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L'objectif des travaux présentés dans ce mémoire concerne le développement d'un modèle global représentant le couplage de l'enveloppe du bâtiment avec les équipements énergétiques. Une approche systémique appelée les Bond Graphs, peu employée jusqu'ici dans la modélisation des systèmes thermiques, est utilisée. Le modèle global du bâtiment, regroupant sous le même environnement de simulation, les modèles de l'enveloppe du bâtiment, les apports solaires, les émetteurs de chauffage et de rafraîchissement et le système de ventilation, est développé pour reconstituer l'ensemble des articulations énergétiques entre l'enveloppe et les environnements intérieur et extérieur. A travers la modélisation d'un bâtiment multizone, le couplage systémique des modèles de l'enveloppe et des apports solaires est présenté. Par ailleurs, un système combinant un plancher chauffant et un plafond rafraîchissant est étudié à l'aide des modèles des émetteurs de chauffage et de rafraîchissement. Le renouvèlement d'air dans le bâtiment est également concerné par la modélisation Bond Graph. Enfin, des éléments de validation expérimentale sont présentés. Pour cela, la plateforme de tri-génération d'énergie ENERBAT est exploitée. L'objectif est d'étudier le couplage optimal enveloppe du bâtiment - équipements énergétiques pour lequel les modèles BG sont développés. Une étude paramétrique tenant compte des interactions entre les paramètres étudiés est menée sur un projet réel de rénovation. Finalement, une combinaison appropriée des paramètres étudiés a été retenue afin de réduire la consommation énergétique selon la réglementation thermique française (RT2012) / Our works focus on the setting of reliable tools able to analyze the interaction between the building envelope and HVAC systems. The developed approach is based on Bond Graphs methodology, a graphical modeling language which is particularly suitable for energy exchanges. A numerical model gathering, under the same simulation environment, sub-models representing the building envelope, the solar gains, the floor heating, the chilled ceiling and the ventilation system, is developed in order to predict the energy interactions between these sub-systems. The multi-zone building model is developed in order to simulate and analyze the overall building thermal behavior. Then, the solar gains model is also included to predict the solar radiation exchanges in a way close to reality. The model of the heating and cooling system, combining the floor heating and the chilled ceiling, is developed in order to improve the thermal comfort of the building. Afterwards, the ventilation system is modeled in order to represent the air exchange inside the building. The experimental validation is carried out on the tri-generation unit integrated with a thermal solar system (platform ENERBAT). Furthermore, the parametrical study was realized in order to gain a better understanding according to the impact of some factors in the energy performance of the single-family building located in Meurthe-et-Moselle region (France). Optimization of several measures, such as insulation of the building envelope, type of glazing, building orientation and ventilation system, is performed to respond to the requirements of the French thermal standard (RT2012)

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Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:48:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 71050100636.pdf.jpg: 18475 bytes, checksum: cef76060e1567144b6d6df05643a4a54 (MD5) 71050100636.pdf: 1411133 bytes, checksum: 7e366994dab8b42eb7d458fbd264a90b (MD5) 71050100636.pdf.txt: 636208 bytes, checksum: 1b231f6201adc4780d2585b2fd3b41a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-17T00:00:00Z / A Tese discute as implicações e desdobramentos da construção de Parcerias Tri-Setoriais na esfera pública, de forma a avançar na compreensão de suas perspectivas, impasses e armadilhas para a modernização da gestão de políticas e projetos sociais e a ampliação da cidadania no cenário brasileiro. São consideradas Parcerias Tri-Setoriais aquelas que envolvem simultaneamente atores governamentais, da sociedade civil e do mercado. Para tanto, são analisadas três experiências de intervenção em projetos sociais apoiadas pela Fundação AVINA no Brasil nas agendas de intervenção de educação, meio ambiente, pobreza e infância e adolescência. A discussão teórica levanta as principais correntes e tradições teóricas que analisam a ação do Estado, das organizações da sociedade civil e das empresas em direção à esfera pública. Em seguida são discutidas e articuladas propostas teóricas de interpretação das interações colaborativas entre atores sociais, de forma construir um quadro analítico capaz de guiar a pesquisa de campo. A