Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used in the production of plastics, epoxy resins and polycarbonates. It is a toxic, endocrine disruptor compound. Different studies have shown the presence of BPA in several environmental systems, classifying it as a worldwide persistent pollutant which may act synergistically with other pollutants. In this context, advanced oxidation processes (AOP) have received great attention due to their ability to degrade pollutants with such characteristics, through their transformation into less hazardous compounds or even their mineralization. Although there are investigations on the use of AOPs for BPA degradation, systematic studies on the effects of process variables, coupled with the statistical interpretation of the results are virtually non-existent. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, a rigorous kinetic model has not yet been proposed for the degradation of this pollutant by the H2O2/UV process. The objective of this work was to evaluate BPA degradation by the H2O2/UV process, investigating the effects of the initial H2O2 concentration and the specific rate of photons emission (EP,0) by means of a Doehlert experimental design, combined with the response surface methodology. The experiments were performed in a photochemical tubular reactor equipped with a 254-nm UV lamp, for [H2O2]0 and EP,0 in the ranges 1.6-9.6 mmol L-1 and 0.87 × 1018-3.6 × 1018 photons L-1 s-1, respectively. Total BPA degradation was achieved after 60 min of irradiation in all experiments. The best conditions were [H2O2]0 = 7.6 mmol L-1 and EP,0 = 3.6 × 1018 photons L-1 s-1, for which the best performance was obtained regarding the BPA degradation rate, BPA degradation after 15 min, and the second highest TOC removal after 180 min. However, in most experiments less than 75% TOC removal was observed, with 95% mineralization obtained only for the superior [H2O2]0 and EP,0. A mathematical model was developed, considering the reactor characteristics and the radiation field, based on the line source with parallel emission (LSPP) approach, in combination with the radiative transfer equation (RTE), mass balances, and a detailed kinetic model of the H2O2/UV process. The steady-state approximation was applied for all radical species. In the estimation of unknown kinetic constants, the non-linear least squares method was employed. The model was able to satisfactorily fit experimental BPA and H2O2 concentrations as a function of time. This work shows that the H2O2/UV process is a good alternative for BPA removal from aqueous streams, with total degradation of the target compound and adequate percent mineralization under optimal operating conditions. Such conditions may serve as first guidelines for pilot-plant and industrial processes operation. In addition, simulations using the proposed kinetic model may provide useful information for the design and scale-up of pre- or post-treatment of effluents containing this pollutant. / O bisfenol A (BPA) é amplamente utilizado na fabricação de plásticos, resinas epóxi e policarbonatos. Trata-se de um composto tóxico e um desregulador endócrino. Diferentes estudos evidenciam a presença do BPA em diversos compartimentos ambientais em todo planeta, identificando-o como um poluente persistente e resistente à degradação biológica, que apresenta efeitos sinergéticos com outros poluentes. Nesse contexto, os processos oxidativos avançados (POA) têm recebido atenção devido a sua capacidade em degradar poluentes com tais características, transformando-os em compostos menos perigosos ou até mesmo mineralizando-os totalmente. Apesar de haver trabalhos na literatura acerca da utilização de POA para degradação de BPA, estudos sistemáticos dos efeitos de variáveis de processo junto com a interpretação estatística dos resultados são virtualmente inexistentes. Além disso, até onde se sabe um modelo cinético rigoroso ainda não foi proposto para a degradação desse poluente por meio do processo H2O2/UV. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a degradação do BPA pelo processo H2O2/UV, investigando os efeitos da concentração inicial de H2O2 e da taxa específica de emissão de fótons (EP,0) por meio de um projeto experimental Doehlert, combinado com a análise de superfície de resposta. Os experimentos foram realizados em um reator tubular fotoquímico equipado com uma lâmpada UV de 254 nm, para [H2O2]0 e EP,0 entre 1,6-9,6 mmol L-1 e 0,87 × 1018 - 3,6 × 1018 fótons L-1 s-1, respectivamente. Todos os experimentos sob H2O2/UV resultaram em total degradação do BPA após 60 min de irradiação. Nesse caso, as melhores condições foram [H2O2]0 = 7,6 mmol L-1 e EP,0 = 3,6 × 1018 fótons L-1 s-1, para as quais se obteve o melhor desempenho quanto à taxa de degradação de BPA e à remoção após 15 min, e a segunda maior remoção de COT após 180 min. Entretanto, na maioria dos experimentos menos de 75% de remoção de COT foram observados, com 95% de mineralização obtida apenas para os maiores [H2O2]0 e EP,0. Elaborou-se um modelo matemático que considera as características do reator utilizado e o campo de radiação, baseado no modelo de fonte linear de emissão em planos paralelos (LSPP), combinado à equação de transferência radiativa (RTE), aos balanços materiais e a um modelo cinético detalhado do processo H2O2/UV. Foi empregada a aproximação de estado estacionário para todas as espécies radicalares. Na estimativa das constantes cinéticas desconhecidas, utilizou-se o método de mínimos quadrados não linear. Esse modelo foi capaz de ajustar satisfatoriamente as concentrações experimentais de BPA e de H2O2 em função do tempo. Este trabalho mostra que o processo H2O2/UV constitui uma alternativa conveniente para a degradação de BPA em matrizes aquosas, com total degradação do composto alvo e porcentagem de mineralização adequada nas condições ótimas de operação. Tais condições podem servir como diretrizes iniciais de processamento em escalas piloto e industrial. Por sua vez, simulações empregando o modelo matemático proposto permitem gerar informações úteis para projeto e aumento de escala de processos de pré- ou pós-tratamento de efluentes contendo esse poluente.

