Zur Kühlung von Prozessströmen kommen aufgrund hoher Leistungsdichten häufig Verdunstungskühltürme zum Einsatz. Um die Übertragungsfläche für Wärme und Stoff zu vergrößern, werden in diesen Kühltürmen Struktureinbauten integriert. Die Weiterentwicklung von Kühlturmeinbauten und die Untersuchung der den Kühlprozess beeinflussenden Faktoren erfolgt empirisch, was eine Vielzahl von Versuchen notwendig macht. Eine numerische Simulation des Kühlprozesses kann diese Messungen unterstützen und so helfen eine Vielzahl an Versuchen einzusparen. Des Weiteren können bei versuchsbegleitender Simulation mit einem geeigneten Modell weitere Untersuchungen durchgeführt und Erkenntnisse gewonnen werden, die bei Messungen am Versuchskühlturm verborgen bleiben. In dieser Arbeit werden zwei Ansätze der numerischen Simulation eines Verdunstungskühlturms betrachtet. Es werden eine CFD-Simulation und ein vereinfachtes Modellkonzept hinsichtlich der Anwendbarkeit auf diese Problemstellung untersucht. Schwerpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die methodische Entwicklung eines solchen vereinfachten mathematischen Modells. Dieses beruht auf der physikalisch deterministischen Beschreibung der im Kühlturm ablaufenden Prozesse der Wärme- und Stoffübertragung unter Berücksichtigung des Stoffverhaltens. Aufgrund der Nichtlinearität des Stoffverhaltens und der erforderlichen Inkrementierung des Berechnungsgebiets ist ein methodisches Vorgehen erforderlich, um die Erstellung der Modellgleichungen und deren Lösung überhaupt realisieren zu können. Hierfür wird auf allgemeine Methoden der gleichungsorientierten Simulation technischer Systeme zurückgegriffen. Das entwickelte Modellkonzept wird für die Modellierung und Simulation eines Versuchskühlturms angewandt. Mit den so ermittelten Messdaten wird das Modell kalibriert und validiert. Es zeigt sich, dass mit dem erstellten Modell quantitativ und qualitativ valide Ergebnisse erzielt werden können. / Due to the high power density, the cooling of process streams is often done bei evaporative cooling towers. To enlarge the exchange area for the heat and mass transfer, these cooling towers contain integrated structural fills. The future development of cooling tower fills and the research regarding the cooling process and its influencing parameters will be carried out empirically, resulting in a large number of required experiments. A numeric simulation of the cooling process can support theses measurements and reduce the vast number of needed experiments. Furthermore, with the use of test-related simulations and adapted models, it will be possible to gain knowledge and do research in areas which are omitted during regular measurements on cooling towers. In this study it is looked to two different approaches of numeric simulation of a evaporative cooling tower. There will be an examination of a CFD-Simulation and a simplified model concept regarding their respective applicability for this problem. This work is focussed on the systematic developement of such simplified mathematical models, based on the physical deterministic description of the occurring processes of heat and mass transfer in cooling towers considering the stock behaviour. Due to the non-linearity of the stock behaviour and the required incrementation of the calculation area, a systematic approach is needed to model equations and their respective solutions. For this purpose it is necessary to access general techniques of equation-based simulations of technological systems. The developed model concept will be applied for the modelation and simulation of an experimental cooling tower. The model will be calibrated and validated with data from this experimental tower. It shows, that the results from this model are qualitatively and quantitatevily valid.

This study is one of the responses by the National Park Service to requirements in NAGPRA. The study was commissioned by the NPS Applied Ethnography Program in Washington, D.C., to identify individuals and tribes affiliated with the objects of cultural patrimony, sacred objects, or unassociated funerary objects at five NPS units, review those unit summaries, assist park or center staff in initiating consultation regarding those objects, and conduct a case demonstration consultation for Pipe Spring National Monument. The project was administered under Cooperative Agreement #8100 -1 -0001 between the Western Archeological and Conservation Center, National Park Service and the University of Arizona. While this study was specific to NAGPRA- related issues, the NPS does stipulate in its Management Policies (1988) that consultation with Native Americans will occur with regard to cultural resource issues. NAGPRA is not the only consultation arena the NPS is currently involved in with Native Americans.