investigação se inscreve no âmbito do chamado Estudo de Caso Extendido e recorre à abordagem metodológica qualitativa para coleta, tratamento e análise dos dados. Os resultados indicam que práticas tradicionais de construção de projetos de intervenção social e também de parcerias perduram dentro dos processos de interação das Parcerias Tri-Setoriais, apontando que modelos lineares e gerencialistas de explicação e intervenção na dinâmica desse fenômeno são pouco consistentes em termos de capacidade explicativa da realidade. As interações entre atores da sociedade civil, do Estado e de mercado são marcadas pela complexidade e pela construção de uma práxis não linear e marcada simultâneamente pela ocorrência de processos de conflito e cooperação, engajamento e distanciamento, e resistência e adesão. Frente a isso, as melhorias na provisão de políticas e projetos sociais advindas das Parcerias Tri-Setoriais nem sempre se fazem acompanhadas de avanços na construção da cidadania e de uma esfera pública mais plural e democrática no cenário brasileiro. Todo esse quadro informa a necessidade de se problematizar as Parcerias Tri-Setoriais a partir de modelos teóricos que incorporem a discussão da esfera pública e dos encontros e desencontros entre atores nessa dimensão, a fim de se melhor compreender as promessas, desdobramentos e armadilhas que tal perspectiva traz para a gestão social. / This Thesis discusses the implications of Tri-sectorial Partnerships in the public sphere, in way to understand its perspectives and challenges for the modernization of the management of social policies and projects and the enlargement of the citizenship in the Brazilian scenery. Three experiences supported by the AVINA Foundation in Brazil are analyzed in the areas of education, environment, poverty and childhood. The theoretical aproach discusses the main currents and traditions that analyze the action of the State, the civil society organizations and the companies in the public sphere. The collaborative interactions among social actors are discussed too, in way to build an analytical framework capable to guide the field research. The investigation is basead in the methodological proposal of Case Study Extended and in the qualitative approach for collection, treatment and analysis of the data. The results indicate that traditional practices of construction of projects of social intervention and also of partnerships can be find inside the the processes of interaction between actors in the Tri-sectorial Partnerships. Managerial and tecnicists models of explanation of that phenomenon offer little contribution in terms of explanatory capacity of the reality. The interactions among actors of the civil society, State and market are marked by the complexity and for the construction of practices based simultaneously on conflict and cooperation, engagement and estrangement, resistance and adhesion. The improvements in the provision of social policies and projects with the Tri-sectorial Partnerships not always results in progresses in the construction of a more plural and democratic public sphere in the Brazilian scenery. This perspective point the relevance of understand the Tri-sectorial Partnerships from theoretical models that incorporate the discussion of the public sphere, in order to advance the studies in the field of social management.

Cette thèse avait pour premier objectif de comprendre les mécanismes d'auto-organisation entre nanoparticules de ZnO. Synthétisées via une technique physique combinant ablation laser et détente supersonique (la LECBD), les nanoparticules obtenues sont stoechiométriques, cristallisées et sans ligand. Grâce à la DRX et HRTEM, nous avons pu identifier la nature du mécanisme régissant le collage orienté des nanoparticules. Son impact sur la luminescence de couches minces de ZnO est de première importance pour des applications opto-électroniques. La microscopie confocale nous a permis de caractériser finement les spectres optiques de films nanostructurés. Une méthode originale combinant STEM et cathodoluminescence a permis de révéler une hétérogénéité nanométrique de la luminescence issue du collage orienté. Par ailleurs, des phénomènes fondamentaux tels que le blinking, ou bleaching pour une nanoparticule unique de ZnO ne sont pas connus. La LECBD permet d'obtenir des nanoparticules isolées et triées en masse. Nous avons ainsi pu observer la luminescence d'une collection de 50 nanoparticules sous faisceau (état de l'art), donnant accès aux paramètres intrinsèques de la luminescence d'une particule unique. A ce jour, le dopage de type p par substitution reste un verrou technologique dans ZnO freinant le développement d'applications optoélectroniques. Un dernier objectif a donc été d'explorer numériquement les possibilités d'un autre type de dopage dans ZnO à savoir le dopage endohédral. Nous avons montré que le dopage de type p était possible dans la sodalite, une structure cage hypothétique pour ZnO, ce qui ouvre la voie à de nouveaux champs d'investigation dans ce domaine

