do terreno, densidade de drenagem e de lineamentos, excedente hídrico e cobertura vegetal e uso da terra (índice NDVI). Por meio de procedimentos de álgebra de mapas foi obtido o índice de perigo e elaborados os mapas de perigo de escorregamento. No método analítico o mapa de perigo ficou com uma textura mais granulada e no método sintético aparentou uma textura mais homogênea. A comparação da medida de classes em m² dos métodos coincidiu em 92% na classe muito alto, 90% na classe alto, 89% na classe médio e 90% na classe baixo. Já na tabulação cruzada a porcentagem de intersecção foi de 50% para a classe muito alto, 41% para a classe alto, 52% para a classe médio e 68% para a classe baixo. Concluiu-se que ao invés de opostos, os métodos se mostram adequados para um uso complementar. / Geological hazard due landslides is the likelihood of occurrence of such events or phenomena, either induced or not by human activities that can cause human, social-economic or environmental loss. Landslide hazard maps are important tools for territory management among government, private sector, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO), local communities and academy. The development of science and techniques brought about many methods for landslide assessment. This work aims to compare two approaches: the syntethic and analytical methods based on Geographical Information Systems (GIS), geoprocessing and cartographic data modeling. The used attributes, organised in numeric rasters were declivity, drainage and lineaments density, water excess and vegetation cover and land use (NDVI). Procedures of map algebra resulted in the Landslide Hazard Indexes, from which the hazard maps were generated. The maps were compared and validated across previous risk and suscetibility maps with high correlation results. It was concluded that rather than opposites both methods are suitable for an complementary use.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the linguistic awareness of children at the first and second grade of elementary school in both reading methods, i.e. the analytic-synthetic and the genetic method of reading. In the theoretical part of the thesis, the critical analysis of the terms "linguistic awareness" and "linguistic sense" is done and further the approaches and traditions used abroad are compared to actual situation in the Czech Republic. In the analytic part of the thesis, the research project focused on the comparison of two tests of linguistic awareness is developed. The first method is the traditional Linguistic Sense Examination (Žlab, 1992), used not only for the diagnosing of the specific learning disorders, but also for diagnosing of bilingual children, children from minority groups and children with hearing or mental disabilities. The second method is the new Linguistic Awareness Test (Kucharská, Šmejkalová, under the preparation) prepared in the cooperation with Department of Czech Language and the Department of psychology PedF UK. In the research project, there were 40 schoolchild from the first and second grade of elementary school, 20 of them in the analytic-synthetic method of reading and 20 of them in the genetic method of reading. Several areas were monitored. Firstly, the...

This master thesis deals with the questions of teaching the small school children to read. Particularly, there is paid attention to teaching children with reading disorders. The theoretical part of the thesis specifies the reading disorders and the methods of work which lead to the succesful training of the reading abilities. The practical part of the thesis subsumes working with children of the small school "ZŠ Josefa Suka" and the kindergarten "MŠ Křečovice,preparing materials for teaching reading to either children without any learning disabilites or those with disabilites and verifying the materials in practical training.

