Distúrbios são eventos que modificam os processos e a biodiversidade presentes em um ecossistema. Estas mudanças dão origem a um processo de sucessão ecológica, onde o tempo de retorno a o estado anterior ao distúrbio e chamado de resiliência. Organismos bioindicadores são ferramentas amplamente utilizadas na compreensão destas relações entre os distúrbios e os ecossistemas. Campos são ecossistemas altamente diversos, que podem possuir importante relação com o distúrbio de fogo, sendo este possivel responsável por modelar sua distribuição e propriedades ecológicas. Os artrópodes são componentes importantes da biodiversidade, e possuem respostas rápidas aos distúrbios, características que os tornam ferramentas importantes no monitoramento desta. Dentre estes a ordem Hemiptera é recorrentemente utilizada como bioindicadora de distúrbios, devido ao fato de sua diversidade estar diretamente ligada à diversidade da vegetação onde estes se encontram. Neste estudo explorei as respostas da comunidade de artrópodes ao distúrbio causado pelo fogo, sendo este o tema do primeiro capítulo desta dissertação, e no segundo capítulo, aspectos da diversidade taxonômica e funcional da ordem Hemiptera (Heteroptera e Auchenorryncha) foram utilizados como ferramentas de compreensão dos efeitos do fogo sobre o ecossistema campestre. O experimento de fogo foi conduzido na Estação Experimental Agronômica da UFRGS em Eldorado do Sul. Instalei sete blocos de unidades experimentais, constituídos por duas parcelas de 10 x 10 m, sendo uma delas queimada em dezembro/2009. Realizei amostragens em quatro períodos: antes da queima e um, seis e 12 meses após a queima. Utilizei armadilhas pitfall no solo (cinco por parcela), e rede de varredura na vegetação (quatro transectos em cada parcela). Os artrópodes coletados foram classificados em ordens e contabilizados. Para a ordem Hemiptera classifiquei os adultos em famílias e os jovens em subordem, e para todos os indivíduos medi atributos morfológicos funcionais. No primeiro capítulo conclui-se que a comunidade de artrópodes responde às mudanças ambientais causados pelo fogo, com respostas distintas entre ordens, e entre os níveis da vegetação e sobre o solo. No solo, a resiliência dos artrópodes foi mais lenta do que em artrópodes da vegetação, provavelmente devido à reconstituição da camada de serrapilheira acontecer posteriormente à regeneração da vegetação, através da deposição de matéria orgânica morta. No segundo capítulo concluo que os efeitos do fogo sobre a vegetação campestre afetaram a comunidade de Hemiptera aumentando a abundância e diversidade deste grupo, padrão este que segue a diversificação da vegetação. Quanto aos atributos, o principal atributo selecionado foi aparelho sugador maior nas áreas queimadas. O período de desenvolvimento em que os organismos se encontram, adulto ou imaturo, parece ter sido mais fortemente selecionado pelas alterações do fogo. / Disturbances are events that modify processes and biodiversity present in an ecosystem. These changes lead to an ecological succession process, where the time to return to pre-disturbance state is called resilience. Bioindicators are tools widely used to understand these relationships between disturbances and ecosystems. Grasslands are highly diverse ecosystems and fire disturbance is an important factor there, responsible for shaping their distribution and ecological properties. Arthropods are key biodiversity components, and have fast responses to disturbances. These characteristics make them important tools for biodiversity monitoring. Among arthropods, the order Hemiptera is recurrently used as a bioindicators of disturbance, because their diversity is directly linked to vegetation diversity. This study explored the effects of fire on the arthropod community, which is the theme of the first chapter of this dissertation, and in the second chapter, aspects of taxonomic and functional diversity of the order Hemiptera (Heteroptera and Auchenorryncha) were used to understand the fire effects on the grasslands. Fire experiment was conducted at Estação Agronômica Experimental da UFRGS in Eldorado do Sul. I installed seven blocks of experimental units (two plots of 10 x 10 m) and one plot of each were burned in December 2009. Samplings occurred in four periods: before fire and one, six and 12 months after fire. I used pitfall traps in the soil (five per plot), and in vegetation we use sweep net (four transects in each plot). Arthropods collected were identified into orders. I classified the order Hemiptera adults in families and the young in suborders, and for each individual i measured functional morphological attributes. From the first chapter we conclude that the arthropod assemblage responds to environmental changes caused by fire, with distinct responses among arthropod orders and between the vegetation and ground levels. On the ground, arthropod community resilience is slower than for vegetation arthropods, probably due to a delay in the comeback of the litter soil layer which is subsequent to the regeneration of the vegetation, through deposition of dead organic matter. In the second chapter I conclude that the effects caused by fire affected the Hemiptera community, increasing abundance and diversity of this group. For functional attributes, the sucking apparatus was selected most in burned areas. The developmental period of the organisms, either adult or immature, seems to have been more strongly selected by fire-induced changes.