O município de Viamão está localizado na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, no estado do Rio Grande Sul. A barragem Mãe d\'Água foi construída em 1962, com o intuito de atender à demanda da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, mais precisamente o Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas, porém, devido à falta de planejamento urbano, durante os últimos quarenta anos, vem acarretando uma diversificada série de passivos ambientais, como contaminantes orgânicos e/ou inorgânicos. Neste seguimento, o presente trabalho busca avaliar as concentrações dos metais Zinco e Níquel, teores de matéria orgânica e a composição granulométrica nas diferentes profundidades amostradas em testemunhos de sedimentos produzidos nesta bacia hidrográfica que compõe a barragem Mãe d\'Água. As coletas de amostras foram realizadas em junho de 2014, sendo amostrados quatro testemunhos sedimentares distribuídos no lago da referida barragem. Para a extração dos testemunhos foi utilizado um amostrador de núcleo \"Piston Core\". Os sedimentos da fração menor que 63μm foram destinados a análise química para verificação da presença e concentração dos elementos traço: Níquel (Ni) e Zinco (Zn). A metodologia de digestão ácida empregada é a EPA 3050, adotada pela U.S. Environment Protection Agency, sendo que as análises foram realizadas em duplicata e, para controle de qualidade, foram utilizados dois materiais de referência da USGS (U.S. Geological Survey): SGR-1b e SCO-1. Com os resultados obtidos, a caracterização granulométrica da sedimentação sob o barramento mostrou-se suscetível a contaminação por metais ao longo nas últimas décadas. Todas as amostras apresentaram concentrações de Zn e Ni acima do valor de background local e com padrões de crescimento, portanto, evidenciam a existência de enriquecimento dos sedimentos por estes elementos. Os teores de matéria orgânica quando correlacionados as concentrações de Zn e Ni evidenciaram o crescente enriquecimento nos testemunhos analisados, confirmando a alta afinidade destes elementos à sedimentos compostos de fração orgânica. O índice de geoacumulação para a maior parte das concentrações dos metais nas diferentes profundidades encontra-se caracterizadas como não poluída. Considerando que a área de estudo se caracteriza historicamente pela ocupação residencial, ações antropogênicas podem ser consideradas as principais provedoras dos passivos ambientais aos corpos d\'água. / The municipality of Viamão is located in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul. The Mãe D\'água Dam was built in 1962, so that demands from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, more precisely the Institute of Hydraulic Research could be met. However, due to a lack of urban planning over the past forty years, the dam has caused several environmental liabilities, such as organic contaminants and / or inorganic contaminants. This manuscript addresses an evaluation of the concentrations of the metals zinc and nickel metals, organic matter content and particle size composition at different depths sampled in sediment cores produced in the watershed that comprises Mãe d\'Água. Four sediment core distributed in the dam lake were collected in June 2014, by \"Piston Core\" core sampler. Sediments whose fraction was lower than 63μm were subjected to chemical analyses regarding the presence and concentration of nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn). The acid digestion methodology employed was EPA 3050, adopted by the US Environment Protection Agency. The analyses were performed in duplicate and two USGS (US Geological Survey) reference materials, namely: SGR-1b and SCO-1 were used for the quality control. The particle size characterization of sedimentation under the bus has proved susceptible to metal contamination over the past decades. All samples showed concentrations of Zn and Ni higher than the local background values and growth patterns, which evidenced an enrichment of sediments. In comparison to the organic matter content, the Zn and Ni concentrations showed a growing enrichment, which confirmed the high affinity of these elements for sediments composed of organic fraction. The geoaccumulation index for most of the metal concentrations at different depths has been characterized as non polluted. As whereas the study area is historically by historically residential occupation, anthropogenic actions can be considered the main causes of environmental damage to water bodies.

