In recent years, low-code development has become increasingly popular, enabling developers to write less code and focus on the objective. However, while proven efficient, little attention has been given to how developers experience working in these development environments. This is significant as providing unpleasant experiences could reduce the benefits of low-code platforms by leaving the developers unhappy. As such, this study aims to gain an understanding of developer experience in low-code environments. The study was conducted with an IT-company recently specialized in low-code solutions, where participants were chosen based on having prior experience with low-code development. This ensued in interviews with six low-code developers as well as a project leader. Main positive experiences found were, feeling more productive, improved customer relations, focus on the objective, shared developer understanding, and quick learnability. Key negative experiences found were, having work constrained, limited freedom and creativity, inadequate documentation, and overview, and having poor and unsafe teamwork capabilities. To the best of my knowledge this is the first study to explore developer experience in low-code development environments and stands as groundwork for future studies in low-code developer experience.

Seed reproduction is a key part of the life cycle of the most plant species. It allows for the dispersal of species in space and time and, thus, significantly affects dynamics of plant populations and communities. Seed formation, germination and seedling establishment are subjected to selection pressures from the environment and lead to optimization of maternal investments (maternal care), manifested by the number of seeds and amount and composition of nutrients stored in individual seeds. The thesis aims to answer two questions: (i) whether maternal investments in terms of seed mass and seed nutrient stoichiometry is optimized according to the environmental conditions in which seedling development is expected and (ii) how nutrient availability, considering nutrients both stored in the seed by the mother plant and those available in the substrate, affects seedling growth and development. To answer the first question, we focused on interspecific comparisons of seed nutrient stoichiometry linking it with data on seed mass and species niche along gradients of nu- trient availability. We used a phylogenetically informed comparative approach to explore the ratio between phosphorus, nitrogen and nonstructural carbon in seeds from 510 wild herbaceous species. We analyzed seed nutrient stoichiometry with...

Digitaliseringen är en förändring som genomsyrar dagens samhälle och är inte bara enIT-fråga utan en utvecklingsfråga för hela samhället. Ny teknik ger möjligheter menskapar också utmaningar. Redovisning- och revisionsbranschen är en av de branschersom digitaliseras och förändringen påverkar tjänsteutbudet, yrkesrollen menframförallt människan. Teknik används i allt större utsträckning, arbetsuppgifterautomatiseras och kompetens kompletteras eller ersätts av teknik, vilket får enemotionell påverkan på människan. Denna studie undersöker vilken emotionellpåverkan digitaliseringen har på redovisningsbranschen, vilka känslor och faktorersom påverkar människan och undersöker om emotionell design av deras vardagligasystemstöd kan bidra till att främja den fortsatta digitaliseringen inom branschen. Först genomförs en teoretisk undersökning för att se vad tidigare forskning ochanvändarundersökningar säger samt analys av sekundärdata. Resultaten frånanvändarundersökningarna och sekundärdatan analyseras utifrån ett fritt tankesätt ochdetta summeras sedan genom faktorer som påverkar och känslor som uppstår hosmänniskor som arbetar inom branschen, i samband med digitaliseringen som sker.Dessa utvärderas sedan i den empiriska delen av studien där kvalitativa intervjuergenomförs. Inför intervjuerna genomfördes en workshop tillsammans med företagetsom vi samarbetade med, där syftet var att brainstorma och ta fram lösningar somsedan ligger till grund för de designförslag som under intervjuerna används för attexemplifiera emotionell design. Under intervjuerna utvärderades design-förslagenutifrån om en känslomässig reaktion kunde skapas. Intervjuerna avslutas med attverifiera om emotionell design kan ha en positiv inverkan på de känslor och faktorersom uppstår vid digitaliseringen, samt om emotionell design kan främja denkommande digitaliseringen. / Digitalization is a change that permeates today's society and is not just an IT issue buta development issue for the whole society. New technology provides opportunities butat the same time creates challenges. The accounting and auditing industry is one ofthe industries that is being digitized and the change affects the services that they offer,it affects the role of the accountants and auditors, but especially the effect on theindividual. Technology is being used to an increasing extent, tasks are automated, andskills are supplemented or replaced by technology, which has an emotional impact onthe human being. This study examines the emotional impact that the digitalization hason the accounting industry, the emotions and factors that affect the individuals andexamines if applying emotional design when developing their everyday used systemcan contribute to promoting the continued digitalization in the industry. First a theoretical study is done to examine what previous research and user surveyssay and an analysis of secondary data. The results from previous research are analyzedwith an open mind and the results are summarized in factors that affect and emotionsthat arise in individuals in the industry in connection with the digitalization that takesplace. The data is then evaluated in the empirical part of the study where qualitativeinterviews are conducted. Prior to the interviews, a workshop was conducted togetherwith the company we collaborated with, where the purpose was to brainstorm anddevelop solutions that form the basis for the design proposals and was used during theinterviews to exemplify emotional design. During the interviews, the design proposalswere evaluated based on whether an emotional reaction occurred. The end of theinterviews focused on verifying whether emotional design can have a positive impacton the individual's feelings and factors that arise during digitization, and whetheremotional design can promote future digitization.