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2018-02-06T14:17:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Christiane Monte 2017.pdf: 1803168 bytes, checksum: fcf5354cecebc3cc273db52007aaab5e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-06T14:17:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Christiane Monte 2017.pdf: 1803168 bytes, checksum: fcf5354cecebc3cc273db52007aaab5e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ / RESUMO A ressuspensão sedimentos pode alterar a biodisponibilidade dos contaminantes metálicos, podendo colocar em risco a biota. Esta hipótese foi testada em duas Baías – Guanabara e Sepetiba, no Rio de Janeiro, sendo a Guanabara dividida em cinco áreas. Em ambas as Baías há contaminação por metais-traço, na Guanabara um dos principais problemas é a contaminação dos sedimentos por Hg, enquanto na de Sepetiba é por Cd e Zn, ambas a Baías recebem efluentes domésticos e industriais. Assim, o objetivo geral deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da ressuspensão de sedimentos na região do Saco do Engenho (Baía de Sepetiba) e os estuários dos rios Meriti e Iguaçu, os Portos do Rio e de Niterói e a APA de Guapimirim (Baía de Guanabara) e o possível aumento da biodisponibilidade de metais-traço (Cd, Cu,Fe, Hg, MeHg, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn). Em Sepetiba foram coletadas 12 amostras próximas ao Saco do Engenho, e foram submetidas a dois intervalos de tempo de ressuspensão (1h e 24h). Grandes concentrações de Zn e Cd foram encontradas na região, com o resultado da extração sequencial HCl 1 mol L-1 e após o método US EPA 3051 foi aplicado o índice de mudança na biodisponibilidade (BCI) que mostrou-se ser uma boa ferramenta no monitoramento do risco de sedimentos contaminados por metais associados à atividade de dragagem. Na Baía de Guanabara foram cinco pontos, um para cada área com três réplicas e foram submetidas a seis intervalos de ressuspensão ( 30min, 1h, 3h, 6h,12h e 24h). O Hg e o MeHg foram determinados em duas áreas da Baía (Meriti e Porto do Rio) e apesar das concentrações serem maiores no Meriti, o percentual de metilação foi quatro vezes maior no Porto Rio em relação ao Meriti, sendo a matéria orgânica e a granulometria, os reguladores da dinâmica do Hg. No estuário do Rio Iguaçu, foi aplicado o mesmo tipo de extração sequencial aplicado em Sepetiba e com apenas dois intervalos de ressuspensão (1h e 24h), e os resultados mostraram variação no gradiente estuarino e aumento na biodisponibilidade dos contaminantes metálicos após a ressuspensão. Foram realizados bioensaios terrestres com os sedimentos das cinco áreas da Baía de Guanabara com oligoquetas terrestres da espécie Eiseinia andrei , os bioensaios mostraram que os metais regulam a mortalidade das oligoquetas para quatro áreas, e há a influência da sazonalidade na mortalidade das oligoquetas, assim como a influência da espacialização dentro da Baía. Entretanto, na área menos contaminada houve a menor concentração letal 50% (CL50), que provavelmente foi provocada por outro fator, assim como houve o engordamento dos animais após a exposição, que pode estar relacionado à salinidade da região o outro fator desconhecido. Em Sepetiba, os resultados evidenciam que a ressuspensão afeta a biodisponibilidade de diferentes metais, principalmente no primeiro intervalo de tempo (1 hora), refletindo mudanças abruptas em função da exposição a condições oxidantes. Na Guanabara, houve uma oscilação entre os intervalos, entretanto para o MeHg no Porto do Rio houve metilação a partir do intervalo de 3h. / The resuspension of sediments can change the bioavailability of mettalic contaminants, could increase risk to biota. This hypothesis was tested in two bays- Gananbara and Sepetiba, in Rio de Janeiro, being the Guanabara divided into five areas. In both Bays there is contamination by trace metals, in the Guanabara, one of the main is the contamination of sediments by Hg, while Sepetiba, it’s for Cd and Zn, both bays receives domestics and industrial sewage. Therefore, the general aims of this study was evaluate the effects of resuspension of sediments in Saco do Engenho area (Sepetiba Bay) e and estuaries of Meriti and Iguaçu river, the ports of Rio and Niterói and Protect Area of Guapimirim ( Guanabara Bay) and the possible increase of bioavailability of trace metals(Cd, Cu,Fe, Hg, MeHg, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn).In Sepetiba were collected 12 samples near to Saco do Engenho, and were submitted to 2 time intervals of resuspension (1h and 24h). Higher concentrations of Zn and Cd were found in the area, with result of sequential extraction HCl 1 mol L-1 and after US EPA 3051 method was applied the bioavailability change index (BCI), which showed to be a good tool to monitoring of risk of contaminated sediments by metals associated to dredging activity. In the Gaunabara Bay were five points, one for each areawith 3 replicated e and were submitted