Nowadays, small autonomous underwater robots are strongly preferred for remote exploration of unknown and unstructured environments. Such robots allow the exploration and monitoring of underwater environments where a long term underwater presence is required to cover a large area. Furthermore, reducing the robot size, embedding electrical board inside and reducing cost are some of the challenges designers of autonomous underwater robots are facing. As a key device for reliable operation-decision process of autonomous underwater robots, a relatively fast and cost effective controller based on Fuzzy logic and proportional-integral-derivative method is proposed in this thesis. It efficiently models nonlinear system behaviors largely present in robot operation and for which mathematical models are difficult to obtain. To evaluate its response, the fault finding test approach was applied and the response of each task of the robot depicted under different operating conditions. The robot performance while combining all control programs and including sensors was also investigated while the number of program codes and inputs were increased.

Italian Trap Allochthon is a rare upper-plate exposure of Paleozoic metasedimentary and Precambrian to Tertiary crystalline tectonites in the Santa Catalina-Rincon metamorphic core complex. Elsewhere in the complex, metasedimentary tectonite is usually restricted to an autochthononous position. The internal structures of the allochthon consist of numerous low-angle faults, tear faults, and overturned asymmetric and upright folds. Close association of the low-angle faults and asymmetric folds, and vergence of the folds, indicates that these folds were formed during westward transport along the low-angle faults. The structures of the allochthon are truncated and rotated to the northeast by a listric (?) normal fault. The probable shape of the fault surface, together with the northeastward rotation of the internal structures, suggests translation of the allochthon from the northeast to the southwest. The fact that metasedimentary tectonites are found in upper- plate position indicates that the listric (?) normal faulting post-dates the metamorphism of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata. Metamorphism in turn was part of the development of the Santa Catalina-Rincon metamorphic core complex. It is inferred that the Italian Trap Allochthon was emplaced in the final stages of profound regional extension which prevailed during the mid-Tertiary in southern Arizona.

本文比較在印度與中國資訊科技法展中國家所扮演之角色。本文的論點為在與中國的發展比較中，印度缺乏充分的跨部會協調及整合親商策略，導致對資訊科技產業的發展產生了負面的影響。約乏跨部會的協調影響了人力資源的產生、公共建設的法展和研發。整合親商策略的缺乏則影響了國家與社會之間的關係。 本文採用了Sanjaya Lall的模組來分析國家的發展。本文的另一論點為如果印度中央與省政府可以協調其政策，政府可以在資訊科技法展中更有效率。 在比較中國籍印度政府對資訊科技的發展的案例中，我們可以從國家鼓勵外國公司投資資訊科技製造及服務的政策、國家的勞工政策、基礎建設的發展、人力資本的建立與研發經費中了解國家所扮演的不同但重要的角色。本文最後一個論點為中國與印度政府在資訊科技發展所扮演的角色受其不同政治體制所影響。印度的民主政治試圖討好社會的每一份子，無法像中國能夠建立的政府與商業的協力合作，也因此影響了印度的資訊科技法展。 / This dissertation compares the State role in developing information technology in India and China. It argues that the Indian State, compared to the Chinese State, is riddled with poor intra-governmental coordination and poorly integrated pro-business initiatives, which ultimately has affected the overall development of information technology in the country. Poor intra-governmental coordination affects the creation of human capital, infrastructure development and research and development. Poor integration of pro-business initiatives affects the state-society relations in the country. Employing the model developed by Sanjaya Lall to analyze national technological development, this dissertation argues that State efforts in India to develop information technology could be a lot more effective if the governments at the central and provincial levels could better coordinate their activities. A case oriented comparison of Chinese and Indian States’ investment in information technology development, States’ policies for promoting foreign investment in information technology manufacturing and services, State labor policies, infrastructure development, human capital creation and research and development funding provide us with an understanding of important differences in the roles played by the State. This dissertation further argues that the role played by the governments in China and India in developing information technology is influenced by the respective system of governance. The democratic system of governance in India that aims to satisfy every section of the society is unable to create the kind of government-business synergy that the Chinese State is able to create. This has naturally affected the development of information technology in the country.

