Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal investigar a possível contribuição do modelo de organização de Karl Weick (1973) para a compreensão teórica do processo de entendimento compartilhado entre usuários e desenvolvedores sobre as demandas de desenvolvimento de sistemas de informação. A pesquisa se justifica pela atualidade do tema e pela relevância da abordagem. Embora existam muitas pesquisas sobre o tema, o problema de comunicação (misunderstanding) sobre as demandas permanece atual nas empresas. Além disso, as pesquisas existentes adotam abordagens preponderantemente pragmáticas e deixam uma lacuna em relação à adoção de abordagens mais compreensivas. Dentre as teorias adotadas nos estudos organizacionais, o modelo de organização como processo, de Karl Weick (1973), pareceu oferecer potencial explicativo para processos dinâmicos como o entendimento compartilhado sobre as demandas. Esse modelo foi adotado como base conceitual do trabalho, sendo estendido na forma de proposições que expressam sua possível aplicação ao objeto de pesquisa. Essa aplicação foi investigada com uso do método Estudo de Caso único em profundidade com múltiplas fontes de coleta de dados (entrevistas individuais, observação participante e consulta documental) e múltiplas unidades de análise (dez projetos de desenvolvimento ou alteração de sistemas de informação). Os resultados da pesquisa foram provenientes da técnica de Análise de Conteúdo, utilizada para a descrição analítica de cada projeto, a identificação de indícios dos conceitos do modelo teórico e a geração de categorias dos dados empíricos. Esse processo de análise permitiu a verificação da plausibilidade de cada proposição. Com base nessa análise, a consolidação feita por comparação e agrupamento dos projetos, por verificação das transições entre os elementos, e pela identificação de divergências entre o modelo teórico e os dados empíricos permitiu a investigação e o desenvolvimento de uma possível contribuição do modelo de Weick (1973) como alternativa para a compreensão teórica do objeto de pesquisa. Esse resultado também permitiu identificar outras diferentes perspectivas para novas pesquisas baseadas na abordagem adotada (como a perspectiva de serviços, de sensemaking e a de subculturas organizacionais), o que pode configurar uma contribuição acadêmica inovadora e relevante. / The present study aims to investigate the potential contribution of Weick’s organizing model (1973) to theoretical comprehension of the shared understanding process between users and developers about demands of information systems. The relevance of this issue rises from the existence of many other investigations about it and the remaining of the misunderstanding problem about demands in practice. A great deal of papers has approached this issue pragmatically, showing an opportunity to researches which adopt comprehensive approaches. One of the most studied organizational theories, namely Weick’s organizing model (1973), potentially offer an alternative point of view to this dynamic process and was adopted as the conceptual basis of this investigation. An extension or application of the model to the research object was developed in form of research propositions. An in-depth case-study was developed with multiple data sources (individual interviews, participant observation and documents consulting) and multiple analysis units (ten information systems development projects). Content Analysis techniques offered the results, including analytical descriptions of each project, identification of clues of model concepts and generation of categories from empirical data. This analytical process allows verifying plausibility of each theoretical proposition. A consolidation was done by comparing projects, verifying transitions among elements, identifying divergences between conceptual model and empirical data. This entire process made possible an investigation and the development of a potential contribution of Weick’s organizing model as an alternative mode for theoretical comprehension of this research object. These results also allow identifying other alternative perspectives for new investigations based on this approach (for example, perspectives of services, sensemaking and organizational subcultures), which can be seen as innovative and relevant academic contributions.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal investigar a possível contribuição do modelo de organização de Karl Weick (1973) para a compreensão teórica do processo de entendimento compartilhado entre usuários e desenvolvedores sobre as demandas de desenvolvimento de sistemas de informação. A pesquisa se justifica pela atualidade do tema e pela relevância da abordagem. Embora existam muitas pesquisas sobre o tema, o problema de comunicação (misunderstanding) sobre as demandas permanece atual nas empresas. Além disso, as pesquisas existentes adotam abordagens preponderantemente pragmáticas e deixam uma lacuna em relação à adoção de abordagens mais compreensivas. Dentre as teorias adotadas nos estudos organizacionais, o modelo de organização como processo, de Karl Weick (1973), pareceu oferecer potencial explicativo para processos dinâmicos como o entendimento compartilhado sobre as demandas. Esse modelo foi adotado como base conceitual do trabalho, sendo estendido na forma de proposições que expressam sua possível aplicação ao objeto de pesquisa. Essa aplicação foi investigada com uso do método Estudo de Caso único em profundidade com múltiplas fontes de coleta de dados (entrevistas individuais, observação participante e consulta documental) e múltiplas unidades de análise (dez projetos de desenvolvimento ou alteração de sistemas de informação). Os resultados da pesquisa foram provenientes da técnica de Análise de Conteúdo, utilizada para a descrição analítica de cada projeto, a identificação de indícios dos conceitos do modelo teórico e a geração de categorias dos dados empíricos. Esse processo de análise permitiu a verificação da plausibilidade de cada proposição. Com base nessa análise, a consolidação feita por comparação e agrupamento dos projetos, por verificação das transições entre os elementos, e pela identificação de divergências entre o modelo teórico e os dados empíricos permitiu a investigação e o desenvolvimento de uma possível contribuição do modelo de Weick (1973) como alternativa para a compreensão teórica do objeto de pesquisa. Esse resultado também permitiu identificar outras diferentes perspectivas para novas pesquisas baseadas na abordagem adotada (como a perspectiva de serviços, de sensemaking e a de subculturas organizacionais), o que pode configurar uma contribuição acadêmica inovadora e relevante. / The present study aims to investigate the potential contribution of Weick’s organizing model (1973) to theoretical comprehension of the shared understanding process between users and developers about demands of information systems. The relevance of this issue rises from the existence of many other investigations about it and the remaining of the misunderstanding problem about demands in practice. A great deal of papers has approached this issue pragmatically, showing an opportunity to researches which adopt comprehensive approaches. One of the most studied organizational theories, namely Weick’s organizing model (1973), potentially offer an alternative point of view to this dynamic process and was adopted as the conceptual basis of this investigation. An extension or application of the model to the research object was developed in form of research propositions. An in-depth case-study was developed with multiple data sources (individual interviews, participant observation and documents consulting) and multiple analysis units (ten information systems development projects). Content Analysis techniques offered the results, including analytical descriptions of each project, identification of clues of model concepts and generation of categories from empirical data. This analytical process allows verifying plausibility of each theoretical proposition. A consolidation was done by comparing projects, verifying transitions among elements, identifying divergences between conceptual model and empirical data. This entire process made possible an investigation and the development of a potential contribution of Weick’s organizing model as an alternative mode for theoretical comprehension of this research object. These results also allow identifying other alternative perspectives for new investigations based on this approach (for example, perspectives of services, sensemaking and organizational subcultures), which can be seen as innovative and relevant academic contributions.