to six time intervals of resuspension( 30min, 1h, 3h, 6h,12h e 24h). The Hg and MeHg were analyzes in two areas of Bay (Meriti and Porto do Rio), and although of concentrations were higher in Meriti, the percentage of methylation was four times higher in port of Rio than Meriti, being, the organic matter and grain size the regulators of Hg dynamics. In the estuary of Iguaçu River, was applied the same type of extraction sequence applied in Sepetiba and with only two time intervals of resuspension(1h e 24h), and the results showed variation in estuarine gradient and increase bioavailabilityof mettalic contaminats after resuspension. Were performed terrestrial bioassays with sediments of five areas of Guanabara Bay with earthworms Eiseinia andrei, the bioassays showed which metals regulates the earthworms mortality for 4 areas, and there is the influence of seasonal in mortality, as influence of specialization into Bay. However, in the area the less contaminated area there was the lowest lethal concentration 50% (LC 50), probably was caused another factor, as there was fattening of animal after exposition, can be associated to salinity of region or unknown another factor. In Sepetiba, the results evidenced the resupension affected the bioavailability of different metals, mainly in the first interval (1 hour), reflecting abrupt changes due to exposure to oxidizing conditions. In the Guanabara, there was one oscillation between time intervals, however for MeHg in port of Rio there was methylation from 3 hours time interval.

This dissertation presents a diagnosis of the diversity of terrestrial vertebrates in the Brazilian state of Sergipe. Information on the general and regional distribution, conservation and expected occurrence of species were collected for each taxonomic group. The morphoclimatic domain model was adopted as the geographic baseline for the definition of the ranges of the 547 species identified. Most of the 45 species of amphibian expected for Sergipe are distributed throughout the different domains, although 11 are restricted to the Atlantic Forest. Two species of Phyllomedusa are endangered locally, almost all the 39 confirmed species are restricted to the Atlantic Forest. The 57 reptilian species are mostly widely-distributed lizards and snakes, although 11 are restricted to either the Atlantic Forest or the caatinga. Two species of nemidophorus lizards are endemic, and four have a local distribution, while approximately 30 of the expected species were confirmed. With regard to the 387 bird species, 14 are restricted to the Atlantic Forest and two to the caatinga. The albatross, Thalassarche melanophris, has a restricted distribution, and the passeriform Herpsilochmus pectoralis is on the list of endangered species. Approximately 450 species of birds 95 of which are endangered are expected to occur in Sergipe. Most of the 36 species of nonvolant mammals, plus the 22 bats, are from the Atlantic Forest and caatinga, or more amply distributed. Red-listed species include the Atlantic Forest bat Chiroderma doriae, the titi monkeys Callicebus coimbrai and C. barbarabrownae from the Atlantic Forest and caatinga, respectively, and the capuchin, Cebus xanthosternos. Of the 124 species that probably occur within the area, three are endemic to the caatinga, and four to the Atlantic Forest. The most important areas of the Atlantic Forest and caatinga for ecological studies and biological inventory are identified and discussed. / A dissertação é um diagnóstico da biodiversidade dos vertebrados terrestres da região de Sergipe. Para cada grupo taxonômico foram obtidas informações sobre a distribuição geral e regional das espécies, conservação e espécies de ocorrência esperada. O modelo dos domínios morfoclimáticos foi adotado como unidade geográfica para determinar as distribuições das 547 espécies. A maioria das 45 espécies de anfíbios está amplamente distribuída em todos os domínios, 11 são restritas à mata atlântica. Duas espécies de Phyllomedusa estão ameaçadas localmente, quase todas as 39 espécies esperadas ocorrer são restritas à mata atlântica. As 57 espécies de répteis são compostas principalmente por lagartos e serpentes amplamente distribuídas em todos os domínios, 11 são restritas à mata atlântica e caatinga. Duas espécies de lagartos do gênero Cnemidophorus são endêmicas e 4 têm distribuição localizada; aproximadamente 30 espécies de répteis são esperadas ocorrer. Com relação às 387 espécies de aves, 14 são restritas à mata atlântica e 2 à caatinga. O albatroz Thalassarche melanophris tem distribuição localizada e o passeriforme Herpsilochmus pectoralis está na lista de ameaçados. Aproximadamente 450 espécies de aves são esperadas ocorrer, 95 ameaçadas. A maioria das 36 espécies de mamíferos não voadores, mais 22 morcegos, é da mata atlântica e caatinga ou tem distribuição mais ampla. Nas listas de conservação estão o morcego Chiroderma doriae da mata atlântica, os macacos guigós Callicebus coimbrai da mata e C. barbarabrownae da caatinga, e o macaco-prego Cebus xanthosternos. As espécies de mamíferos de provável ocorrência são 124, endêmicas da caatinga 3, da mata atlântica 4. São apresentados comentários sobre áreas de mata atlântica e caatinga para futuros estudos ecológicos e inventários sobre biodiversidade.