Rapporten behandlar utvecklingen av ett system som möjliggör för rapportering och granskning av avfallsdata. Systemet består av en mobilapplikation och en webbapplikation som utvecklats med React Native respektive React, en databas som utvecklats med MySQL och en back-end bestående av tjänster som erbjuds av Amazon Web Services. I AWS används tjänster som tillåter hantering av mobilapplikation, webbapplikation, databas och användare. Systemet utvecklades av åtta studenter vid Tekniska högskolan vid Linköpings universitet på uppdrag av det australiensiska företaget EcCell. Projektet resulterade i framtagningen av produkten Trace the Waste med nästan alla önskade funktionaliteter. I rapporten diskuteras även vad som hade kunnat göras annorlunda i utvecklingen med hjälp av andra verktyg. Rapporten drar slutsatser om bland annat varför produkten ger värde för kunden och hur den agila arbetsmetoden Scrum påverkat studenternas arbete under distansläge. Varje student har också skrivit ett individuellt bidrag där olika områden relaterade till projektet utreds. Bidragen finns i slutet av rapporten.

Production system development is challenging for manufacturing companies, and development of HMLV production cells entails additional challenges. Thus, the aim of this study is to support the development of a HMLV production cell, and the following research questions were asked: RQ1: What are the challenges of developing a HMLV production cell? RQ2: What are the critical factors to consider when developing a HMLV production cell? RQ3: How can the development of a HMLV production cell be supported? A literature review in combination with a case study were performed to fulfill the aim and answer the research questions. The literature review was conducted to gain knowledge from previous studies, whilst the case study was performed to complement the theoretical findings. The selected case is the development of a HMLV production cell in the department of engine machining at Scania, which is planned to perform production activities for various departments of Scania. The primary data was collected through observations and interviews. The identified challenges of developing a HMLV production cell were production planning, utilization of equipment, product quality and material flow. The identified critical factors to consider when developing a HMLV production cell were production flexibility, production competence, production technology, pilot production, manufacturing strategy, order management system and standardization. The identified challenges of developing a HMLV production cell and the critical factors to consider when developing a HMLV production cell can support manufacturing companies by informing what challenges to expect prior to developing a HMLV production cell, and what critical factors can mitigate these challenges. Two ways of supporting the development of a HMLV production cell are recommended to Scania: creating a structured order management system and performing a pilot production for the milling operation of the core box reparation process. During this study, it was discovered that different HMLV production cells have different capabilities, challenges, and therefore also different critical factors. As such, recommendation for further research is to investigate how the development of different types of HMLV production cells can be supported by using a multiple case study research design, and to compare the challenges and critical factors for the development for the different types of HMLV production cells.