Submitted by Lucelia Lucena (lucelia.lucena@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-06T18:19:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 DISSERTAÇÃO Carlos Diego Cavalcanti Pereira.pdf: 4207386 bytes, checksum: 1b429f9663fd012cb9da480f02ee5391 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-06T18:19:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 DISSERTAÇÃO Carlos Diego Cavalcanti Pereira.pdf: 4207386 bytes, checksum: 1b429f9663fd012cb9da480f02ee5391 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-18 / As metodologias ágeis de desenvolvimento de software emergiram como alternativa para processos prescritivos, os quais são classificados como excessivamente formais. Com objetivo de viabilizar entregas frequentes, processos adaptáveis, flexíveis e focados no cliente, as metodologias ágeis se tornaram referência sobre como produzir software de forma produtiva. Contudo, com objetivo de tornar o processo mais simples, essas abordagens invariavelmente incorrem em problemas como: modelos pouco generalistas para cobrir todo o ciclo de vida da Engenharia de Software; foco em disciplinas específicas do processo de software; subestimação de aspectos relevantes em iniciativas de desenvolvimento, como esforços de arquitetura, design e documentação; e indicação para equipes e projetos de pequena escala. A proposta desta dissertação de mestrado é propor um framework de processo eficiente de desenvolvimento de software, o qual se baseia nos ideários das metodologias ágeis, porém cobre todo o ciclo de vida de projeto desde a concepção, gestão, implementação e entrega. O framework inclui ferramentas como princípios, valores, atividades, artefatos e práticas específicas, incluindo esforços como arquitetura, design e documentação, concebendo um processo ágil, eficiente e extremamente produtivo para projetos de concepção e manutenção software, independentemente da sua escala.