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-10-09T12:15:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Júlia dos Santos Coutinho - 2017.pdf: 2463872 bytes, checksum: f3f2be5a91a8d35758cca0e12f7c7533 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-10-09T12:16:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Júlia dos Santos Coutinho - 2017.pdf: 2463872 bytes, checksum: f3f2be5a91a8d35758cca0e12f7c7533 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-09T12:16:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Júlia dos Santos Coutinho - 2017.pdf: 2463872 bytes, checksum: f3f2be5a91a8d35758cca0e12f7c7533 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Bromeliaceae family has plants that impress by their shapes, by the range of colors and varieties of flowers. Bromelia reversacantha, terrestrial plant, sandy soils and dry environments stands out among the bromeliad species native to the Savana with ornamental potential. Many commercialized species are derived from extractivism, and lack technical information regarding propagation and cultivation. One of the difficulties encountered by bromeliad growers is the determination of a suitable substrate for their development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the initial development of B. reversacantha plants grown in different substratum compositions. The experiment was conducted at the School of Agronomy of the Federal University of Goiás, in Goiânia, GO, from September 2015 to September 2016. The seedlings from the tissue culture were grown in black plastic pots (1.3 L), with 50% shading and micro sprinkler irrigation. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments and thirty repetitions. The treatments were: subsoil + sand; subsoil + substrate commercial; commercial substrate + sand; subsoil + substrate commercial + sand; and commercial substrate, in equal proportions (v/v). During 365 days, at intervals of 30 days, the leaf length was determined, external and internal diameters of leaf rosette, number of whole leaves, green, dry and total, and coloring of leaves. At the end of the period, were also determined the length of the largest root, diameter of the stem, wider leaf width, leaf area, root volume, of fresh and dry matter of shoots and roots, longer leaf length and leaf analysis. Substrate analyzes were performed at the beginning and end of the evaluation period. At 90 days of cultivation, the length of the aerial part of the treatment plants subsoil + sand + commercial substrate was statistically superior to the other treatments. Substrate subsoil + commercial substrate provided higher number of whole leaves, larger number of dryleaves and higher averages for the length of the larger leaf. In general, there was no significant difference in leaf color. At 365 days of cultivation, the treatments did not induce a significant effect on the accumulation of fresh root matter mass, broad leaf width, root length, dry shoot mass and total leaf area. The soil treatment of subsoil + sand + commercial substrate showed the greatest mass accumulation of the dry matter of the aerial part, as well as of the roots. The treatment of subsoil + sand presented the smallest stem diameters, and lower averages for fresh root matter mass, root length, shoot dry matter mass and root volume. It is concluded that the initial seedling cultivation of B. reversacantha can be carried out in almost all the mixtures of substrates proposed in the present study, especially in the mixtures of subsoil + commercial substrate. It is not recommended to use the mixture of subsoil + sand for the initial development of plants of this species. / A família Bromeliaceae possui plantas que impressionam por suas formas, pela gama de cores e variedade de flores. Entre as espécies de bromélias nativas do Cerrado com potencial ornamental, destaca-se a Bromelia reversacantha, planta terrestre, de solos arenosos e ambientes secos. Muitas espécies comercializadas são provenientes do extrativismo, e faltam informações técnicas a respeito da propagação e cultivo. Uma das dificuldades encontradas pelos produtores de bromélias é a determinação de um substrato adequado ao seu desenvolvimento. Objetivou-se avaliar odesenvolvimento inicial de plantas de B. reversacantha, cultivadas em diferentes composições de substrato. O experimento foi conduzido na Escola de Agronomia da Universidade Federal de Goiás, em Goiânia, GO, de setembro de 2015 a setembro de 2016. As mudas, provenientes da cultura de tecidos, foram cultivadas em vasos plásticos pretos (1,3 L), em telado com 50% de sombreamento e irrigação por microaspersão. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e trinta repetições. Os tratamentos foram: terra de subsolo + areia; terra de subsolo + substrato comercial; substrato comercial + areia; terra de subsolo + substrato comercial + areia; e substrato comercial, em proporções iguais (v/v). Ao longo de 365 dias, com intervalos de trinta dias, foram determinados comprimento da parte aérea, diâmetros externo e interno da roseta foliar, número de folhas inteiras, verdes, secas e total, e coloração das folhas. Ao final do período, foram determinados, ainda, o comprimento da maior raiz, diâmetro do caule, largura da folha mais larga, área foliar, volume de raízes, massa das matérias fresca e seca da parte aérea e das raízes, comprimento da maior folha e análise foliar. Fez-se análises dos substratos no início e no final do período de avaliação. Aos 90 dias de cultivo, o comprimento da parte aérea das plantas do tratamento terra de subsolo + areia + substrato comercial foi estatisticamente superior aos demais tratamentos. O substrato terra de subsolo + substrato comercial proporcionou maior número de folhas inteiras, maior número de folhas secas e médias superiores para o comprimento da maior folha. De forma geral, não houve diferença significativa para a cor das folhas. Aos 365 dias de cultivo, os tratamentos não induziram efeito significativo para a acumulação de massa da matéria fresca das raízes, largura da folha mais larga, comprimento da maior raiz, massa da matéria seca da parte aérea e área foliar total. O tratamento terra de subsolo + areia + substrato comercial apresentou o maior acúmulo de massa da matéria seca tanto da parte aérea, quanto das raízes. O tratamento terra de subsolo + areia apresentou os menores diâmetros de caule, e médias inferiores para a massa da matéria fresca da raiz, comprimento da maior raiz, massa da matéria seca da parte aérea e volume de raiz. Conclui-se que o cultivo inicial de mudas de B. reversacantha pode ser realizado em quase todas as misturas de substratos propostas no presente trabalho, especialmente nas misturas terra de subsolo + substrato comercial. Não se recomenda o uso da mistura de terra de subsolo + areia para o desenvolvimento inicial de plantas desta espécie.

A quantificação de recursos florestais é usada para fins diversos nas ciências naturais, e depende da obtenção de dados de campo de forma precisa e rápida, e o inventário florestal tem se valido principalmente de trabalho humano manual para este fim. A tecnologia LiDAR, baseada em sistemas a laser, permite a coleta desses dados por meio da representação tridimensional do ambiente e a geração de informações espacialmente precisas dos objetos que o compõe. O sistema de varredura laser terrestre (terrestrial laser scanning - TLS) aplica essa tecnologia sob abordagem terrestre, e assim pode ser usada na representação 3D de florestas e ambientes naturais. Devido a crescente número de estudos nesse tópico atualmente o sistema TLS é capaz de fornecer métricas florestais básicas com elevada exatidão, como densidade de plantio e diâmetro à altura do peito, além de informações não obtidas pelo inventário florestal padrão, como estimativa da biomassa e índice de área foliar, entre outros. Este trabalho tem por objetivo a avalição da capacidade do sistema TLS em fornecer com exatidão métricas de árvores individuais selecionadas em dois povoamentos florestais localizados no sudeste do Brasil. Árvores de Eucalyptus sp. (n = 6) e Pinus elliottii var. elliottii (n = 5) foram submetidas à varredura e os valores obtidos pelo mapeamento 3D foram comparados com dados medidos em campo manualmente. Os resultados encontrados mostram que o algoritmo empregado na filtragem dos troncos foi eficiente no isolamento dos fustes de árvores individuais até a altura total das árvores amostradas, enquanto que o algoritmo para modelagem do tronco filtrado foi capaz de fornecer medidas de diâmetro até 50% da altura total das amostras. A exatidão das medidas de DAP pelos dados TLS foi de 0,91 cm e 2,77 cm (REQM) para Eucalyptus e Pinus, respectivamente. Os diâmetros ao longo do fuste tiveram mais exatidão no Eucalyptus (REQM = 2,75 cm e r = 0,77) do que no Pinus (REQM = 3,62 cm e r = 0,86), resultados condizentes com os encontrados em literatura. A exatidão da estimativa dos diâmetros diminuiu ao longo do fuste. O autor sugere que a influência de vento forte no momento da varredura pode ter interferido na qualidade das nuvens de pontos em relação a ruídos e na exatidão dos modelos de obtenção de diâmetros. A partir destes resultados conclui-se que, para as características ambientais e parâmetros de varreduras apresentados, o sistema TLS foi capaz de fornecer dados com exatidão aceitável, e mais estudos devem ser conduzidos buscando o entendimento e mitigação de efeitos que podem dificultar a obtenção de dados precisos nos estratos superiores do dossel florestal. / Forest resources assessment is used for diverse purposes on natural sciences, and relies on