This thesis deals with the issue of genetic method to reading in the first grade of an elementary school. The theoretical part is focused on the child's entry to school, their school maturity and further education. Other methods to read are presented, analysed and compared with the genetic method as well. Furthermore, the methods and ways how to put the genetic method in practice are pursued in detail along with didactical games and examples of teaching procedures. The practical part looks into the experience the teachers have gained with this method, the school success of the children and the opinion the family members have.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliano M Amui.pdf: 1077689 bytes, checksum: 92a4aab08e9fc9b5de506ca860c4f782 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study approaches the symbolism of wine from its archetypal foundations, searching to understand its purpose and meanings to the subjective psyche. The work begins with the explanation of the concept of psyche on the analytical psychology s point of view, as well as the notion of psychic image in its personal and archetypal aspect, aiming at clarifying the idea of archetypal image. After that, using the constructive-synthetic or amplification method, developed by Carl Gustav Jung, the wine is tackled while image, based on the history of the civilizations. The following archetypal lines: wine and nature x culture, wine and sexuality, wine and drunkenness, wine and spirit and wine and transformation, are considered in elapsing of the work, allowing the dialogue between the archetypal inherent in the image of wine and its psychological phenomenology, that is, the purpose of its advent, as well as its meanings while images of dreams and fantasies. The contents amplified by the synthetic-constructive method of Jung are analyzed in accordance with central concepts of the analytical psychology. Finally, the author discusses the information raised, clarifying and punctuating the aspects of wine that characterize it as an archetypal image / Este estudo aborda o simbolismo do vinho, a partir de seus fundamentos arquetípicos, buscando compreender sua finalidade e seus significados para a psique subjetiva. O trabalho inicia com a explanação da concepção de psique para a psicologia analítica, bem como a noção de imagem psíquica em seu aspecto pessoal e arquetípico, visando esclarecer a idéia de imagem arquetípica. Em seguida, utilizando o método sintético - construtivo ou de amplificação, desenvolvido por Carl Gustav Jung, o vinho é abordado enquanto imagem, com base na história das civilizações. As seguintes linhas arquetípicas: vinho e natureza x cultura, vinho e sexualidade, vinho e embriaguez, vinho e espírito e vinho e transformação são consideradas no decorrer do trabalho, permitindo o diálogo entre o arquetípico inerente à imagem do vinho e sua fenomenologia psicológica, ou seja, a finalidade do seu aparecimento, assim como os seus significados nas imagens dos sonhos e das fantasias. Os conteúdos amplificados pelo método sintético - construtivo de Jung são analisados de acordo com os conceitos centrais da psicologia analítica. Por fim, o autor discute as informações levantadas, esclarecendo e pontuando os aspectos do vinho que o caracterizam como imagem arquetípica

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:12:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseJRBM.pdf: 1767918 bytes, checksum: 200ee529156f1dbfe98eeab387ba9dc6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-15 / This doctoral thesis intends to analyze the main concepts of mental disease and the problematic relation between the organicism and the psychodinamism throughout the history of the psychopathologic ideas that came to constitute the scientific clinical psychiatry, from Philippe Pinel, in the beginning of XIX century, until the chaos of the no theoretical pretense descriptive of the official nosography of the end of XX century and beginning of XXI century (I.C.D.-10). The epistemologic conflict between the psychogenic and organogenic doctrines had resulted in many frustrated attempts of solution. The hermeneuticsynthetic psychopathology of Carl Gustav the Jung (1875-1961) and the phenomenonstructural psychopathology of Eugène Minkowski (1885-1972) stand out among the most promising proposals of XX century. The basic concepts of these authors keep an essential similarity, besides belonging to schools have different thoughts. However, their theorization go in parallel thinking about a psychopathologic formularization psychorganodinamic that is similar in its most essential principles. The antimechanist solution, anti-atomicist and antireductionist, of both, remind the current biological psychiatry that the desired and necessary consensual psychiatric theory will not do without a Metapsychopatology of the psychiatry that consider the irreducible biopsychosocial complexity of the normal or pathological human being. And, neither psychiatry will gain a satisfactory nosographic formularization while they don t reveal the mysteries of the complex etiology of mental disorders. / A presente tese de doutorado pretende analisar os principais conceitos de doença mental e a problemática relação entre o organicismo e o psicodinamismo ao longo da história das idéias psicopatológicas que vieram constituir a psiquiatria clínica científica, a partir de Philippe Pinel, no início do século XIX, até o caos da pretensa ateoricidade descritiva da nosografia oficial do final do século XX e início do século XXI (C.I.D.-10). O conflito epistemológico entre as doutrinas psicogênicas e organogênicas resultou em várias tentativas frustradas de solução. Dentre as mais promissoras propostas do século XX, destacam-se as da psicopatologia hermenêutico-sintética de Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) e da psicopatologia fenomeno-estrutural de Eugène Minkowski (1885-1972). Os conceitos fundamentais desses autores guardam uma semelhança essencial, apesar de pertencerem a escolas de pensamento diferentes; todavia, suas teorizações caminham paralelamente no sentido de uma formulação psicopatológica psicorganodinâmica muito parecida em seus princípios mais essenciais. A solução antimecanicista, anti-atomicista e anti-reducionista, de ambos, lembram à psiquiatria biológica atual que a tão desejada e necessária teoria psiquiátrica consensual não prescindirá de uma Metapsicopatologia da psiquiatria que considere a complexidade biopsicossocial irredutível do ser humano normal ou patológico. E, tampouco a psiquiatria chegará a uma formulação nosográfica satisfatória enquanto não desvendar os mistérios da etiologia complexa dos transtornos mentais.