Introduction: Une respiration buccale est souvent associée à une faible musculature oro-faciale et à une position basse de la langue, pouvant mener aux malocclusions et au potentiel de développer des problèmes de respiration pendant le sommeil chez les enfants. Objectifs: Évaluer l’efficacité de la thérapie oro-faciale myofonctionnelle sur le rétablissement d’une déglutition physiologique et d’une respiration nasale en développant une posture linguale et labiale normale au repos. Méthodes: Cette étude contrôlée randomisée prospective à simple aveugle a évalué 37 patients (six à quatorze ans) divisés en deux groupes où un groupe a reçu une thérapie complète (7 séances), comprenant des exercices pour la correction du patron de déglutition et de la posture linguale, et l’autre groupe a reçu une thérapie sommaire, corrigeant seulement la posture linguale (3 séances). Des suivis à trois mois et à un an post-traitement ont été effectués pour les deux groupes. Résultats: Les résultats des deux traitements, soient la thérapie complète et la thérapie sommaire, sont similaires (p = 0.59) et également efficaces pour la correction de la déglutition atypique et le rétablissement d’une respiration nasale, avec une différence significative entre les évaluations avant et après traitement (p = 0.001), qui demeure stable après un an post-traitement. Conclusion: Le traitement avec des exercices spécifiques pour une correction d’une propulsion linguale ne serait pas une composante absolue d’une thérapie oro-faciale myofonctionnelle afin de rétablir une posture linguale adéquate au repos et un patron de respiration nasale chez les enfants n’ayant pas d’autre problème fonctionnel connu. / Introduction: Mouth breathing is often associated with a weak orofacial musculature and a low resting tongue position, leading to malocclusion and potentially sleep-disordered breathing in children. Objective: To evaluate the effect of orofacial myofunctional therapy on the reestablishment of a mature pattern of swallowing and nasal breathing by stabilizing a proper position of the tongue and lips at rest. Methods: This prospective randomized single-blind controlled study evaluated 37 patients (age six to fourteen years) divided into two groups who received either a complete orofacial myofunctional therapy (7 sessions) including swallowing pattern and tongue posture, or a simplified therapy modifying their tongue posture (3 sessions). Both groups were seen at three months and one year following treatment completion. Results: Results suggested that treatment outcomes were similar when treating tongue-lip posture at rest along with tongue thrust, and treating without addressing tongue thrust (p = 0.59). Both treatments were efficacious as there was a significant difference between the pre- and post- evaluations for both groups (p < 0.001), and these differences remained stable at the one year follow-up. Conclusion: Treating a tongue thrust habit with specific related exercises, may not be a necessary component of an orofacial myofunctional therapy to reestablish tongue posture at rest and nasal breathing in children with no other functional problems.

L’Anatolie fait partie d’un vaste domaine orogénique qui s’étend des Alpes à l’Himalaya. Les sutures ophiolitiques rencontrées marquent les cicatrices de plusieurs domaines océaniques (branches de la Néotéthys Nord), interdigités entre plusieurs blocs crustaux au cours du Mésozoïque. La fermeture de ces domaines au Crétacé supérieur est accompagnée de la mise en place de bassins tertiaires syn-orogéniques dont fait partie le Bassin de Sivas, limité au nord par le bloc du Kırşehir et au Sud par les Taurides. Une étude structurale de terrain, complétée d’analyses géochimiques, biostratigraphiques et thermochronologiques ainsi que l’étude de 700 km de lignes sismiques 2D inédites, a été menée pour tenter de comprendre (i) le contexte géodynamique régional et (ii) l’architecture tectono-sédimentaire de ce bassin.L’étude des ophiolites présentes le long de la bordure sud du Bassin de Sivas met en évidence des péridotites intensément serpentinisées. La partie supérieure de l’ophiolite présente des brèches et ophicalcites caractéristiques de l’exhumation mantellique, alors que l’analyse géochimique des corps magmatiques révèle un environnement de supra-subduction, daté à circa 90 Ma (U-Pb sur