field data acquisition in fast and precise ways, and forest inventory has been relying mainly on manual human labor for that. LiDAR technology, which is based on a laser system, allows for these data acquisition through 3D representation of surroundings and the generation of espacially precise information about the objetcs within. Terrestrial laser scanning - TLS - applies this technology in a land approach, thus it can be used on the 3D representation of forests and natural scenes. Due to increasing number of studies on this subject nowadays TLS system is capable of giving basic forest metrics with high precision, as for plant density and diameter at breast height, besides information not obtained by standard inventory procedures, as biomass estimation and leaf área index, among others. This work aims the assessment of TLS capability on giving precise metrics of individual trees located at two forest stands in southeastern Brazil. Trees of Eucalyptus sp. (n = 6) and Pinus elliottii var. elliottii (n = 5) were scanned and the numbers obtained by 3D mapping were compared to manually measured field data. The results found show that the algorithms used on trunk filtration were efficient on individual trees stem isolation until total height of measured trees, while the trunk modelling algorithm was capable of giving diameters until 50% of samples total height. The precision of DBH measurements by TLS data was 0,91 cm and 2,77 cm (RMSE) for Eucalyptus and Pinus, respectivelly. Diameters along the stem were more preciselly estimated for Eucalytus trees (RMSE = 2,75 cm and r = 0,77) than for Pinus trees (RMSE = 3,62 cm and r = 0,86), results consistente with literature. The precision of diameters estimation diminished along the stem. The author suggests that the influence of intense wind by the time of scanning can have interfered on cloud point quality in the terms of noises and thus on the precision of diameter estimation modelling. From these results one can conclude that, considering the environmental aspects and scanning parameters presented, TLS system was capable on giving data with acceptable precision, and more studies must be carried searching for understanding and mitigation of effects that can difficult precise data acquisition on upper forest strata.

No description available.

This dissertation explores a cross-cultural analysis of the dietary signatures of four coastal cultures of prehistoric Peru. A combination of elemental analysis based on portable x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF), testing trace elements presented in 209 individuals’ skulls representing the Nazca (38), Cañete (33), Lima (40), and Moche (98) valleys and/or cultures of the first millennium AD, is weighed in conjunction with isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) to analyze human bone collagen and bone apatite derived from a portion of the individuals represented in the Nazca, Cañete, and Lima cranial samples. Evidence from the results of both tests are weighed using descriptive statistics supported with bivariate correlations and linear regression to determine that the pXRF data on the trace elements strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and iron (Fe) from the Moche collection do present potential for accurately portraying diet of those individuals represented in this sample. Additional hypotheses tested include potential for preferential diets based on sex, age, and status as well as attempting to place the valley of Cañete in the cultural sphere of either Lima or Nasca during the Early Intermediate Period. While there was no significant statistical difference in diet based on age in any of the individual valley datasets, there was one valley, Nazca, which showed a considerable variation in diet based on sex. From data derived from this particular sample set, there are mixed results in attempting to apply status to a diet of preferential high nitrogen sources such as marine mammals and large fish. In attempting to place Cañete in the cultural sphere of either Lima or Nasca, it was determined that cultural remains appear to be linked predominately to artifacts and practices of the Lima Culture, but the dietary difference in both stable isotope and trace elements signatures combined with the samples which instead aligned more closely with the Nasca Culture suggests that perhaps Cañete was a marginal space which allowed for the settlement and interaction of peoples from both neighboring cultures without prejudice. Overall, results indicate it would be premature to suggest pXRF replace destructive analysis in determination of diet. Due to the small sample size of stable isotopes deemed viable in testing, it is suggested that a larger sample of stable isotopes should be considered in similar testing and that the major elements from pXRF should also be used before a suggestion that destructive analysis was no longer warranted in many cases for deducing diet in ancient populations.