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2016-05-03T17:55:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Sarah_K._Rodrigues (final).pdf: 2191755 bytes, checksum: 7bb012b5c768c4bc50d38c29d71f34a2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-03T17:55:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Sarah_K._Rodrigues (final).pdf: 2191755 bytes, checksum: 7bb012b5c768c4bc50d38c29d71f34a2 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências-Geoquímica. Niterói, RJ / Testes de toxicidade são ferramentas frequentemente empregadas para avaliações da qualidade de ecossistemas e identificar áreas sensíveis. Para avaliar a qualidade dos sedimentos da região da Ilha da Madeira (Baía de Sepetiba), área considerada sob impacto de passivos da Ingá, realizou-se caracterização granulométrica, análises do fracionamento geoquímico de metais-traço, determinação das concentrações de acid-volatile sulfides (AVS) e carbono orgânico total (COT) e testes de toxicidade aguda e crônica de sedimento integral, em amostras de cinco pontos do local. O ensaio agudo com o Tiburonella viscana (anfípoda) apresentou toxicidade apenas para a desembocadura do canal do Saco do Engenho e os testes com Tisbe biminiensis (copépode) indicaram diferença significativa com o controle, apresentando baixas taxas de fecundidade, em todos os pontos. Os níveis de metais-traço na região do Saco do Engenho representam um alerta principalmente para Cd e Zn que atingiram concentrações duas ordens de grandeza maiores que os valores orientadores da Resolução CONAMA 454/2012. A utilização de normalizadores como o AVS e o COT para a estimativa de fases complexantes capazes de se associar aos metais-traço, que podem estar presentes na água intersticial, demonstrou que nos pontos na região de Coroa Grande, Porto de Itaguaí e Ilha de Itacuruçá há teores suficientes de AVS e COT para aprisionar os metais-traço na fase sólida dos sedimentos. Entretanto, os resultados apresentados não possuem relações diretas com a toxicidade encontrada, uma vez que as rotas de exposição dos organismos empregados incluem também a via oral. Os resultados demonstram a importância da integração de estudos de toxicidade com as ferramentas geoquímicas para uma avaliação mais consistente da qualidade ambiental em sistemas costeiros, como a região da Ilha da Madeira, na Baía de Sepetiba / Toxicity tests are tools frequently employed to evaluate the quality of ecosystems and to identify vulnerable regions. In order to evaluate the sediment conditions in the Madeira Island area (Sepetiba Bay), the region under the influence of Ingá Cia. metallurgical wastes, was held sediments characterization throught fractionation of trace metals, grain size analisys, total organic carbon (TOC) and AVS (acid volatile sulfide) and sediment integral acute and chronic toxicity tests in samples from five sites. The acute test with Tiburonella viscana (amphipod) showed toxicity only at the Saco do Engenho inlet mouth and Tisbe biminiensis (copepod) low fertility rates responsefor all sites. Trace metals concentrations at Saco do Engenho inlet mouth represent a special concern for Cd and Zn, which both showed levels at two orders of magnitude higher than the values suggests by CONAMA 454/2012 Brazilian Resolution guideline for dredge materials disposal. The use of normalizing as AVS and TOC to estimate complexing phases which are able to associate with trace metals, that may be present in the pore water, showedthe sites in the region of Coroa Grande, Itaguaí harbor and Itacuruçá island exhibit values for ΣSEM/AVS under 1 and -100 μmol g OC−1for ΣSEM-AVS/ƒOC, i.e., there is levels of AVS and TOC able to trapping trace metals in solid phases. However, the results do not show a direct relationship with toxicity, since the exposure routes for theorganisms employees are dermal and oral. Although, thelines of evidence not present direct relationships, but they can give an overview on the sediment toxic situation. The results demonstrate the importance of studies integrating toxicity with other tools for a more efficient environmental quality assessment in estuarine systems, such as the region of Madeira Island, in Sepetiba Bay

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:37:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Daiane_Carvalho_dos_Santos.pdf: 3060772 bytes, checksum: 73cb01bf57d8c16320b8d8d43cdc6255 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-18 / Few studies evaluate the dynamics and quality of soil organic matter (OM) in agroecosystems of the Pampa Biome. Conservation tillage systems based on the reduction of tillage operations and addition of crop residues, contribute to maintaining and improving soil quality and the environment. In this work, the studies 1 and 2 are related to evaluation of physical fractions of organic matter from the point of view of quantity and quality in the whole soil and in aggregates under areas arenizadas in the southwest of RS, This studies was done in an Paleudult under cultivation of eucalyptus forest homogeneous (FH) system agrosilvopasture (SA) and native (CN). The studies 3 and 4 aimed evaluating quantitatively and qualitatively the physical fractions of organic matter in whole soil and in aggregate in an Albaqualf under cultivation of ryegrass (Lollium multiflorum