Le but du travail est d'étudier la structure supramoléculaire de mélanges de tensioactif hydrophile, n-octyl-beta-glucoside (C8G1), et d'un extractant d'ions métalliques hydrophobe, le tributyl-n-phosphate (TBP), en présence d'eau, d'huile et de sels. Les systèmes classiques d'extraction ionique (composés d'une phase aqueuse, d'huile et d'extractant dont le but est d'extraire un soluté de la phase polaire sont passés en revue. L'aspect colloïdal et les transitions de phases que l'on retrouve dans ces systèmes sont souvent décrits singulièrement. Nous avons transposé l'approche « diagramme de phases » issue de la physico-chimie des systèmes moléculaires organisés à ces systèmes d'extractant afin d'orienter globalement l'analyse de ces systèmes complexes. La discussion est basée sur des considérations géométriques. Un modèle thermodynamique a été développé en considérant les contraintes d'empilement des ces extractants dans le film moléculaire formant les micelles inverses d'extractant dans l'huile. Ce modèle a permis de prédire la solubilité de l'eau au sein de ces micelles inverses ainsi que leurs tailles obtenues expérimentalement. Dans une deuxième partie, le comportement physico-chimique des phases aqueuses et organiques composées respectivement d'eau/C8G1 et de TBP/huile/eau ont été étudiées, en s'intéressant particulièrement aux effets de sels, par des techniques de diffusion de rayons X aux petits angles, diffusion dynamique de la lumière et de spectroscopie UV-visible. Dans la dernière partie la description complète de la microémulsion en faisant varier la balance hydrophile-hydrophobe du mélange C8G1 et TBP a été obtenue en combinant des mesures de diffusion de neutrons aux petits angles et d'analyse chimique (Karl-Fischer, Carbone Organique Total, ICP-OES…). Le comportement co-surfactant du TBP a été déterminé par comparaison aux co-surfactants classiques que sont les n-alcools (4<n<8). Les compositions de films moléculaires mixtes de C8G1/TBP et de C8G1/n-hexanol, obtenues expérimentalement, ont été confirmées par un modèle basé sur des paramètres géométriques moléculaires. Nous avons tenté d'exploiter les propriétés interfaciales de ces molécules pour le contrôle des cinétiques d'extraction liquide-liquide d'ion et la séparation d'ion « sans solvant » par flottation. / The presented work describes the supramolecular structure of mixtures of a hydrophilic surfactant n-octyl-beta-glucoside (C8G1), and the hydrophobic metal ion extractant tributylphosphate (TBP) in n-dodecane/water as well as in the presence of salts.In the first part, basic solvent extraction system, composed of water, oil and extractant, will be introduced. The focus, however, lies on the extraction of multivalent metal ions from the aqueous phase. During this extraction process and in the following thermodynamic equilibrium, aggregation and phase transition in supramolecular assemblies occur, which are already described in literature. Notably, these reports rest on individual studies and specific conclusions, while a general concept is still missing. We therefore suggest the use of generalized phase diagrams to present the physico-chemical behaviour of (amphiphilic) extractant systems. These phase diagrams facilitated the development of a thermodynamic model based on molecular geometry and packing of the extractant molecules in the oil phase. As a result, we are now in the position to predict size and water content of extractant aggregates and, thus, verify the experimental results by calculation.Consequently, the second part presents a systematic study of the aqueous and organic phase of water/C8G1 and water/oil/TBP mixtures. The focus lies on understanding the interaction between metal ions and both amphiphilic molecules by means of small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. We confirmed the assumption that extraction of metal ions is driven by TBP, while C8G1 remains passive. In the third and last part, microemulsions of C8G1, TBP, water (and salt) and n-dodecane are characterized by small angle neutron scattering (SANS), and chemical analytics (Karl Fischer, total organic carbon, ICP-OES,...). The co-surfactant behaviour of TBP was highlighted by comparison to the classical n-alcohol (4<n<8) co-surfactants. The compositions of the C8G1/TBP and C8G1/n-hexanol interfacial mixed films obtained experimentally were confirmed by the prediction of a model based on the molecular geometrical parameters. We furthermore exploit the interfacial properties of these molecules to control the kinetics of liquid-liquid extraction and attempt a “solvent free” ion separation using flotation.