Knowledge has become one of the most important assets for companies nowadays. Knowledge Management (KM) uses organizational knowledge as a resource to make companies more competitive. Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) are gaining popularity, however, the failure rate remains high, with many projects not achieving their goals or being shut down early. KMS are often underestimated and treated as normal systems. IS practices do not cover certain aspects specific to KMS, aspects that do not show in other IS (e.g. socio-cultural issues). There are many studies concerning the KMS failures but they just focus on the symptoms and do not provide a solution to the problem. The goal of this master’s dissertation is to generate a preventive tool that will help the KM field. With The experience gained by working in a real KMS project within a textile agency in Sweden and relevant literature, an Information Systems Design Theory (ISDT) for KMS was developed. As some authors suggest, KM needs an ISDT of it’s own. An ISDT will guide practitioners through the process by restricting practices and features of the system to a more effective set. It will also encourage the academia to work on this theory for its improvement, completion, and validation

Requirements analysis is an essential part of the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) in order to achieve success in a software development project. There are several methods, techniques and frameworks used when expressing, prioritizing and managing requirements in IT projects. It is widely established that it is difficult to determine requirements for traditional systems, so a question naturally arises on how the requirements analysis is executed as AI solutions (that even fewer individuals can grasp) are being developed. Little research has been made on how the vital requirements phase is executed during development of AI solutions. This research aims to investigate the requirements analysis phase during the development of AI solutions. To explore this topic, an extensive literature review was made, and in order to collect new information, a number of interviews were performed with five suitable organizations (i.e, organizations that develop AI solutions). The results from the research concludes that the requirements analysis does not differ between development of AI solutions in comparison to development of traditional systems. However, the research showed that there were some deviations that can be deemed to be particularly unique for the development of AI solutions that affects the requirements analysis. These are: (1) the need for an iterative and agile systems development process, with an associated iterative and agile requirements analysis, (2) the importance of having a large set of quality data, (3) the relative deprioritization of user involvement, and (4) the difficulty of establishing timeframe, results/feasibility and the behavior of the AI solution beforehand.

This paper examines developers' experience of participation in decisions through agile system development methods in long-term projects. Participation is meant as an opportunity for developers to influence and realize decisions in their work through independence and freedom. The research question reads as follows: "How are developers' perceived participation in decisions during long-term projects affected?". Through five qualitative interviews with developers from an international military company, institutional logics are used as a complementary theoretical framework and analytical support. Tensions between a professional logic and a management logic are indicated to be the two main logics that pressure developers' perceived participation in decisions over a long-term period. By combining development methods over time within long-term projects, daily follow-up varies and developers' perceived participation in decisions may be affected. Partial deliveries promote developers' perceived participation in decisions because developers can receive ongoing feedback on their decisions. Developers are required to make constant considerations in their decisions in order to achieve flexibility and meet requirements, but are limited by access to information due to defense-secrecy. / Uppsatsen undersöker utvecklares upplevelse av delaktighet i beslut genom agila systemutvecklingsmetoder inom långsiktiga projekt. Delaktighet avses som möjlighet för utvecklare att genom självständighet och frihet påverka samt realisera beslut i sin arbetssituation. Forskningsfrågan som tagits fram lyder enligt följande: “Hur påverkas utvecklares upplevelse av delaktighet i beslut under långsiktiga projekt?”. Genom fem kvalitativa intervjuer med utvecklare från ett militärt internationellt företag används institutionella logiker som ett kompletterande teoretiskt ramverk och analysstöd. Spänningar mellan en professionslogik och en management-logik indikeras vara de två huvudsakliga logiker som sätter press på utvecklares upplevelse av delaktighet i beslut under en lång tidshorisont. Genom att systemutvecklingsmetoder blandas över tid inom långsiktiga projekt varieras daglig uppföljning och utvecklares upplevelse av delaktighet i beslut kan komma att påverkas. Delleveranser främjar utvecklares upplevelse av delaktighet i beslut eftersom utvecklare kan få löpande återkoppling på sina beslut. Utvecklare erfordras göra ständiga avvägningar i sina beslut för att uppnå flexibilitet och möta krav, men begränsas av tillgång till information till följd av försvarssekretess.