Lam) + birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), as cover crops in winter and rotation soybean (Glycine max L.) / maize (Zea mays L.) / sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) in the summer in conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT). As reference area, was sampled an native area (CN). For both studies, soil was collected in the layers from 0.000 to 0.025m and 0.025 to 0.075m depth. The soil was air-dried and sieved at 8.00mm mesh and in aggregate classes (8.00 to 4.76, 4.76 - 2.00, 2.00 to 1.00, 1.00 to 0.50, 0.50 to 0.25 and <0.25mm). The stocks were determined from total organic carbon (TOC) in layers from 0.000 to 0.025m and 0.025 to 0.075m. The physical fractionation and granulometric densimetric SOM were realized to obtain the coarse fraction (CGC), carbon associated with minerals (CAM), free light fraction (FLF), occluded light fraction (OLF) and heavy fraction (HF). The first one study it was concluded that cultivation of FH in sandy soils caused increase in the stock of TOC, total nitrogen (TN) in the soil and fractions CFG, CAM, FLF and OLF when compared to CN in the surface layer. The SA in the soil samples showed more humified OM compared to CN and FH. The OLF, physically protected within the soil aggregates, presented higher proportion of more recalcitrant compounds in relation to FLF. In study 2 concluded that the FH showed the highest values of TOC accumulated in the layer from 0.000 to 0.075m depth in classes of 8.00 to 1.00mm and for the CFG and CAM in theclasses 8.00 to 0,50mm. The FLF was sensitive to changes in land use in the aggregates from 8.00 to 4.76mm at depths from 0.000 to 0.025m 0.025 to 0.075m, and these increments to the FH and CN, respectively. For all systems evaluated (FH, SA and CN), the degree of humification was higher in smaller diameter classes (0.50 - <0.25mm). The OLF showed higher free radical semiquinone, indicating humification. It was concluded from the study 3 that the NT in lowland soils increases the stock of CFG and FLF in comparison to the CT. This effect was restricted to the superficial layer, and these fractions were more sensitive than the TOC to changes in land management. In four years of experiment, te management systems had no effect on the stock of CAM and HF. By Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF), under CT soil samples showed humified OM compared to the NT and CN. The FLF had a higher proportion of more labile compounds in relation to the OLF. In the study 4 it was concluded that the management systems under CT and NT in lowlands, reduced TOC, FLF and OLF in the aggregates of 4.76 to <0.25mm and a CFG in the classes 12 of 2.00 to <0.25mm compared to CN. Increases in stock of the FLF under NT were obtained in aggregates from 0.50 to <0.25mm in the layer from 0.000 to 0.025m for 0.000 to 0.075m, compared with CT. The largest stock of OLF in the surface layer was observed under NT in the class of the aggregates of 8.00 to 4.76mm. The increases in HF were obtained under the CT. The highest TOC, CGC, CAM, OLF and HF for the CT and NT were found in the classes of larger size aggregates (8.00 to 2.00mm), while a reduction in these stocks declined as the size of aggregates. Through the LIF and the EPR, the humification degree of OM increased with decreased the aggregate classes. / Escassos são os estudos que avaliam a dinâmica e a qualidade da matéria orgânica (MO) do solo em agroecossistemas do Bioma Pampa. Sistemas conservacionistas de manejo baseados na redução das operações de preparo do solo e na elevada e contínua adição de resíduos culturais, contribuem para a manutenção e melhoria da qualidade do solo e do ambiente. Neste trabalho, desenvolveram-se os seguintes estudos: os estudos 1 e 2 estão relacionados à avaliação das frações físicas da MO sob o ponto de vista quantitativo e qualitativo no solo inteiro e em classes de agregados, em áreas arenizadas do Sudoeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, em um Argissolo Vermelho sob cultivo de floresta homogênea de eucalipto (FH), sistema agrosilvipastoril (SA) e campo nativo (CN); os estudos 3 e 4 objetivaram avaliar quantitativamente e qualitativamente as frações físicas da MO no solo inteiro e em classes de agregados porém, em um Planossolo Háplico, sob cultivo de azevém (Lollium multiflorum Lam) + cornichão (Lotus corniculatus), como culturas de cobertura no inverno e rotação soja (Glycine Max L.)/milho (Zea mays L.)/sorgo (Sorghum vulgare) no verão em preparo convencional (PC) e plantio direto (PD). Como área de referência, amostrou-se uma área sob campo nativo (CN). Para ambos os estudos, o solo foi coletado nas camadas de 0,000 0,025m e de 0,025 0,075m seco ao ar e peneirado em malha de 8,00mm e em classes de agregados (8,00 4,76, 4,76 2,00, 2,00 1,00, 1,00 0,50, 0,50 0,25 e <0,25mm). Foram avaliados os estoques de carbono orgânico total (COT) e realizado o fracionamento físico granulométrico e densimétrico da MO para obtenção do carbono da fração grosseira (CFG), carbono associado aos minerais (CAM), fração leve livre (FLL), fração leve oclusa (FLO) e fração pesada (FP). No estudo 1 concluíu-se que o cultivo de homogêneo de eucalipto (FH) promoveu o aumento do estoque de COT, NT no solo e nas frações CFG, CAM, FLL e FLO quando comparado ao CN na camada superficial. No SA as amostras de solo apresentaram MO mais humificada quando