In diploma thesis named "Comparison of the practicing methods of initial reading and writing in relation to the specific learning disorders" we are trying to find out if the implementation of one of three methods of teaching to read and write - analytic synthetic method, genetic method or Sfumato eliminates the development of specific learning disabilities - dyslexia, disgraphia and disorthographia. The first part of work looks into theoretical outcomes of each method of teaching to read and write and defines specific learning disabilities. In the second part of work methods of teaching to read and write depending on specific learning disabilities development are compared and evaluated based on results of questionnaires, interviews and observation.

M. Tech. (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technology / The present study includes the use of a green synthetic method to prepare copper and silver nanoparticles using chitosan, aqueous extracts of Camellia sinensis, Combretum molle and Melia azedarach linn leaves. This study aims to investigate the influence of capping and precursor concentration on the properties of silver nanoparticles with emphasis on the medicinal plants chosen. The effect of capping agent on the properties of copper nanoparticles is also investigated. The phytochemical properties of plant extracts and the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized particles were also studied; this was achieved by using microdilution bioassay. Decoction method was used to extract secondary metabolites from plant leaves. Preliminary phytochemical screening carried out on the aqueous extracts of the plant leaves showed the presence of tannins, proteins, flavonoids, phenols, and carbohydrates. The total phenolic and flavonoids content of the aqueous extract was determined using spectroscopic methods. The highest phenolic content was found in the aqueous extract of Combretum molle (135 mg/g), and the highest flavonoid content was found in the aqueous extract of Camellia sinensis (0.4 mg/g). Characterization was done by a combination of spectroscopic, microscopy and XRD techniques. Both the size and shape of the synthesized silver nanoparticles were dependent on the identity of the capping molecule, precursor and capping agent concentration as depicted from their TEM and XRD results. Silver nanoparticles were found to be predominantly spherical. The capping agent concentration was also found to influence the degree of agglomeration, with an increase in capping agent concentration giving lesser agglomeration. FTIR spectral analysis showed that silver nanoparticles interact with bioactive compounds found in the plants through the hydroxyl functional group. Other shapes including diamond were observed for the effect of precursor concentration. The XRD micrographs revealed a face-centered cubic geometry and the phase remained the same with an increase in precursor concentration. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were all blue shifted compared to the bulk material. The TEM results revealed that copper nanoparticles with different sizes and shapes were successfully synthesized. All the prepared copper and silver nanoparticles showed satisfactory antifungal and antibacterial activity against Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The capping molecules used in this study also showed some antibacterial and antifungal activity against the selected strains. However nanoparticles performed better than these capping molecules. Both silver and copper nanoparticles were found to be more active against gram-negative bacteria compared to gram-positive bacteria. Amongst all the prepared silver nanoparticles Combretum molle capped nanoparticles were found to be the most active nanoparticles. Also with copper nanoparticles, it was found that Combretum molle capped nanoparticles were the most active nanoparticles. Between the two metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles showed high antibacterial and antifungal activity compared to copper nanoparticles. The antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticles was assessed using 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. Silver nanoparticles were found to have some antioxidant activity. However, the capping molecules were found to be more active than the synthesized nanoparticles. This observation is attributed to the presence of some bioactive compounds in the plant extracts.

Theoretical part of this thesis comprises findings gathered by analyzing available specialized literature focused on specific learning disorders, methods of practicing of initial reading and writing, and Framework Education Program for Elementary Education. The practical part consists of research in a form of questionnaire survey, which compares both learning and writing training methods with respect to specific learning disorders as its main target. The main purpose of this research was to obtain and analyze opinions of specialists from counseling and school psychology clinics on methods of teaching reading and writing, furthermore how these methods may help avert the development of special learning disorders or which methods of teaching writing and reading might be associated with more frequent development of special learning disorders. The survey shows, that the most popular and the most suitable method for initial writing and reading practice according to inquired specialists is still the analytical-synthetic method, which sustains development of particular functions and it is coherent with child's natural phonological development. On the contrary, application of genetic method appears to be the most perilous, since pupils educated by this method seem to display more problems related to...