zircon). Ces analyses démontrent la présence d’un domaine océanique embryonnaire entre le Kırşehir et les Taurides, dont la fermeture s’initie le long d’ancienne failles de détachement. L’obduction de la nappe de péridotite et de son mélange frontal sur la marge Nord des Taurides entre le Turonien et le Maastrichtien, permet de former le « socle ophiolitique » commun aux bassins est-anatoliens. L’analyse détaillée de la partie centrale du bassin, en carte et à l’aide de lignes sismiques 2D inédites et de thermochronologie basse température [AFTA et (U-Th)/sur apatite], a permis de proposer un modèle d’évolution cinématique sur la base de coupes équilibrées. La propagation de la déformation vers le Nord, initiée dès l’Eocène inférieur, permet l’isolation progressive du bassin et une forte accumulation d’évaporites à l’Eocène supérieur. Les dépôts de l’Oligo-miocène sont ensuite contrôlés par l’halocinèse, permettant la mise en place de deux générations de mini-bassins salifère, séparés d’une canopée. Les géométries dans le domaine halocinétique, et les variations latérales dans le bassin, montrent le contrôle exercé par (i) le bassin pré-évaporite affleurant le long de la moitié sud du bassin et (ii) l’épaisseur du niveau de sel initial.L’intégration de ces observations à l’échelle régionale met en évidence un contrôle du raccourcissement crustal, dans les Taurides et les bassins tertiaires, lié à la fermeture de la Néotéthys Sud, en générant l’émergence de structures de socles. La collision enregistrée à l’Oligocène supérieur - Miocène lors de l’indentation de la plaque Arabe le long des Taurides est contemporaine de la déformation du Bassin de Sivas et des bassins adjacents. / Anatolia is part of a vast orogenic domain that extends from the Alps to the Himalayas. Numerous ophiolitic sutures defined the remnants of several oceanic domains (Northern and southern Neotethys), between continental fragments formed during Mesozoic time. Oceanic closure during Late Cretaceous is recorded by the establishment of syn-orogenic tertiary basins, including the Sivas Basin bounded to the north by the Kırşehir block and to the south by the Taurides. An extended study based on field and completed by geochemistry, biostratigraphy and thermochronology analyzes and more than 700 km unpublished seismic data, was conducted to resolve (i) the regional geodynamic context and (ii) the tectono-sedimentary architecture of this basin.The ophiolites located along the southern edge of the Sivas Basin are made of serpentinized peridotites. The upper part of the ophiolite present breccias and ophicalcites commonly described as associated to mantle exhumation environment, while the geochemical analysis of the magmatic bodies reveals a supra-subduction environment dated at circa 90 Ma (U-Pb on zircon). These observations are in agreement with an embryonic ocean domain located between the Kırşehir and the Taurides, the closure which was initiated along fossil detachment faults. The obduction of the peridotite nappe and its frontal mélange on the northern margin of the Taurides between the Turonian and the Maastrichtian allows forming the “ophiolitic basement” of the east-anatolian basins.A detailed map and cross-section analysis, supported by 2D seismic lines and low-temperature thermochronology [AFTA and (U-Th) / on apatite], resulted in a kinematic evolution model and the realization of balanced cross-sections. The propagation of the deformation towards the north, initiated in the Lower Eocene, results in the progressive isolation of the basin and a strong accumulation of evaporites during the Upper Eocene. The Oligo-Miocene depocenters were controlled by halokinesis, forming two generations of mini-basins, separated by a salt canopy. The geometries in the halokinetic domain and the lateral variations in the basin show the control exerted by (i) the pre-evaporite basin outcropping along the southern half of the basin and (ii) the thickness of the initial salt level.Integration at the regional scale within the Taurides highlights the propagation of crustal shortening related to the Southern Neotethys closure, which formed linear tectonic basement exhumation. The collision recorded in the Upper Oligocene - Miocene during the indentation of the Arabic plate along the Taurides is contemporaneous to the deformation the Sivas Basin.