Syftet med den här undersökningen är att beskriva och analysera vilka fördelar och nackdelar det finns med att utkontraktera en transportplaneringsprocess till en extern part. Undersökningen genomfördes på uppdrag av BT-Europe i Mjölby på avdelningen som ansvarar för distribution av produkter och reservdelar. BT är i grunden ett svenskt företag som startade sin verksamhet 1946 och är idag världsledande tillverkare av eldrivna lagertruckar. År 2000 förvärvades BT av Toyota och detta skapade en världsledande konstellation inom truckbranschen. Bakgrunden till undersökningens syfte är att arbetet med att effektivisera och förbättra transportplaneringsprocessen inom BT har blivit eftersatt på grund av den kraftiga produktionsökningen de senaste 5 åren. Detta har lett till stigande kostnader för distribution av färdiga produkter och reservdelar. I dagsläget finns inget centralt kontrollorgan över transportplaneringsprocessen på BT utan all transportplanering av produkter och reservdelar till truckar, sker lokalt på varje marknadsbolag i Västeuropa. I en framtid har BT som förhoppning att bedriva transportplaneringsprocessen på central nivå, antingen inom koncernen eller genom att utkontraktera transportplaneringsprocessen till en extern part, det vill säga till ett fjärdepartslogistikföretag. Vid beslut om transportplaneringsprocessen ska genomföras centralt internt eller utföras externt med hjälp av en fjärdepartslogistiker finns en rad viktiga faktorer att ta i beaktning. De faktorer som valts att studera i denna undersökning är kärnverksamhet, processens mognad, flexibilitet, kontroll, beroende och transaktionskostnader. Dessa faktorer studeras genom att undersöka inom vilka områden BT anser sig att besitta kärnkompetens idag och i en framtid, samt hur BT ser på faktorer som flexibilitet, beroende och kontroll vid en eventuell outsourcing. Genom att ställa detta mot vad fjärdepartlogistikföretag erbjuder för lösningar till sina kunder och hur de hantera faktorer som flexibilitet, kontroll och beroende, kan för- och nackdelar med en utkontraktering av transportplaneringsprocessen definieras. En fördel med att utkontraktera transportplaneringsprocessen uppnås genom att ingå ett samarbete med en fjärdepartslogistiker och därigenom kan BT få tillgång till spetskompetens och tillgång till större distributionsnätverk. En annan fördel med ett nära samarbete med en leverantör av fjärdepartslogistiska tjänster är att det kan skapa ökad flexibilitet för BT. Detta genom att BT i ett samarbete kan tillgå skräddarsydda lösningar för företagsunika behov samtidigt som möjligheten att byta transportleverantörer ökar, då fjärdepartsaktörer vanligen arbeter med korttidskontrakt emot transportföretagen Nackdelar som kan uppkomma med utkontraktering av transportplaneringsprocessen är att denna process kan komma att ses som betydande för framtida verksamhet. Det kan då vara förenat med risk att tappa kompetens inom området. En nackdel är även att outsourcing av transportplaneringsprocessen kan innebär en beroendeställning för BT gentemot en tilltänkt fjärdepartsleverantör. Kontrollen av processen som koordinerar försörjningen av färdiga produkter och reservdelar från BT till företagets kunder eller marknadsbolag överlämnas därmed till en extern part.

Among the vast assembly of Biblical mythology, the tower of Babel stands as an exclusive representation of the limits of human endeavor. As a paradigmatic extremity, it circumscribes the field of civic artifice. Babel is the absolute limit, and in that regard, its presence is enduring and timeless. The legacy of exegetic readings are textual shades, emanating from the point source of the paradigm. Athanasius Kircher's Turris Babel is an appropriate and intentional unfolding of this condition. / Firstly, that in the awakening of the Baroque scholar to history, origin materializes as the sole legitimate chronological reference. / Secondly, that the paradigmatic extremities collapse into the empirical standard of the theoretical discourse. / This thesis is a speculative study of architecture, drawn through Turris Babel, in the shadow of the paradigmatic limits of Babel. Written in three parts, each dealing with the implications of artifice in confrontation with the post-Babel adversaries of dispersion, tyranny, and decay.