Component-based software development has emerged as a promising approach for developing complex software systems by composing smaller independently developed components into larger component assemblies. This approach offers means to increase software reuse, achieve higher flexibility and shorter time-to-market by the use of off-the-shelf components (COTS). However, the use of COTS in safety-critical system is highly unexplored. This thesis addresses the problems appearing in component-based development of safety-critical systems. We aim at efficient reasoning about safety at system level while adding or replacing components. For safety-related reasoning it does not suffice to consider functioning components in their intended environments but also the behaviour of components in presence of single or multiple faults. Our contribution is a formal component model that includes the notion of a safety interface. It describes how the component behaves with respect to violation of a given system-level property in presence of faults in its environment. This approach also provides a link between formal analysis of components in safety-critical systems and the traditional engineering processes supported by model-based development. We also present an algorithm for deriving safety interfaces given a particular safety property and fault modes for the component. The safety interface is then used in a method proposed for compositional reasoning about component assemblies. Instead of reasoning about the effect of faults on the composed system, we suggest analysis of fault tolerance through pair wise analysis based on safety interfaces. The framework is demonstrated as a proof-of-concept in two case studies; a hydraulic system from the aerospace industry and an adaptive cruise controller from the automotive industry. The case studies have shown that a more efficient system-level safety analysis can be performed using the safety interfaces.

In the context of Covid-19, significant changes have occurred in the way people work. This qualitative study investigates how individuals working in agile software development have been affected by the transition to remote work as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. Using thematic analysis and a comparative case study as the methodology, the study focuses on areas such as communication, collaboration, cohesion, performance, and outcomes. A summary of the results from the semi-structured interviews in this study reveals that the transition to remote work has not had a negative impact on the outcomes in agile software development. These findings suggest that despite the challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic, agile teams have been able to maintain their high levels of performance and results despite the shift to remote work. These conclusions can assist organizations in developing effective strategies to manage and adapt to changes in the work environment, including the transition to remote work.

User involvement is becoming more prevalent in system development as it has been shown to improve user satisfaction, usability, and the overall quality of the finished system. However, users have often been only minimally involved in traditional development methods. This study examines the impact of user involvement on work processes within companies that adopt this approach. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews in a N-study of several companies. The results provide a deeper understanding of how companies can involve users in their projects, and how this affects their work processes, as well as the study shows which methods are currently used for user participation. Additionally, the study discusses both the positive and negative aspects of user involvement. An interesting aspect that emerges in the study is that many companies do not use formal methods or guidelines when involving users in system development. / Användarmedverkan blir allt vanligare inom systemutveckling då det kan förbättra användarnöjdhet, användbarhet och kvaliteten på det färdiga systemet. Trots detta involveras användare ofta endast i begränsad omfattning i traditionella utvecklingsmetoder.  Denna studie undersöker vilken påverkan användarmedverkan har på arbetsprocessen inom företag som tillämpar detta tillvägagångssätt. Flera företag har jämförts i en N-studie, där data samlats in genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet ger en djupare förståelse av hur företag kan involvera användare i sina projekt, och hur detta påverkar deras arbetsprocess, samt visar vilka metoder som används vid användarmedverkan idag. I studien diskuteras också de positiva och negativa aspekterna av användarmedverkan. En intressant aspekt som framkommer i studien är att många företag inte använder formella metoder eller riktlinjer när de involverar användare i systemutvecklingen.