Les Grès d’Annot préservés dans les chaînes subalpines méridionales sont des turbidites riches en sable déposées dans le basin d’avant pays alpin durant l’Eocène supérieur et l’Oligocène inférieur. La sédimentologie et la stratigraphie de ce système turbiditique ont déjà été étudiées, mais le contexte structural reste mal connu. Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude tectonique des Grès d’Annot, combinant un travail de terrain et l’utilisation d’outils de modélisation géométrique en 3D (gOcad) et cinématique (Trishear), centrés sur les sous-bassins d’Annot, du Grand Coyer et de Sanguinière. L’objectif est d’étudier l’héritage et l’évolution structural du bassin turbiditique et de le replacer dans le contexte régional du SE de la France. Les résultats indiquent que le remplissage du bassin périalpin précoce (Eocène et Oligocène) est bien plus complexe qu’une simple migration de la sédimentation (Grès d’Annot) et de la déformation vers l’avant pays. Ils révèlent des interactions entre tectonique et sédimentation à différentes échelles. A l’échelle de l’avant-pays, une coupe équilibrée illustre le contrôle primordial de la marge passive salifère préexistante sur la structure de la chaîne plissée. Le sel triasique constitue un décollement basal régional, qui de par sa faiblesse, a accommodé une déformation alpine précoce d’une large zone de l’avant-pays dès l’Éocène moyen et supérieur. Les variations de stratigraphie mécanique des séries mésozoïques sont à l’origine d’un changement de style structural : lors de la compression, plusieurs niveaux de décollement actifs se développent dans la partie orientale où les séries sont plus argileuses et plus fines. Ceci induit, en surface, une géométrie de bassin complexe avec des plis de longueurs d’ondes différentes et des migrations de charnière au cours de la sédimentation turbiditique. L’héritage structural du bassin d’avant-pays, jusqu’alors sous-estimé, est le résultat de l’ouverture de la Téthys alpine et d’une déformation précoce régionale exprimée par des plis d’axe E-W qui débute dès le Crétacé supérieur et s’accentue durant l’Éocène moyen. Des résultats préliminaires de thermochronologie (datations U-Th/He sur zircons détritiques de grès moyens à grossiers ou de granodiorites présentes dans les coulées de débris du dépocentre de Sanguinière) suggèrent une exhumation des reliefs à l’origine du matériel détritique liée à cette déformation crétacée. L’étude structurale détaillée de la série des Grès d’Annot et de son substratum dans les sous-bassins d’Annot et du Grand Coyer permet de définir en 3D les connections entre les dépocentres et de proposer une évolution structurale de ceux-ci à l’échelle du bassin. Les paléocourants montrent un parallélisme avec la direction des plis majeurs, indiquant un confinement alors que des directions divergentes à proximité des structures tectoniques plus mineures ou transverses suggèrent que ces dernières interagissent avec les écoulements. Les turbidites se déposent parallèlement dans plusieurs synclinaux alpins, actifs en alternance ou en même temps. A l’échelle des dépocentres, la modélisation géométrique 3D du dépocentre d’Annot en utilisant gOcad permet d’identifier les structures héritées et de démontrer la contemporanéité du plissement alpin et des dépôts turbiditiques. La migration de l’onlap des dépôts de grès et la variation des pendages à l’intérieur des membres turbiditiques sont associées à une migration du dépocentre. Cette géométrie est liée à une migration de la charnière synclinale qui favorise une tendance des dépôts à migrer latéralement plutôt qu’à s’empiler.D’un point de vue sédimentologique et stratigraphique, les Grès d’Annot sont connus pour être un bon analogue des réservoirs des grands fonds de type « riches en sable », situés sur les marges passives en aval de deltas. / The Annot Sandstone, exposed in the southern sub-alpine chains, consists of sand-rich turbidites deposited in the Tertiary Alpine foreland basin (Upper Eocene – Lower Oligocene Annot Sandstone basin). While the sedimentology and stratigraphy of this turbidite system have been largely described and discussed, its structural framework remains unconstrained. This thesis presents a study of the tectonics of the Annot Sandstone basin based on field surveys and 3D geometrical (gOcad) and kinematic modelling (Trishear), focusing in particular on the Annot, Grand Coyer and Sanguinière sub-basins. Objectives were to determine the structural evolution of the sub-basins, including the role of inherited features, and to use these data to better constrain the alpine tectonic history of SE France.Infill of the early alpine foreland basin is more complex than a simple foreland migration of sedimentation and deformation. Results reveal complex interactions of tectonics and sedimentation at different scales during deposition of the Annot Sandstone.