Recently, there have been intense discussions about the humanities and their role in society. Internationally, as well as in a Swedish context, the humanities have been regarded to be in a state of crisis. However, these discussions usually demonstrate a lack of historical perspectives based on thorough empirical research. The notion of a crisis needs to be historicized. In this study, a case is being examined where the relationship between science and society was renegotiated. In the context of World War II, a discourse has been identified in a borderland between science and politics through an analysis of Swedish journals and anthologies during the time period 1937-1947. Historical actors were then highlighting that the humanities faced several challenges. The study argues that these discussions should be regarded as parts of a renegotiation of the humanities’ social contract. In the context of the war and fundamental societal changes, there occurred a greater pressure than before to mobilize science socially in order to make science appear as a legitimate undertaking. For the humanities, such demands seemed to conflict with their scientific ethos. During the interwar period this ethos was often based on a norm that demanded the drawing of a strict boundary between science and politics. But if they did not mobilize socially, scholars risked getting blamed for being isolated in the so-called ‘ivory tower’. How the humanities could be effectively mobilized in order to satisfy the needs of society while still maintaining their legitimacy in a scientific context emerged as a fundamental problem with no clear solutions. Part of this problem was the exclusion of the humanities from politically hegemonic narratives of society’s development, in contrast to natural and social sciences. Reactions to specific historical experiences and distinct expectations for the future thus seem – at least on a discursive level – to have put the humanities in a state of marginalization as early as the time period examined in this thesis.

The rapid movement of machines is a challenging control problem because it often results in high levels of vibration. As a result, flexible machines are typically moved relatively slowly to avoid such vibration. Therefore, motion-induced vibration limits the operational speed of the system. Input shaping is one method that eliminates motion-induced vibrations by intelligently designing the reference command such that system vibration is cancelled. It has been successfully implemented on a number of systems, including bridge and tower cranes. The implementation of input shaping on cranes provides a substantial increase in the operational efficiency. Unfortunately, most cranes, once erected, have limited or no base mobility. This limits their workspace. The addition of base mobility could help extend the operational effectiveness of cranes and may also expand crane functionality. Mobile cranes may also be better suited for use in harsh and/or distant environments. Teleoperation of oscillatory systems, such as cranes, then becomes another avenue for advancement of crane functionality. Base mobility in cranes presents both additional control challenges and operational opportunities. A crane with base mobility is redundantly actuated (overactuated), such that multiple combinations of actuators can be used to move a payload from one location to another. This opens the possibility for the selection of a combination of actuation that provides both rapid motion and limited system vibration. The extension of input shaping into this operational domain will provide a method to maximize effective actuation combinations. Toward addressing these issues, new multi-input shaping methods were developed and applied to a mobile, portable tower crane. During this development, a firm understanding of robust input shaping techniques and the compromises inherent to input shaper design was formed. In addition, input shaping was compared to other command generation techniques, namely lowpass and notch filtering, and proven to be superior for vibration reduction in mechanical systems. Another, new class of input shapers was also introduced that limit the input shaper induced overshoot in human operated systems. Finally, a series of crane operator studies investigated the application of input shaping techniques to teleoperated cranes. These studies suggested that input shaping is able to dramatically improve remote crane operator performance.

A majority of utilities conduct maintenance of transmission line components based on the results of routine visual inspection. The inspection is normally done by inspectors who detect defects by visually checking transmission line components either from the air (in helicopters), from the ground (by using high-powered binoculars) or from the top of the structure (by climbing the structure). The main problems with visual inspection of transmission lines are that the determination of the defects varies depending on the inspectors' knowledge and experience and that the defects are often reported qualitatively using vague and linguistic terms such as "medium crack", "heavy rust", "small deflection". As a result of these drawbacks, there is a large variance and inconsistency in defect reporting (which, in time, makes it difficult for the utility to monitor the condition of the components) leading to ineffective or wrong maintenance decisions. The use of inspection guides has not been able to fully address these uncertainties. This thesis reports on the application of a visual inspection methodology that is aimed at addressing the above-mentioned problems. A knowledge-based Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) is designed using Matlab's Fuzzy Logic Toolbox as part of the methodology and its application is demonstrated on utility visual inspection practice of porcelain cap and pin insulators. The FIS consists of expert-specified input membership functions (representing various insulator defect levels), output membership functions (indicating the overall conditions of the insulator) and IF-THEN rules. Consistency in the inspection results is achieved because the condition of the insulator is inferred using the same knowledge-base in the FIS rather than by individual inspectors. The output of the FIS is also used in a mathematical model that is developed to suggest appropriate component replacement date. It is hoped that the methodology that is introduced in this research will help utilities achieve better maintenance management of transmission line assets.

Honors Project--Smith College, Northampton, Mass., 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-73).