La morphologie de l’île tropicale volcanique de la Réunion (Océan Indien) est caractérisée par des vallées fortement incisées et des structures pluri-kilométriques particulières de forme circulaire appelées « cirques ». Ces morphologies sont présentes à la fois sur les flancs du volcan éteint, le Piton des Neiges, et sur les flancs du volcan en activité, le Piton de la Fournaise. Elles témoignent des processus d’érosion et de transport sédimentaire intenses qui s’y produisent. L’intensité de ces processus est liée à la fois au relief prononcé et aux évènements météorologiques extrêmes, les cyclones, durant lesquels de fortes pluies provoquent un ruissèlement important sur les versants et les crues des rivières. Ces crues, d’un débit qui peut atteindre plusieurs milliers de mètres cubes d’eau par seconde, sont responsables d’un transport important des sédiments vers la côte. Dans ce travail, nous avons testé des solutions permettant de mesurer des volumes sédimentaires érodés et transportés par l’utilisation de données de télédétection multi-sources. En effet l’intensité des crues ne permet pas une mesure précise des volumes sédimentaires transportés par les rivières durant les cyclones, les appareils de mesures classiques ne résistant pas à ces évènements très énergétiques. Nous avons donc développé des méthodologies d’acquisition et de traitement de la topographie par LiDAR terrestre et par imagerie optique acquises depuis un ULM. Ces deux techniques ont été mises en oeuvre sur le terrain en mai 2014 et en mai 2015. De plus, afin d’étendre la période temporelle des observations nous avons valorisé les données d’archives d’imagerie aérienne qui existent depuis 1949 sur l’île. Nous avons calculé des MNT diachroniques, et nous avons développé une méthodologie de corrélation d’images SPOT-5 en contexte tropical fortement végétalisé.Ces travaux ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour explorer le potentiel de la télédétection afin d’affiner les connaissances sur les volumes de sédiments érodés et transportés en contexte volcanique tropical. / The morphology of the tropical volcanic island of la Réunion (Indian Ocean) is characterized by deeply incised canyons and plurikilometric structures with a circular shape called cirques. These morphologies are present both on the slope of the extinct volcano, the Piton des Neiges, and the active volcano, the Piton de la Fournaise, and are the consequence of intense sedimentary erosion and transport processes. The intensity of these processes is linked to the pronounced surface relief and to extreme meteorological events, such as cyclones, during which heavy rainfall causes significant runoff on hillslopes and subsequent river floods. During extreme floods, flows can reach several thousands of cubic meters per second, and is the primary mechanism responsible for the transport of sediment to the seashore.The intensity of extreme floods makes precise measurements of the sedimentary volumes transported by rivers during cyclones difficult because typical in-situ measuring devices are not able to withstand such energetic events. In this work, novel solutions to measure eroded and transported sedimentary material using multi-source remote-sensing data are evaluated. Methods were developed to acquire and process topographic data using terrestrial LiDAR and optical imagery, with photographs acquired from a microlight. These techniques were implemented on the island in May 2014 and May 2015. Furthermore, in order to extend the temporal observation period, archived aerial images acquired since 1949 over the island were used. Diachronic DEMs were processed and a methodology for SPOT-5 image correlation in a densely vegetated tropical context was developed.This work opens new possibilities to explore the potential of remote-sensing techniques in order to better understand the erosion and transport of sediment volumes in this tropical volcanic context.