•At the foreland scale, a balanced cross-section illustrates the critical control by the pre-existing salt-based passive margin architecture on the structure of the fold and thrust belt. Triassic evaporates regionally acted as a weak basal detachment, accommodating an early alpine deformation phase of the whole foreland from the Middle to Upper Eocene. Variations in mechanical stratigraphy within the Mesozoic sediments generated a change in structural style. For example, the eastern region is characterized by a thinner, shalier Mesozoic succession, leading to several active detachments during alpine compression. Multiple fold wavelengths and synsedimentary rolling hinges generated by these active detachments led to complex depocentres. The previously under-estimated structural heritage of the foreland basin derived from rifting and spreading of the Alpine Tethys and from an early regional deformation responsible for E-W trending folds, which began in the Late Cretaceous and increased during the Middle Eocene. Preliminary thermochronology results (U-Th/He datings on detrital zircons of medium to coarse sandstone blocks and granodiorite blocks from debris flows of the Sanguiniere depocentre) suggest an exhumation of source areas during this Cretaceous deformation.•A detailed study of structures within the Annot and Grand Coyer sub-basins and their Cretaceous substrate revealed connected depocentres evolving in 3D at the basin scale. Paleocurrent directions are mainly parallel to the main alpine fold axes recording structural confinement, while some diverging directions indicate flow interaction with minor or oblique tectonic features. Turbidites were deposited along the axis into several alpine synclines, which were simultaneously or successively active.•Concerning the depocentre infill, 3D geometrical modelling of the Annot depocentre (using gOcad) was used to identify inherited structures and to constrain alpine fold activity during turbidite deposition. The onlap migration and the specific stacking and dip pattern within turbidite members (laterally rather than vertically stacked deposits) record depocentre migration linked with a rolling synclinal hinge. Due to its sedimentology and its stratigraphy, the Annot Sandstone is well-known as an analogue for sand-rich reservoirs deposited at delta toes in deep-water passive margins. This study reveals that, structurally, it is also a good example of axially-sourced turbidite depocentres developed on a multi-detachement fold and thrust belt

Rotating bed reactors are used throughout the process industry. They are usedboth in the chemical industry and other industrial sectors, such as pharmaceuticals and the textile industry in decolorization due to by-products or contaminants.SpinChem AB manufactures rotary bed reactors (RBRs) to perform chemical reactions between liquids and solids. The solid material consists of spherical particles0.1 mm - 1 mm in diameter that are packed between two cylindrical spaces in theRBR. The goal of this project work is to determine the power number, the axial force thatthe RBRn experiences, the torque requirement on the motor and power consumptionof the the RBR when a fully developed turbulent flow is achieved. The purpose ofthe work is to optimize the technology from the energy usage point of view, makethe product simple and easily accessible for chemical and industrial processes as acontribution to the development of sustainable society. In order to achieve the purpose and goal of the projects, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) combined withexperimental models were used. Computation were made in COMSOL Multiphysicsfor two turbulence models. In it, the rotating machinery was used with moving meshtechnique for both the standard k−ε model and the SST k−ω turbulence models.The result is then compared with the empirical models. Investigation were done for two models of the rotating bed reactors (RBRs). Onemodel is called RBR S2 with relatively small size and RBR S14 which is a muchlarger version. For RBR S2 the experimental results turned out to be, an output ofpower number which is 3.4, torque requirement of 0.03 Nm, power consumption of3 W and a thrust force of 0.11 N. While the simulation results turned out to bean output of power number which is about 1.2, torque requirement of 0.013 Nm, apower consumption of 2 W and thrust force of 0.8 N. Similarly, the experimentalresult for RBR S14 was as follows. A power number of 0.53, torque requirement of0.41 Nm, power consumption of 6 W and a thrust force of 4.16 N. The simulationresults turned out to be, a power number of 0.34, torque requirement of 0,40 Nm,a power consumption of 4.14 W and thrust force of 3.61 N. With the help of the calculated power numbers, the power required to rotate theRBR can then be determined. Power number is determined when a fully developedturbulent flow is achieved. For RBRS2, a fully developed turbulent flow is achievedat Re = 2.8·104 and the angular