En bientôt quarante ans de recherche, de nombreuses connaissances ont été acquises sur la géologie des champs hydrothermaux, la chimie des fluides qui en réchappent et l’écologie des communautés qui les habitent. Celles-ci s’organisent en assemblages denses, distribués le long de la zone de dilution du fluide hydrothermal dans l’eau de mer, et dominés visuellement par une poignée d’espèces. La forte variabilité spatio-temporelle du fluide hydrothermal a une forte influence sur la distribution des communautés. Cependant, les mécanismes à l’origine de la réponse de la faune à cette variabilité sont peu compris. Pour cela, une approche modélisatrice est présentée. Les données collectées pendant plus de 20 ans sur l’édifice Tour Eiffel, sur le champ hydrothermal Lucky Strike (ride médio-Atlantique) ont été intégrées afin d’en extraire les composantes principales. L’étude intégrative des biomasses sur l’édifice montre que celles-ci sont largement dominées par la modiole Bathymodiolus azoricus. Ce bivalve est susceptible d’avoir une influence importante sur le fonctionnement de l’écosystème, et fait donc l’objet d’un premier modèle. La recherche de données pour le contraindre ont mené à mesurer des taux métaboliques in situ. Une fois le modèle paramétré, le modèle a fourni des estimations de flux encore inconnu. La simulation d’interruption du flux hydrothermal a fourni des indices sur la réponse de la modiole à la variabilité de son environnement. / In nearly forty years of research, significant insights have been gained on vent field geology, on the chemistry of emitted fluid and on the ecology of the communities inhabiting hydrothermal ecosystems. The fauna forms dense assemblages, distributed along the hydrothermal fluid/sea water mixing gradient, and visually dominated only by a few species. The high spatio-temporal variability of the hydrothermal fluid has a strong influence on species distribution. However, the mechanisms determining the species response to this variability is still poorly understood. In order to investigate this issue, a modelling approach is presented. Data collected for more than 20 years on the Eiffel Tower edifice, on the Lucky Strike vent filed (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) were integrated in order to identify meaningful elements for our problem. An integrative study of the faunal biomasses on the edifice showed that these are dominated by the mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus. This bivalve is likely to have a significant influence on the ecosystem functioning and is thus the object of a first model. The search for data to constrain it led to the measurement of in situ metabolic rates. Once parametrized, the model provided quantitative estimates of unknown fluxes. The simulation of hydrothermal flow interruption provided some insights on the mussel biomass response to its environment variability.

Através das representações da violência presentes nas obras ficcionais escritas por Ivan Ângelo A Festa (1976) e A casa de vidro (1979), durante a Ditadura do Pós-64, é possível relacionar o discurso literário às dimensões sociais. Pelo crivo da história e conceitos originários da Crítica Literária e da Literatura Comparada aplicados ao campo da Sociologia da Literatura, é possível compreender com sensibilidade e rigor alguns episódios e elementos da vida social brasileira, tais como: o papel do escritor em tempos de repressão à liberdade de expressão. Esse exercício reflexivo, arriscado e recente na sociologia materializa tanto os estudos literários quanto os sociológicos, de modo que o imaginário adquire status de objeto social, o que introduz, na análise sociológica dos textos (verbais e imagéticos) e suas circunstâncias de produção, a afirmação de uma das características mais sociais e humanas: a narratividade. A escrita criativa é uma fonte de acesso a posicionamentos tanto estéticos quanto políticos, e através dessas interfaces mesclam-se a memória, o esquecimento e a construção da ideia do passado. Por isso, a prática da leitura sob essa via ressignifica o sentido do presente e avança um passo a mais em direção à literatura como um fato social inegável e como ato ao mesmo tempo individual e coletivo que persiste através dos tempos e da cultura nacional. / It is possible to establish relations with literary discourse and social dimensions by means of the representations of violence existent in the fictional works The celebration (1976) and The tower of glass (1979) written by Ivan Ângelo during the Post-64 dictatorship. It is conceivable to comprehend sensibly and rigorously some episodes and elements of Brazilian social life, such as the role of the writer in times of freedom of expression repression by sifting through history and concepts from Literary Criticism and Comparative Literature applied to the field of Sociology of Literature. This risky and recent in sociology reflexive exercise enriches the study of literature and sociology in a way that fictional thought receives status of social object which introduces the statement of one of the most social and human features, the storytelling, in the sociological analysis of verbal and imagery texts and their production circumstances. Creative writing is a source of entry to both aesthetic and political positioning and, through these interfaces, memory, oblivion and the construction of the past are all mixed. Therefore, the practice of reading under this comprehension reframes the meaning of the present and advances another step towards literature as an undeniable and social fact and also as a fact that is at the same time individual and collective and that persists through time and through national culture.