comparada ao CN e a FH. A FLO, protegida fisicamente no interior dos agregados do solo, apresentou maior proporção de compostos mais recalcitrantes em relação à FLL. No estudo 2 concluíu-se que a FH promoveu os maiores estoques de COT acumulados na camada de 0,000 a 0,075m nas classes de 8,00 a 1,00mm e para o CFG e CAM nas classes que compreendem de 8,00 a 0,50mm. A FLL mostrou-se sensível as mudanças de uso do solo na classe de agregados de 8,00 4,76mm, nas camadas estudadas. Para todos os sistemas de uso avaliados, o grau de humificação foi maior nas classes de menor diâmetro (0,50 a <0,25mm). Concluiu-se pelo estudo 3 que o o PD aumenta os estoques de CFG e de FLL em comparação ao PC, sendo este efeito restrito à camada superficial em curto prazo (quatro anos), neste período, os sistemas de manejo não afetaram o CAM e a FP. O mecanismo mais importante de proteção e estabilização da MO é a interação organomineral, seguido da oclusão e a recalcitrância química. Sob PC as amostras de solo apresentaram MO mais humificada quando comparado ao PD e CN. A FLL apresentou maior proporção de compostos mais lábeis em relação à FLO. No estudo 4 concluíu-se que o PC e o PD em agroecossistema de terras baixas, reduziram os estoques de COT, FLL e FLO 10 nas classes de agregados 4,76 a <0,25mm e de CFG nas classes de 2,00 a <0,25mm quando comparado ao CN. Incrementos no estoque de FLL sob PD foram obtidos nas classes de agregados de 0,50 a <0,25mm, na camada de 0,000 0,025m e para o acumulado de 0,000 a 0,075m, quando comparado a PC. Maior estoque de FLO na camada superficial foi verificado sob PD na classe e agregados de 8,00 4,76mm. O PC contribuiu para o incremento relativo na PF da MO. Os maiores estoques de COT, CFG, CAM, FLO e FP para o PC e o PD, foram encontrados nas classes de agregados de maior tamanho. O grau de humificação da MO aumentou com a redução do diâmetro dos agregados.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-26T13:56:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Roberta Jeske Kunde.pdf: 1628343 bytes, checksum: 27e9c874a3de721cf679bb07b070d041 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-26T18:30:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Roberta Jeske Kunde.pdf: 1628343 bytes, checksum: 27e9c874a3de721cf679bb07b070d041 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-26T18:30:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Roberta Jeske Kunde.pdf: 1628343 bytes, checksum: 27e9c874a3de721cf679bb07b070d041 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-20 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Com o aumento na demanda por energias renováveis em substituição àquelas de origem fóssil, a cultura canavieira têm assumido importância na matriz energética nacional e internacional. Entretanto, em função do intenso preparo do solo para a implantação da cultura e colheita mediante a queima prévia da palhada têm-se observado impactos negativos sobre a qualidade química e física de solos cultivados com cana-de-açúcar. O presente estudo está estruturado em dois artigos, sendo que o primeiro tem por objetivo avaliar a agregação, as frações físicas da matéria orgânica (MO) e o índice de manejo de carbono (IMC) de um Latossolo Vermelho cultivado com cana-de-açúcar no Rio Grande do Sul (RS) e o segundo artigo visou avaliar a resistência tênsil (RT) e a friabilidade (F) de um Latossolo Vermelho cultivado com cana-de-açúcar no RS. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado e os tratamentos avaliados consistem em diferentes ciclos da cana-de-açúcar: cana planta (CP), cana soca de segundo corte (C2) e cana soca de quarto corte (C4). Como referência utilizou-se uma área de mata nativa (MN) com características e propriedades de solo e relevo similares às demais. Em cada uma das áreas foram coletadas amostras deformadas e indeformadas nas camadas de 0,00 a 0,05 m, de 0,05 a 0,10 m e de 0,10 a 0,20 m para quantificar o percentual de agregados estáveis em água (AEA), o diâmetro médio ponderado (DMP), o carbono orgânico total (COT), o carbono da fração grosseira (CFG), o carbono associado aos minerais (CAM), o carbono da fração leve livre (FLL), o carbono da fração leve oclusa (FLO), o carbono da fração pesada (FP), o IMC, a RT e a F. O preparo do solo para a implantação da cana-de-açúcar, associado à queima prévia da palhada contribuiu para a redução da ciclagem de carbono jovem no solo, refletindo negativamente sobre os estoques das frações físicas da MO e sobre a distribuição e estabilidade de agregados, com exceção da FP. Com exceção da MN, na camada superficial, as proporções das frações físicas densimétricas da MO em relação ao COT aumentaram na ordem FLL<FLO<FP. Todas as áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar apresentam IMC inferior à 100, sendo os menores valores observados na C2, o que indica impactos negativos sobre os estoques de MO e sobre a qualidade do solo. A RT aumentou em profundidade e proporcionalmente com a redução dos teores de COT. Na camada superficial, o solo foi classificado como muito friável e nas demais camadas, as áreas C4 e MN apresentaram-se friáveis. Em todas as camadas avaliadas, os menores valores de RT foram observados na MN. A RT e a F foram sensíveis para detectar diferenças na qualidade estrutural das áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar. / According the