velocity at that Reynolds number is about 830RPM. At that speed, the power is shown to be about 4 W for RBRS2. For RBRS14,a fully developed turbulent flow is achieved at Re = 1.5 · 105 and then the speed atthat Reynols number is about 83 RPM. The power need at that stage is shown tobe about 20 W. / Roterande bäddreaktorer används inom hela processindustrin. De används bådeinom den kemiska industrin och andra industriella sektor såsom, läkemedel och textilindustrin vid avfärgning på grund av biprodukter eller föroreningar. SpinChemAB tillverkar roterande bed reaktorer (RBR) för att utföra kemiska reaktioner mellan vätska och fasta material. Det fasta materialet består av sfäriska partiklar på0,1 mm - 1 mm i diameter som packas mellan två cylindrar i RBRn. Målet med detta projektarbete var att bestämma effekt nummer, effekt som krävsvid det effekt nummer, kravet på vridmoment från motorn samt den axiella kraftensom den roterande bäddreaktorn upplever när ett fullt utvecklat turbulent flöde uppnåtts. Syftet med arbetet var optimera teknologin ur energianvändningssynpunkt, göra den enkel och lättillgänglig för kemiska och industriella processer som ett bidragför hållbar samhällsutveckling. För att kunna uppnå syftet och målet med projekten användes, avancerade beräkningsmetoder i födes mekanik (CFD) i kombinationmed experimentella modeller. Beräkningar gjordes i COMSOL Multiphysics för tvåturbulenta modeller. I de användes roterande maskineriet med en medföljande mesh (moving mesh) för både standard k-ε modellen och SST k-ω modellen. Resultatet jämfördes sedan med de empiriska modellerna. Undersökningarna gjordes för två modeller av RBR. Ena modellen heter RBR S2med relativt små tillstorlek och RBR S14 som är mycket större version. För RBR S2visar den experimentella resultaten ett effekt nummer på 3,4, vridmoment på 0,03Nm, effekt förbrukning på 3 W och en axiellkraft ("thrust force") på 0,11 N. Simuleringsresultatet visar ett effekt nummer på 1,2, vridmoment på 0,013 Nm, effektförbrukning på 2 W och en axiellkraft på 0,8 N. För RBR S14 visade det experimentella resultatet ett effekt nummer på 0,53, vridmoment på 0,41 Nm, effektförbrukning på 6 W och en axiellkraft ("thrust force") på 4,16 N. Simuleringsresultatetvisade att effekt nummer var 0,34, vridmoment på 0,40 Nm, effektförbrukning på4,14 W och en axiellkraft på 3,61 N. Med hjälp av de framräknade effektnummer kan effekten som behövs rotera RBRnbestämmas. Effektnummer bestäms när ett fullt utvecklat turbulent flöde uppnåtts. För RBRS2 uppnås ett fullt utvecklat turbulent flöde vid Re = 2,8·04 och vinkelhastigheten är 830 RPM vid det Reynolds nummer. Effekten som krävs för att drivaRBRn vid det läge är ca 4 W för RBRS2. För RBRS14 uppnås ett fullt utvecklatturbulent flöde vid Re = 1,5·105 och då har vi en hastighet på 83 RPM. Vid denhastighet visas effekten vara ca 20 W.

Práce se zabývá návrhem magnetoreologické (MR) vzpěry vibroizolačního systému (VIS) pro kosmický nosič. V rešeršní části jsou popsány vybrané VIS a vzpěry těchto systémů, které byly v kosmických nosičích využity v minulosti. Každá z těchto vzpěr obsahující kapalinu byla těsněna pomocí statických těsnění a pružných vlnovců vyrobených z oceli. Důkladněji byla analyzována vzpěra pasivního systému VIS s označením ELVIS, jehož konstrukce se stala inspirací pro tuto práci. Jedná se o tříparametrický systém, v němž je tlumič uložen na pružině, jejíž tuhost přibližně odpovídá objemové tuhosti vlnovců respektive jejímu průmětu do axiálního směru (pressure thrust stiffness). V práci je představena metodika pro stanovení “pressure thrust stiffness” na základě geometrie vlnovce a také uvedeny parametry vlnovce díky kterým je možné měnit poměr mezi axiální a “pressure thrust stiffness” vlnovce. Tento poměr ovlivňuje v dané koncepci vzpěry její dynamické chování a tím i chování celého VIS. Pro predikci dynamického chování vzpěry byl vytvořen multi-body model VIS založeného na Stewartově plošině a detailnější model jediné vzpěry. Simulace provedené v tomto modelu odhalily parametry, které mají vliv na výkonost tlumiče ve VIS: časová odezva a dynamický rozsah. Díky modelu byl určen rozsah těchto parametrů, ve kterých bude zaručena efektivní funkce vzpěry ve VIS, konkrétně: časová odezva: 0-5ms, dynamický rozsah: 5-10. Před finálním návrhem vzpěry byla sestrojena vzpěra experimentální vzpěra, jejíž parametry byly přesně naměřeny a využity pro verifikaci jednotlivých modelů. Poznatky získané během experimentů byly využity při návrhu finální vzpěry. Jeden z nejdůležitějších poznatků byla nutnost náhrady feritového magnetického obvodu s ohledem na jeho křehkost. Proto byl odvozen tvarový přístup k navrhování rychlých magnetických obvodů z oceli s využitím 3D tisku, který byl následně patentován. Navržená vzpěra obsahuje magnetoreologický ventil jehož odezva je predikována na 1.2 ms a dynamický rozsah 10. V závěru práce je představena metodika, díky které byla vzpěra navržena.