Le tri et le transport efficace des hydrolases acides vers le lysosome jouent un rôle critique pour la fonction des cellules. Plus de 50 maladies humaines sont dues à des mutations des enzymes lysosomales, des protéines régulant des processus-clés du transport vers le lysosome ou des enzymes effectuant des modifications posttraductionnelles importantes pour la fonction du lysosome. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’identifier des protéines et des mécanismes permettant à la cellule de réguler le transport des enzymes vers le lysosome. Nous avons formulé l’hypothèse que des protéines mutées dans des maladies lysosomales et dont les fonctions étaient inconnues pouvaient jouer un rôle dans le transport vers le lysosome. Les céroïdes-lipofuscinoses neuronales forment une famille de maladies lysosomales rares mais sont aussi les maladies neurodégénératives infantiles les plus fréquentes. Plusieurs gènes impliqués dans les NCL encodent des protéines aux fonctions inconnues. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont identifié la protéine « ceroid lipofuscinosis neuronal-5 » (CLN5) qui est localisée à l’endosome et au lysosome comme élément nécessaire au recrutement et à l’activation de rab7. Rab7 est une protéine Rab-clé qui contrôle le trafic à l’endosome tardif. Cette petite GTPase est impliquée dans le recrutement de retromer, un complexe protéique qui régule le trafic de l’endosome vers l’appareil de Golgi des récepteurs de tri lysosomal comme sortilin et le récepteur du mannose-6-phosphate. Dans les cellules où CLN5 est déplété, les récepteurs de tri lysosomal sont moins recyclés plus rapidement dégradés. En utilisant des expériences de photomarquage nous avons aussi pu démontrer que Rab7 est moins activées en l’absence de CLN5. Pour exécuter leur fonction les protéines rabs doivent être recrutée à la membrane et activées par l’échange d’une molécule de GDP pour une molécule de GTP. Le recrutement des Rabs à la membrane nécessite une modification posttraductionnelle lipidique pour être facilités. En utilisant un modèle de levures nous avons démontré que l’homologue de Rab7, Ypt7 est palmitoylée. Nous avons aussi démontré que la palmitoyltransférase Swif1 est nécessaire au recrutement de Ypt7 à la membrane. Nous avons aussi remarqué que les sous- unités de retromer chez la levure sont moins recrutées lorsque les palmitoyltransférases sont déplétées. Dans les cellules de mammifères nous avons démontré que Rab7 est également palmitoylé et que cette palmitoylation est possiblement effectuée par les palmitoyltransférases DHHC1 et DHHC8. La palmitoylation de Rab7 a lieu sur les cystéines en C-terminal qui sont nécessaires au recrutement membranaire et qui auparavant étaient uniquement décrites comme prénylées. En utilisant la méthode de « click chemistry » nous avons découvert que lorsque la prénylation de Rab7 est bloquée le niveau de palmitoylation augmente. Pour caractériser l’interaction entre CLN5 et Rab7 nous avons performé des expériences afin d’établir définitivement la topologie de cette protéine. Nous avons ainsi démontré que CLN5 est une protéine hautement glycosylée qui est initialement traduite en protéine transmembranaire et subséquemment clivée par un membre de la famille des peptidase de peptide signal (SPP). Cette protéine soluble peut alors possiblement interagir avec CLN3 qui est aussi palmitoylée pour recruter et activer Rab7. Nos études suggèrent pour la première fois que CLN5 pourrait être un recruteur et un activateur de Rab7 qui agirait avec la protéine CLN3 pour séquestrer Rab7 avec les autres récepteurs palmitoylés et permettre leur recyclage vers l’appareil de Golgi. / The proper sorting and trafficking of acid hydrolases plays a critical role in the normal function of cells. Over 50 known human diseases are caused by mutations of lysosomal enzymes, of proteins that regulate key processes of transport to the lysosome or of enzymes that perform posttranslational modifications which are important for the function of the lysosome. The main objective of this thesis is to identify proteins and mechanisms that allow the cell to regulate the transport of enzymes toward the lysosome. We formulated the hypothesis that proteins mutated in lysosomal diseases and that have no known functions could play a role in transport toward the lysosome. Neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses form a family of lysosomal storage disorders that are very rare but are also the most frequent infantile neurodegenerative diseases. The work presented in this thesis identified ceroid-lipofuscinosis neuronal-5 (CLN5), which is located at the late-endosomal/lysosomal compartment as a necessary element for the recruitment and activation of Rab7. Rab7 is an important GTPase that controls traffic from the late-endosome to the trans-Golgi network. Rab7 has been implicated in the recruitment of the retromer complex, which