increase in demand for renewable energy to replace those fossil, the sugarcane crop has assumed importance in the nationally and internationally energy matrix. However, because the heavy soil preparation for the implantation of culture and harvest by previous burning of stubble have been observed negative impacts on the chemical and physical quality of soils cultivated with sugarcane. This study is structured in two articles, the first is to evaluate the aggregation, the physical fractions of organic matter (OM) and carbon management index (CMI) of an Oxisol cultivated with sugarcane in the Rio Grande do Sul state (RS), and the second article was to evaluate the tensile strength (TS) and friability (F) of an Oxisol cultivated with sugarcane in RS state. The experimental design was completely randomized and the treatments consist of various cycles of sugarcane: plant sugarcane (CP), second ratoon sugarcane (C2), fourth ratoon sugarcane (C4). As a reference we used an area of native forest (NF) with characteristics and properties of soil and topography similar by the others. In each area were collected undisturbed and disturbed samples in layers from 0.00 to 0.05, from 0.05 to 0.10 m and from 0.10 to 0.20 m to quantify the percentage of water stable aggregates (WSA), the mean weight diameter (MWD), total organic carbon (TOC), carbon from the coarse fraction (CCF), the carbon associated with minerals (CAM), carbon free light fraction (FLL), carbon occluded light fraction (OLF), carbon from the heavy fraction (HF), CMI, TS and F.The soil preparation for the deployment of sugarcane, combined with previous burning of stubble contributed to the reduction of young carbon cycling in the soil, reflecting negatively on the stocks of physical particle size fractions of the OM and on distribution and aggregate stability, except for the HF. With the exception of NF in the surface layer, the proportions of physical density fractions of OM in relation to TOC increased in order FLF<OLF<HF. All areas cultivated with sugarcane present CMI lower than 100, with the lowest values observed in C2, indicating negative impacts on stocks of OM and on soil quality. In the surface layer, the TS increased in depth and proportionally with the reduction of the levels of TOC. In the surface layer, the soil was classified as very friable and in the other layers, the areas C4 and MN presented themselves as friable. The TS and the F were sensitive to detect differences in the structural quality of the areas cultivated with sugarcane.

One of the modern times worst environmental problem are polluted water resources. An example of source of pollution to water resources are, heavy metal leached from acid sulfate soils (ASS). When these soils are stable, which they are if they are left underwater in an anoxic environment (for example below the water table), they are often sought after since they consist of high amount of nutrients which farmers use as farmlands. ASS is therefore created when farmers drain their land and the sulfide soil gets exposed to air, resulting in its oxidation and therefore formation of sulfuric acid. In a previous study performed by scientists from Linnaeus University, it was concluded that a natural reserve located in Vattenriket, Kristianstad was possibly damaged by the drainage discharge of an adjacent acid sulfate soil. For remediation of acid sulfate soil, notably removal of metals from drainage waters, grounded coffee has been suggested to be able to perform well as an adsorbent. This study was performed to investigate how well grounded coffee could be used as an adsorbent, for calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn), from water samples collected in Vattenriket, Kristianstad. It was also studied to see if grounded coffee could be cleaned using a sodium hydroxide solution to increase its adsorption capacity. To be able to evaluate how well it could be used as an adsorbent, it went through two different cleaning procedures and total organic carbon and pH readings was performed. The used method for this paper was to clean the grounded coffee in two different stages. The first stage consisted of using distilled water and letting it run through the residues until the water came out as transparent. Cleaning using a NaOH solution consisted of suspending the residues in a NaOH solution for 45 minutes and swapping the solution 6-8 times. After the grounded coffee had dried in an oven at 30o for 48 hours, it was put into different fraction sizes, weighed and bagged. The water samples then had to be filtered using a pump and Filtropur S 0.45 filters. Lastly, 45 falcon tubes containing 15 different amounts of grounded coffee had 50 ml of filtered water sample added to them. For analysis, atomic absorption spectroscopy was used. The results showed that the maximum amount of adsorbed calcium was achieved at 1.5g of grounded coffee in a 50 ml water solution which managed to adsorb 99.53% of calcium. The maximum amount of adsorbed zinc was achieved at 1.25g of grounded coffee in a 50 ml solution which resulted in 99.16% of adsorbed zinc. The study also showed that when the total organic carbon-content was decreasing, due to excessive cleaning, the pH was increasing. This was further proof that the grounded coffee still had residues onto its surface that could inhibit its adsorption capabilities.