L'étude de la biodiversité de la macrofaune et des Oniscoïdes dans l'agroécosystème Majerda (BVM) a été réalisée sur 2 années successives sur 15 parcelles durant 4 saisons de l'année 2008-2009 et sur 11 parcelles de l'année 2009-2010. L'analyse a été faite en fonction des cultures les plus représentées dans la BVM (l'arboriculture, culture maraîchère, fourragère et légumineuse). L'échantillonnage a été réalisé par piégeage. Au total, 19 groupes taxonomiques ont été collectés. Les résultats montrent une variation saisonnière de la diversité de la macrofaune en fonction des parcelles. Les Coléoptères, les Oniscoïdes, les Hyménoptères, les Diptères, les Orthoptères et les Araignées sont les plus constants et abondants dans la BVM. Les Oniscoïdes sont abondants dans les parcelles en cultures fourragères. En passant des parcelles du milieu terrestre vers celui côtier, un gradient ascendant de la diversité de la macrofaune a été observé. Neuf espèces ont été collectées. Porcellio laevis est la plus fréquente durant toutes les saisons d'étude. En fonction de cultures, l'effectif et la richesse spécifique les plus importants ont été enregistrés dans les cultures fourragères et dans la céréaliculture. En fonction des secteurs, les Isopodes terrestres sont abondants dans les parcelles du secteur Pont de Bizerte qui sont irriguées par le mode aspersion et par les eaux usées. L'étude de la variation interannuelle montre qu'il existe un effet du facteur année sur la diversité de la macrofaune et des espèces d'Oniscoïdes. Les espèces d'Oniscoïdes sont corrélées avec la conductivité, la teneur du sol en Mg2+ Ca2+, K+ et de la granulométrie du sol. / In Tunisia, few studies on the macrofauna and species diversity of terrestrial isopods in the agroecosystems were performed. To fill this gap, the spatio-tempral (plots, sectors and season) diversity of macrofauna and Oniscidea was analysed. We studied the distribution of Isopods in Majerda agroecosystems related to cultivation types (orchards, market gardening, vegetable crops), irrigations systems (sprinkler, surface and drip) and soil physico-chemical characteristics. Sampling was carried out with pitfalls traps during in 15 plots during 2008-2009 and 11 plots during 2009-2010. Nineteen groups of macrofauna was found. Coleoptera, Oniscidea, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Othoptera and Aranea were the most present and abundant. Isopods were abundant in autum in the vegetable crops cultivation. In the coastal plots (Ghar El Melh sector) diversity was higher than in the terrestrial plots (Utique sector). Nine species of terrestrial isopods belonging to 6 genera were identified. Porcellio laevis was the most frequent species in all seasons. According to cultivation types, the number of individuals and the species richness were important in vegetable crops and barely cultivation. The spatial distribution of Oniscidea showed that isopods were abundant in the plots of Pont of Bizerte irrigated by sprinkler systems and wastewater. Year factor affected the diversity of fauna and isopods. Oniscidea species distribution was correlated to conductivity, texture and the content of Mg2+ Ca2+ and K+ of soil.

Ce travail de thèse vise à mieux comprendre les mécanismes de choix du partenaire chez l'isopode terrestre Armadillidium vulgare. Cette espèce est infectée par la bactérie intracellulaire Wolbachia, connue pour manipuler la sexualité de ses hôtes. Chez Armadillidium vulgare, Wolbachia entraine une féminisation des mâles génétiques, les transformant en femelles fonctionnelles. L'objectif est donc à la fois de comprendre comment les individus choisissent leurs partenaires sexuels, mais également de connaître l'effet de Wolbachia sur ces mécanismes de choix. Afin de répondre à ces questions, une approche comportementale a été utilisée, afin de comparer l'attractivité et le comportement de différents types de femelles. Les résultats montrent que les mâles sont capables de discriminer finement entres des femelles ayant différents traits d'histoire de vie ou différents degrés d'apparentement. Nous montrons également que cette discrimination est corrélée à des changements d'odeur des femelles en fonction de leur état reproducteur et infectieux. Les conséquences de ces choix ont également été étudiées via des expériences de reproduction, et il apparaît que les préférences des mâles sont liées à des bénéfices en termes de succès reproducteur. Quant aux femelles, un suivi sur le long terme de différentes situations de sex-ratio révèle qu'à la fois les mâles et le fait qu'elles soient infectées par Wolbachia diminuent leur fitness, et notamment leur succès reproducteur, allant même jusqu'à modifier leurs préférences sociales. / This work investigates mate choice in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare. This species is parasitized with intracellular bacteria Wolbachia, which is known to manipulate the sexuality of its hosts. In Armadillidium vulgare, Wolbachia lead to a feminization of genetic males, transforming them into functional females. The aim of this thesis was both to investigate how individuals choose their mates, and to understand the effect of Wolbachia on such choices. In order to answer these questions, we used a behavioural approach in order to compare the attractiveness and the behaviour of different kinds of females. The results indicate that males are able to accurately discriminate females with different life history traits or different degrees of relatedness. We also show that such discrimination from males toward females is correlated to females odour change, according to both their reproductive and infection status. The consequences of male mate choice were studied through reproduction experiment, and it seems that male’s preferences are linked to benefits in terms of reproductive success. Concerning females, a long-term monitoring in different sex-ratio conditions reveals that both males' presence and Wolbachia infections decrease their fitness, in particular their reproductive success, or even modify their social preferences.