The most common approach in system development is agiledevelopment methods that are based on the team membersworking physically close to each other and face-to-facecommunication. Which contributes to increased efficiency andimproved team cohesion and motivation to work for each other.Although agile system development methods are best suited forteams that are co-located, many organizations apply the agileapproach even if they work distributed. Distributed work is anestablished form of work that is used all over the world to createthe opportunity for a flexible way of work where geographicallimitations are reduced. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020several agile development teams were forced into distributedwork, which meant working from home and face-to-facecommunication became more difficult as the team was spread outin different places. As the restrictions ceased after the Covid-19pandemic, people began to return to their workplaces, severalpeople wanted to continue working from home if the opportunityarose. A hybrid form of work is considered to be the new way ofwork, which means a flexible way of working where the workplaceis site-independent and employees can choose whether they wantto work from the office, work from home or other locations.The purpose of this study was to identify factors that affect theagile work process of hybrid teams. To fulfill the purpose aqualitative approach where used and semi-structured interviewswere conducted with five respondents from an IT company incentral Sweden. The identified factors were, Work ethic,Communication, Cohesion, Adaptability, Work environment andWell-being. These impact factors contribute to how the workprocess within hybrid teams works. By taking all the impact factorsinto consideration, the conditions can increase to achieve asuccessful work process in hybrid teams and increase efficiencywithin the team / Agil systemutveckling anses vara det vanligaste arbetssättet inomsystemutveckling. Agil systemutveckling anses kunna bidra tilleffektivare resultat genom att teammedlemmar arbetar fysiskt näravarandra och kommunicerar med varandra ansikte mot ansikte.Trots att agila systemutvecklingsmetoder lämpar sig bäst för teamsom är samlokaliserade är det många organisationer som tillämpardet agila arbetssättet även om de arbetar distribuerat. Distribueratarbete är en etablerad arbetsform som används över hela världenför att skapa möjligheten till ett flexiblare arbetssätt därgeografiska begränsningar minskar. På grund av Covid-19-pandemin som utbröt år 2020 tvingades flera agila utvecklingsteamtill distribuerat arbete, vilket innebar att arbeta hemifrån ochkommunikation ansikte mot ansikte försvårades då teamet blevutspritt på olika platser. Allt eftersom restriktionerna upphördesom Covid-19-pandemin medfört och människor börjat återgå tillsina arbetsplatser är det flera som vill fortsätta arbeta hemifrån ommöjligheten finns. En hybrid arbetsform anses vara det nyaarbetssättet som innebär ett flexibelt arbetssätt där arbetsplatsen ärplatsoberoende och medarbetare får välja om de vill arbeta frånkontoret, hemifrån eller från annan plats.Syftet med denna studie var att identifiera faktorer som påverkarhybrida teams agila arbetsprocess. För att uppfylla syftet användeskvalitativ ansats där semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördesmed fem respondenter från ett IT-företag i mellansverige. Sexpåverkansfaktorer identifierades, Arbetsmoral, Kommunikation,Gemenskap, Anpassningsbarhet, Arbetsmiljö och Välmående.Dessa påverkansfaktorer bidrar till hur arbetsprocessen inomhybrida team fungerar. Genom att ta samtliga påverkansfaktorer ibeaktning kan förutsättningarna öka för att ett hybridteamsarbetsprocess ska fungera samt öka effektiviteten inom teamet.

Scaffolding proteins belonging to the Membrane Associated GUanylate Kinase (MAGUK) superfamily function as adaptors linking cytoplasmic and cell surface proteins to the cytoskeleton to regulate cell-cell adhesion, cell-cell communication and signal transduction. We have identified a novel Drosophila MAGUK member, Varicose (Vari), the homologue of vertebrate scaffolding protein PALS2. Similar to its vertebrate counterpart, Varicose localizes to pleated Septate Junctions (pSJs) of all embryonic, ectodermally derived epithelia and peripheral glia. In vari mutants, essential SJ proteins NeurexinIV and FasciclinIII are mislocalized basally and the cells develop a leaky paracellular seal. Localization of SJ protein Discs Large is not affected, indicating Vari is not involved in cell polarization. In addition, vari mutants display irregular tracheal tube diameters and have reduced lumenal protein accumulation suggesting involvement in tracheal morphogenesis. We found that Vari is distributed in the cytoplasm of optic lobe neuroepithelium and is required for proper ommatidial patterning. As well, Vari is expressed in a subset of neuroblasts and differentiated neurons of the nervous system. We also present a novel MAGUK function in wing hair alignment during adult morphogenesis. We conclude that Varicose is involved in scaffold assembly at the SJ and has a role in patterning adult epithelia and in nervous system development. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)