This study focuses on agile systems development teams which work remotely during the COVID pandemic. Purpose: To identify the missing topics in informal communication and the relationship between them and team collaboration. Method: Survey is used to collect nominal data, ordinal data and qualitative data of text. 101 people participated in the survey. Analysis: An independent T-test, Spearman's rank correlation and content analysis are conducted. Result: There is a lack of discussion topics on personal information (e.g. a deeper insight into a person’s private life), social conversations (e.g. greetings and questions about weekend plans), support (e.g. giving tips and asking for help) and complaints (e.g. frustration regarding work) when they are teleworking during the COVID pandemic. Conversational topics on personal information, social conversations, support and complaints have a weak positive association with teamwork. Topics on personal information and social conversations are more strongly associated with teamwork than topics on support and complaints. The most striking results are the lack of social conversations in the age group between 30 and 39 years and those whose years of experience are between one and three years. Discussion and Conclusion: It is possible that the magnitude of topic shortages changes depending on the age and years of experience of team members, which may be a factor in how well team collaboration works. It may also become a factor determining the quality of team collaboration that causes teams to take proactive steps to increase the amount of informal communication. This study proposes to increase the amount of topics of personal information and social conversations and take serious measures to increase the amount of social conversations if the team is based on many team members whose age is between 30 and 39 years and whose years of experience are between one and three years.

Systems development is a complex process that places highdemand on those who perform it. A system developer isexpected to manage and carry out several complicated tasks,which often run simultaneously. There are a variety of bots,short for robots, available that can assist them witheverything from finding bugs, sending reminders incommunication channels, answering questions about code,and much more. It is already known that system developersuse bots to a large extent, but this study has investigatedwhich factors influence the use of bots in systemdevelopment. In order to achieve the aim of the study, aqualitative study was carried out with a deductive approach,where five professional system developers were interviewedabout their experiences with bots. The result was reviewedand analyzed using the Technology Acceptance Model(TAM3) whose sub-factors helped to identify which factorsinfluence system developers in their use.The study shows that system developers mostly start usingbots when they are influenced and feel pressure fromcolleagues and others in the industry, and that there is a fearof not keeping up with the developments that are takingplace. Furthermore, they continue to use bots when theydiscover that many processes are made more efficient andeasier with bots. However, all participants in the studyhighlight that there are several negative aspects that affectthe extent to which they can use bots. Clients and employerslimit the use when they impose restrictions on the use of botsout of fear for security and reliability issues. Several in thestudy point out that bots will be used to an even greaterextent in the future and that it has the potential to makesystem development both faster and more cost-effective, butat the same time it is also important to understand the risksassociated with them. / Att utveckla system är en komplex process som ställer högakrav på de som arbetar med det. En systemutvecklareförväntas hantera och genomföra flera kompliceradeuppgifter, som ofta pågår samtidigt. Till deras assistans finnsen mängd olika bottar, kort för robotar, som kan utföra alltfrån att hitta buggar, skicka påminnelser ikommunikationskanaler, svara på frågor om kod och mycketmer därtill. Att många systemutvecklare använder bottar istor utsträckning är känt sedan tidigare men denna studiehar undersökt vilka faktorer som påverkar användningen avbottar inom systemutveckling. För att uppnå syftet medstudien genomfördes en kvalitativ studie med deduktivansats, där fem yrkesverksamma systemutvecklareintervjuades om deras erfarenheter av bottar. Resultatetgranskades och analyserades med hjälp TechnologyAcceptance Model (TAM3) vars delfaktorer bidrog till attidentifiera vilka faktorer som påverkar systemutvecklare ideras användning.Studien visar att systemutvecklare till största del börjaranvända bottar då de påverkas och känner en press avkollegor och andra i branschen samt att det finns en rädslaför att inte hänga med i den utveckling som sker. Vidarefortsätter de använda bottar när de upptäckt att mångaprocesser effektiviseras och blir enklare med bottar. Alladeltagare i studien belyser dock att det finns flera negativaaspekter som påverkar i hur stor utsträckning de kananvända sig av bottar. Uppdragsgivare och kunderbegränsar användningen när de av rädsla för säkerheten ochpålitligheten inför restriktioner för användningen av bottar.Flera i studien pekar på att bottar kommer användas i ännustörre utsträckning i framtiden och att det har en potentialatt göra systemutveckling både snabbare och merkostnadseffektiv men samtidigt är det också viktigt att förståriskerna med dem.

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