The drive of the EU countries and most of the world towards a circular economy and togenerate zero waste raised a need to study more efficient and less costly treatment processes. The treatment of secondary and by-product fractions to convert them from what is considered waste to a resource will contribute to the movement towards zero waste and circular economy. The fines fraction of construction and demolition waste (CDW) contains high organic materials measured as total organic carbon TOC above the allowed landfilling levels that are allowed for landfilling in Sweden, yet lower organic matter than is required for energy recovery by incineration. The need for new processes to reuse and recycle materials have emphasized the work of thisstudy, this thesis research aims to develop viable, simple treatment methods and pathways ofrecycling systems to convert by-products that are considered waste to reusable and treatable fractions by reducing the total organic carbon TOC. Which have been defined in the researchquestion of this study “How can functional recycling become more effective through the development of innovative treatment pathways for by-products of the recycling system”? and its sub-questions. This study examined a fines fraction from the CDW sorting in Norway using mechanicalseparation methods including single and combined sequential processes of air classificationand float/sink density separation. Using single process batch separation of float/sink had produced a 73.80% weight of the original fines fraction, with reduced TOC from originally 35.54% DM to 4.09% DM which can be considered to be landfilled as non-hazardous provided that it meets all other leachateanalysis criterion, on the other hand, the process produced concentrated the organic carbon inthe float fraction giving a TOC of 40.14% DM to consider treating it with energy recovery. Using a single separation process of high air velocity with the zigzag air classification has lowered the TOC of 19.49% weight of the treated fraction to 1.8% DM from 35.54% DM of the original fines fraction, which can be considered to be landfilled as inert waste if it meetsall other leachate analysis criterion, or can be considered to be used in road base layers, and concentrated the organic carbon in the other fraction to TOC of 19.90% DM that which need further treatment. Using sequential air classification followed by float/sink sequentialseparation produced different low TOC fractions suitable for landfilling in the categoriesinert, non-hazardous, and hazardous waste in Sweden and concentrated the organic content toTOC levels of 20-48% DM TOC which can be considered for energy recovery recycling. The use of sequential density separation processes can lead to better results and can be controlled more to produced better fractions. The conclusion of this study, using float/sink and airclassification separation methods as single or combined sequential processes had successfully produced two fractions firstly the reduced the total organic carbon separated fraction to be suitable the landfilling requirements in Sweden at the same time concentrated the organicmaterial of the other fraction to be suitable for incineration.

Heterojunctions were generated between tungsten trioxide and tetraphenyl porphyrin with reduced graphene oxide or exfoliated graphite support for mineralisation of acid blue 25 dye under visible light radiation. Moreover, degradation of pharmaceuticals was conducted using p-n heterojunctions between WO3 and Co3O4 and a direct Z-scheme heterojunction between BiOI and Co3O4 prepared using in-situ method and solvothermal self-assembly method respectively. The synthesized materials were characterised using Raman, FTIR, SEM/EDS, TEM, XRD, TGA, BET, UV-Vis and PL techniques. UV-Vis, TOC and HPLC-QTOF-MS were used to study the degradation efficiency and pathway. Scavenger trapping experiments were conducted to propose the charge transfer mechanisms. The highest degradation efficiency (99 %) was achieved for the dye and the pharmaceuticals using visible light. The mineralisation ability of the fabricated nanomaterials was pH dependent with acidic conditions favouring the removal of the dye (pH 5) while alkaline conditions favoured the mineralisation of pharmaceuticals (pH 10 – 11). / Civil and Chemical Engineering

Monitoring water quality on a near-real-time basis to address water resources management and public health concerns in coupled natural systems and the built environment is by no means an easy task. Furthermore, this emerging societal challenge will continue to grow, due to the ever-increasing anthropogenic impacts upon surface waters. For example, urban growth and agricultural operations have led to an influx of nutrients into surface waters stimulating harmful algal bloom formation, and stormwater runoff from urban areas contributes to the accumulation of total organic carbon (TOC) in surface waters. TOC in surface waters is a known precursor of disinfection byproducts in drinking water treatment, and microcystin is a potent hepatotoxin produced by the bacteria Microcystis, which can form expansive algal blooms in eutrophied lakes. Due to the ecological impacts and human health hazards posed by TOC and microcystin, it is imperative that municipal decision makers and water treatment plant