regulates retrograde transport of the lysosomal sorting receptor such as sortilin and the mannose-6-phosphate receptor. In the cells where CLN5 is depleted, the lysosomal sorting receptors are less recycled and degraded more rapidly. Using photolabelling assays we were also able to show that Rab7 is less activated in the absence of CLN5. To perform their function, Rab proteins have to be recruited to membranes and activated by the exchange of a GDP nucleotide for GTP. The recruitment of Rabs to membranes necessitates a lipidic posttranslational modification to raise the affinity. Using yeast as a model we demonstrated that the Rab7 homolog, Ypt7 is palmitoylated. We have also showed that the yeast palmitoyltransferase Swif1 is required for Ypt7 membrane recruitment. We have also observed that retromer subunits in yeast are less recruited when palmitoyltranferases are depleted. In mammals we have shown that Rab7 is also palmitoylated and that this palmitoylation may be done by palmitoyltransferases DHHC1 and DHHC8. The palmitoylation of Rab7 occurs on the C-terminal cysteines that are required for membrane recruitment and were previously only shown to be prenylated. By using Click chemistry we have discovered that when Rab7 prenylation is blocked the level of palmitoylation is augmented. To characterize the interaction of Rab7 and CLN5 we performed experiments to definitively establish the topology of this latter protein. Our results show that CLN5 is a heavily glycosylated protein that is initially translated as a type II transmembrane protein and subsequently cleaved by a member of the signal-peptide peptidase (SPP) family. This protein can then possibly interact with another member of the CLN family, CLN3 that is predicted to be palmitoylated to recruit and activate Rab7. Our studies establish for the first time that CLN5 is required for the recruitment and activation of Rab7 and may cooperate with the possibly palmitoylated protein CLN3 to sequester Rab7 in specific membrane domains with sorting receptors to allow their recycling toward the trans-Golgi network.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar a Teoria da Resposta ao Item (TRI), por meio de uma abordagem pedagógica, aos professores da educação básica, que mencionaram esta necessidade por meio de pesquisa realizada pelo autor. Levar parte do conhecimento teórico que embasa esta teoria ao conhecimento do docente, principalmente a construção da curva de probabilidade de acerto do item, favorecerá a compreensão, a análise e o monitoramento do processo avaliativo educacional. Este material apresenta as principais definições e conceitos da avaliação externa em larga escala, além de fornecer insumos para a compreensão das suposições realizadas para aplicação da metodologia. Neste sentido, o texto foi estruturado de forma a apresentar didaticamente as etapas do processo de implementação de uma avaliação, desde a construção do item até a apuração e divulgação dos resultados. Todo enfoque será dado à construção do modelo da TRI com um parâmetro (dificuldade do item), também conhecido como modelo de Rasch, o que simplifica e facilita a compreensão da metodologia. O modelo utilizado nas avaliações externas em larga escala (modelo com três parâmetros) será introduzido a partir das considerações realizadas na abordagem que explicita o pensamento da construção do modelo de um parâmetro. Acredita-se que esta compreensão possa colaborar com o professor na exploração das habilidades/competências dos alunos durante os anos escolares. / This study aims to present the Item Response Theory (IRT), through a pedagogical approach, to teachers of basic education, which mentioned this necessity through research conducted by the author. To take part of the theoretical knowledge that supports this theory to the teacher\'s knowledge, especially the construction of probability curve of item correct response, it will favor for understanding, analysis and monitoring the evaluation educational process. This material presents the main definitions and concepts of the external evaluation in large scale, besides providing inputs for understanding the assumptions made to apply the methodology. In this sense, the text was structured in order to present the implementation process stages of a large scale assessment, from the item construction to the results calculation and dissemination. The focus will be given to the IRT model construction of one-parameter (difficulty of the item), also known as Rasch model, since it simplifies and facilitates the understanding of methodology. The model used in the external assessment on a large scale (three-parameter model) will be introduced from the considerations made in the approach that explicit the thought of one-parameter model construction. It is believed that understanding can collaborate with teacher in exploration of the students\' skills/competences during the school year.