Purpose of this project is a) the evaluation of the Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption (TSFC) of jet engines in cruise as a function of flight altitude, speed and thrust and b) the determination of the optimum cruise speed for maximum range of jet airplanes based on TSFC characteristics from a). Related to a) a literature review shows different models for the influence of altitude and speed on TSFC. A simple model describing the influence of thrust on TSFC seems not to exist in the literature. Here, openly available data was collected and evaluated. TSFC versus thrust is described by the so-called bucket curve with lowest TSFC at the bucket point at a certain thrust setting. A new simple equation was devised approximating the influence of thrust on TSFC. It was found that the influence of thrust as well as of altitude on TSFC is small and can be neglected in cruise conditions in many cases. However, TSFC is roughly a linear function of speed. This follows already from first principles. Related to b) it was found that the academically taught optimum flight speed (1.316 times minimum drag speed) for maximum range of jet airplanes is inaccurate, because the derivation is based on the unrealistic assumption of TSFC being constant with speed. Taking account of the influence of speed on TSFC and on drag, the optimum flight speed is only about 1.05 to 1.11 the minimum drag speed depending on aircraft weight. The amount of actual engine data was extremely limited in this project and the results will, therefore, only be as accurate as the input data. Results may only have a limited universal validity, because only four jet engine types were analyzed. One of the project's original value is the new simple polynomial function to estimate variations in TSFC from variations in thrust while maintaining constant speed and altitude.

Η παρούσα διατριβή επανεξετάζει την οριακή ανάλυση ευστάθειας των λίθινων αψίδων. Η οριακή ανάλυση ευστάθειας χρησιμοποιείται σήμερα ως το βασικό εργαλείο αποτίμησης της ευστάθειας τόξων και θολωτών κατασκευών από τοιχοποιία, όπως ακριβώς συνέβαινε και τους τελευταίους τέσσερις αιώνες. Παρά την τόσο μακρόχρονη ιστορία της μεθόδου, δεν έχουν πλήρως διασαφηνιστεί στην επιστημονική κοινότητα θεμελιώδης έννοιες και δεν έχουν σαφώς απαντηθεί ερωτήματα όπως: Ποιες είναι οι φυσικά πραγματοποιήσιμες γραμμές ώθησης και ποιες όχι; Ποια είναι η επίδραση της στερεοτομίας ενός τόξου στην οριακή του ευστάθεια; Ποιος είναι ο ρόλος της αλυσοειδούς καμπύλης και κατά πόσο αυτή είναι μία φυσικά αποδεκτή γραμμή ώθησης; Τι σχέση υπάρχει ανάμεσα στην κλίση της συνισταμένης θλιπτικής δύναμης και στην κλίση της γραμμής ώθησης στο σημείο εφαρμογής της; Η παρούσα διατριβή αναζητά απαντήσεις στα ερωτήματα αυτά, και έχει ως στόχο τη βαθύτερη κατανόηση της οριακής ανάλυσης ευστάθειας των τόξων, με παράλληλη ανάδειξη νέων υπολογιστικών διαδικασιών. Η δομή της παρουσιάζεται συνοπτικά παρακάτω. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται ιστορική ανάλυση της μεθόδου μέσα από παρουσίαση και σχολιασμό των εργασιών με τη σημαντικότερη συμβολή, από τα μέσα του 17ου αιώνα μέχρι σήμερα. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο επανεξετάζεται ένα από τα πιο κλασικά προβλήματα της μηχανικής: ποιο είναι το ελάχιστο επιτρεπτό πάχος ενός ημικυκλικού τόξου υπό τη δράση του ιδίου βάρους του για να είναι ευσταθές. Παράλληλα απαντώνται τα ερωτήματα που τέθηκαν παραπάνω αναπτύσσοντας νέες κλειστές μαθηματικές εκφράσεις των γραμμών ώθησης μέσω γεωμετρικής προσέγγισης, αλλά και μέσω του λογισμού των μεταβολών. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο χρησιμοποιείται παρόμοια διαδικασία για την ανάλυση της γενικής περίπτωσης των ελλειπτικών τόξων, οποιουδήποτε γεωμετρικού λόγου ύψος προς βάση, καθώς δεν είναι διαθέσιμα αναλυτικά αποτελέσματα στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία, όπως συμβαίνει για τα κυκλικά τόξα. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο εξετάζεται η οριακή ευστάθεια κυκλικών τόξων οποιασδήποτε γωνίας εναγκαλισμού, υπό την ταυτόχρονη δράση του ιδίου βάρους τους και σταθερής οριζόντιας εδαφικής επιτάχυνσης, ενώ υπολογίζεται με ακρίβεια η μορφή που θα έχει ο επικείμενος μηχανισμός κατάρρευσης μαζί με το οριακό πάχος, συναρτήσει της σεισμικής φόρτισης. Τα αποτελέσματα της μαθηματικής ανάλυσης (Κεφ. 2-4) επιβεβαιώνουν την ακρίβεια του λογισμικού που αναπτύχθηκε για τις ανάγκες της διατριβής, καθώς και τα αποτελέσματα που προκύπτουν από εμπορικό λογισμικό της μεθόδου των διακριτών στοιχείων. Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται εφαρμογή και σύγκριση των πιο αντιπροσωπευτικών υπολογιστικών μεθόδων που απαντώνται σήμερα στη βιβλιογραφία για την αποτίμηση της ευστάθειας και φέρουσας ικανότητας της υπόγειας Θολωτής Διόδου του Σταδίου της Αρχαίας Νεμέας, ενώ η οριακή ανάλυση ευστάθειας αναδεικνύεται ως ένα μοναδικό εργαλείο για την κατανόηση της αλληλεπίδρασης της κατασκευής με το περιβάλλον έδαφος. Επιπλέων των συμπερασμάτων στο τέλος κάθε κεφαλαίου (Κεφ. 2 έως 5), στο έκτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα πιο σημαντικά συμπεράσματα και η συνεισφορά της παρούσας διατριβής. / This doctoral thesis revisits the limit equilibrium analysis of masonry arches. Limit equilibrium analysis is used today as the main analysis method for the assessment of the stability of masonry arches and vaulted structures, and is the outcome of important contributions that happened during the last four centuries. Although this method has a long history and a rich literature, there are still fundamental concepts that have not been thoroughly clarified, such as: What are the physically admissible thrust lines of an arch? How the stereotomy of an arch affects its limit stability? What is the role of the catenary curve (the alysoid)? Is the catenary curve a physically admissible thrust line? What is the relation between the direction of the thrust force and the slope of the thrust line at the point of application of the force? This thesis investigates these questions and aims to a better understanding of the limit equilibrium analysis of masonry arches, and at the same time, to present innovative methodologies and new analysis tools. Chapter 1 presents the work of other authors that have contributed the most to the stability analysis of masonry arches and vaulted structures over the last centuries. Chapter 2 revisits one of the most classical problems of Mechanics—what is the minimum thickness of a semicircular masonry arch subjected to its own weight. At the same time, the analysis presented in this chapter answers to the aforementioned questions through the development of closed-form expressions of the thrust line and the application of calculus of variation. Chapter 3 is focused on the limit equilibrium state of elliptical masonry arches, using the same approaches that were used in Chapter 2. This analysis was motivated from the fact that numerical results have been available in literature only for circular and not for elliptical masonry arches. Chapter 4 computes the location of the imminent hinges and the minimum thickness of circular masonry arches, for every given embrace angle, which can just sustain their own weight, together with a given level of horizontal ground acceleration. The numerical results presented in Chapters 2 to 4 confirm the accuracy of the in-house software that was developed for the needs of this thesis and the results obtained with a representative, commercially available software of the distinct element method. Chapter 5 present a comprehensive structural analysis of the Tunnel-Entrance to the Stadium of Ancient Nemea which ranges from the thrust line limit analysis and the discrete element method, to a 3-dimensional finite-element analysis. Limit equilibrium analysis emerges as a unique analysis method for the assessment of the stability of the structure and its interaction with the surrounding soil. While at the end of every chapter (Chapters 2 to 5) are presented detailed comments and conclusions, Chapter 6 is focused on outlining the most important conclusions and the main contribution of this thesis.