operators are equipped with a rapid and economical means to track and measure these substances. Remote sensing is an emergent solution for monitoring and measuring changes to the earth’s environment. This technology allows for large regions anywhere on the globe to be observed on a frequent basis. This study demonstrates the prototype of a near-real-time early warning system using Integrated Data Fusion and Mining (IDFM) techniques with the aid of both multispectral (Landsat and MODIS) and hyperspectral (MERIS) satellite sensors to determine spatiotemporal distributions of TOC and microcystin. Landsat satellite imageries have high spatial resolution, but such application suffers from a long overpass interval of 16 days. On the other hand, free coarse resolution sensors with daily revisit times, such as MODIS, are incapable of providing detailed water quality information because of low spatial resolution. This iv issue can be resolved by using data or sensor fusion techniques, an instrumental part of IDFM, in which the high spatial resolution of Landsat and the high temporal resolution of MODIS imageries are fused and analyzed by a suite of regression models to optimally produce synthetic images with both high spatial and temporal resolutions. The same techniques are applied to the hyperspectral sensor MERIS with the aid of the MODIS ocean color bands to generate fused images with enhanced spatial, temporal, and spectral properties. The performance of the data mining models derived using fused hyperspectral and fused multispectral data are quantified using four statistical indices. The second task compared traditional two-band models against more powerful data mining models for TOC and microcystin prediction. The use of IDFM is illustrated for monitoring microcystin concentrations in Lake Erie (large lake), and it is applied for TOC monitoring in Harsha Lake (small lake). Analysis confirmed that data mining methods excelled beyond two-band models at accurately estimating TOC and microcystin concentrations in lakes, and the more detailed spectral reflectance data offered by hyperspectral sensors produced a noticeable increase in accuracy for the retrieval of water quality parameters.

Näringsämnena har en stor betydelse för sötvattnets organismer och ekosystem, varav de vanligaste näringsämnena som även är de viktigaste är fosfor (P), kväve (N) samt kol (C). Näringsämnena kommer inte enbart till sjön via nedfall och fixering utav mycket av näringsämnena kommer in till en sjö via vattendrag som till exempel älvar där Klarälven räknas in som en av Sveriges älvar. Syftet med denna studie är att ta fram en tidstrend mellan åren 1996 och 2013 för näringsämnena totalfosfor, totalkväve och TOC (totalt organiskt kol) för tio lokaler i norra Vänern för att kunna avgöra om de är lika, om det är något år som sticker ut, om det finns någon påverkan av Klarälven för de sjölokaler som tas upp och se om värdena av näringshalter kan kopplas till fiskförekomsten. Data samlades in och plottades i diagram för att kunna jämföras med varandra. Med sjölokalernas näringsvärde gjordes korrelationstester med älvarnas näringshalter för att se samband och därefter gjorde korrelation med sjölokalernas näringsvärden med andelen skördad fisk i samma lokaler. Resultatet visade att Ölman och Ölmeviken är väldigt eutrofierade medan resterande lokaler hade oligotrofa eller mesotrofa vatten och översvämningen i Karlstad 2000 visade avtryck i tidstrenden. Klarälvens påverkan på sjölokalerna visade sig inte vara så stor utan samband upptäcktes enbart mellan Kaplansådran och Hammarösjön för totalkvävet och för TOC upptäcktes samband mellan Hammarösjön och Sätterholmsfjärden med Kaplansådran. / The nutrient is very important for fresh water organisms and ecosystems, of which the most common nutrients also is the most important is phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and carbon (C). The nutrients will not only come into a lake through deposition and fixation, much of the nutrients is coming into the lake through rivers such as Klarälven in Sweden. The purpose of this study is to develop a temporal and spatial trend during 1996-2013 for the nutrients total phosphorus, total nitrogen and TOC (total organic carbon) for ten premises in northern Lake Vänern to determine if they are equal, if it is a year that stands out from the rest, if there is any influence of Klarälven for the lake premises and see if the values of the nutrient concentrations can be linked to the presence of fish. Data were collected and plotted in graphs to be compared with each other. Correlation test was made with the lake premises nutrient values and rivers nutrient value to see if there was a connection between the locations, same correlation was also made between the lake premises nutrient values and the percentage of fish harvested in the same premises. The result showed that Ölman and Ölmeviken is very eutrophic, while the remaining premises hade oligotrophic or mesotrophic water and the flooding in Karlstad in 2000 showed imprint in the time trend. The impact of Klarälven on the lake premises proved to not be so great, but the context was detected only between Kaplansådran and Hammarösjön for the total nitrogen and correlation for TOC between Hammarösjön and Sätterholmsfjärden with Kaplansådran was also detected.