O objetivo do desenvolvimento do projeto foi minimizar uma das principais desvantagens no uso do gás natural veicular, que é a perda de potência, e aumentar sua eficiência volumétrica através da construção de um circuito eletrônico capaz de gerenciar de forma eficiente a injeção do gás. O aumento do rendimento é obtido através do gerenciamento eficiente da mistura ar-combustível utilizando um sistema de malha fechada. O gerenciamento da relação de potência e economia é conseguido com o uso simultâneo de gás natural e o combustível líquido. Nos sistemas de conversão atuais e nos veículos originais a gás natural, a perda de potência é compensada desligando o sistema de gás e utilizando somente o combustível líquido, sendo esta seleção feita de forma manual na maioria dos sistemas de conversão e de forma automática no Fiat Siena tetrafuel, não possibilitando o uso simultâneo do gás com o combustível líquido. A exigência de potência é medida através do ângulo do pedal do acelerador. Quando a exigência de potência é baixa, o sistema opera apenas com gás. No momento em que há solicitação de potência intermediária, o sistema opera com diferentes proporções de etanol e gás. Na situação de solicitação de potência máxima, é utilizado apenas o combustível líquido. Foram feitas comparações entre o sistema convencional e o sistema proposto, através de ensaios dinamométricos, rodoviários e emissão de poluentes. O veículo Volkswagen Gol com seu sistema original utilizando somente etanol possui potência máxima de 64,06 cavalos, (47,77 Kilowatts) e consumo de 12,6 quilômetros por litro de etanol. Com o sistema convencional de gás natural aspirado, o consumo foi de 21 quilômetros por metro cúbico e a potência não ultrapassou 51,82 cavalos (38,64 Kilowatts), com o protótipo desenvolvido a eficiência volumétrica aumentou 25% com consumo de 26,4 quilômetros por metro cúbico. O gerenciamento de potência proporciona potências intermediárias acima de 51,82 cavalos (38,64 Kilowatts), até a potência máxima de 64,06 cavalos (47,77 Kilowatts) em situações que uma maior potência é requerida. O sistema desenvolvido proporciona o benefício da flexibilidade no abastecimento disponível nos sistemas atuais, com a flexibilidade na potência não disponível nos sistemas atuais. / This project intended to minimize one of the main disadvantages of using natural gas vehicles, which was the loss of power, and increase their volumetric efficiency by building an electronic circuit able to efficiently manage the gas injection. The increase in volumetric efficiency is obtained through the efficient management of air-fuel mixture using a closed loop system. The management of the power and economy ratio is achieved with the simultaneous use of natural gas and liquid fuel. In the current conversion systems and original vehicles that use natural gas, the power loss is compensated by turning off the gas system and using only the liquid fuel. This selection is done manually in most conversion systems, and automatically at Fiat Siena Tetrafuel, not allowing the simultaneous use of gas to liquid fuel. The demand for power is measured by the angle of the accelerator pedal. When the power demand is low, the system operates only with natural gas. When intermediate power is required, the system operates with different proportions of ethanol and natural gas. For maximum power, only ethanol is used. Comparisons were made between the conventional and the proposed system through dynamometer tests, road tests and emission analyses. The Volkswagen Gol with original system using only ethanol has a maximum power of 64.06 horses (47.77 Kilowatts) and consumption of 12.6 kilometers per liter of ethanol. With conventional aspirated natural gas system, the consumption was 21 km per cubic meter and the power did not exceed 51.82 horses (38.64 Kilowatts). With the prototype, volumetric efficiency increases by 25%, with consumption of 26.4 kilometers per cubic meter. The power management provides intermediate powers up to 51.82 horses (38.64 Kilowatts) until the maximum power of 64.06 horses (47.77 Kilowatts) in situations where more power is required. The developed system provides the benefit of refueling flexibility found in the original system, with power flexibility not available in original systems.