A questão do poder e seu exercício tem sido objeto de estudo desde o século XVI. Entretanto, apesar da influência e relevância destes trabalhos, todos foram realizados em períodos históricos e contextos sociais bastante distintos daqueles encontrados na contemporaneidade. Autores como Octavio Ianni e Manuel Castells, conscientes do papel que a comunicação e as tecnologias da informação possuem nos processos comunicacionais responsáveis pela construção de significado na mente humana - os mesmos responsáveis pelo exercício do poder, lançam mão de pesquisas que buscam revistar a questão do poder à luz da contemporaneidade. Entretanto, o fato de os brasileiros figurarem frequentemente na lista de países que mais tempo permanecem em sites de redes sociais influenciaria esta relação entre poder e comunicação no contexto do Brasil? O que é poder à luz dos sites de redes sociais e como ele é exercido nestes ambientes? Os conceitos clássicos sobre o assunto permanecem válidos na realidade contemporânea? A busca pelas respostas a estas questões foi realizada por meio de um estudo de caso tomando como base o site de rede social Twitter e a maneira como ele foi apropriado pelo brasileiro. Os resultados apontam que sim, o brasileiro, mesmo aquele que não utiliza o sistema, está potencialmente exposto ao exercício de poder realizado por meio da plataforma de microblogging. / The topic of power and its practice have been the subject of study since the sixteenth century. Yet, in spite of the influence and relevance of these studies, they have all been conducted inside periods of history and social contexts different from those of modern day. Researchers such as Octavio Ianni and Manuel Castells, conscious of the role that communication and information technologies play in the construction of meaningful thought in the human mind - the same dynamics responsible behind the practice of power - have conducted efforts to revisit the topic of power in the light of modern day. Thus, can the fact that Brazilians frequently end up on the list of countries that spend the most time on social networking environments affect the relationship between power and communication, within the context of Brazil? What is power in the framework of digital social networking environments, and how is it carried out in those environments? Does the traditional concept of power hold true in modern day reality? The search for answers to those questions has been conducted through a case study of the social networking environment Twitter and the way it is appropriated by the Brazilians. The results indeed show that, even Brazilians who are not connected to the microblogging service, are potentially exposed to the power exercised through this platform.

As primeiras mídias sociais da internet surgiram há pouco mais de duas décadas, segunda metade dos anos 90. Em comparação com a evolução humana, isso seria algo como um milésimo de segundo de sua existência. Neste período, vários estudos procuram entender o comportamento e o agrupamento dos seres humanos nesta nova forma de comunicação. Teorias sobre formas de analisar as pessoas neste meio e como elas se agrupam e criam novos modos de comunicação e propagação de suas ideias florescem e iluminam este desconhecido caminho a ser criado e percorrido. Os métodos de identificação do comportamento humano criados antes das mídias sociais ganham uma nova forma de serem utilizados. Estudos sobre o \"eu\" (Belk, 1988), tribalismo (Cova, B., 1997), etnografia (Danzig, 1985), netnografia (Kozinets, 1998) e filtragem colaborativa (Golberg, Nichols, Oki e Terry, 1992) entram em cena para colocar uma luz no estudo das relações humanas no mundo digital. A internet revolucionou o modo de as pessoas interagirem e a evolução constante da tecnologia vem incessantemente gerando profundas implicações para o marketing. A rede mundial passou a ser um canal global pelo qual as empresas podem divulgar e vender seus produtos. No entanto, mesmo oferecendo um enorme potencial para as empresas, a internet aumentou a complexidade de identificar os clientes. Os usuários presentes nas mídias sociais estão menos interessados nos produtos e valorizam mais as identidades e os laços sociais gerados em torno de seus assuntos de interesse. Estas tribos eletrônicas ultrapassam as fronteiras geográficas e independem de raça, sexo e aspectos culturais de seus integrantes. Este trabalho apresenta um método para identificar tribos nas mídias sociais. O método foi aplicado na identificação da tribo de MMA (MixedMartialArts, em tradução livre, Artes Marciais Mistas) no Twitter. A validação foi realizada usando a plataforma de anúncios do Twitter, enviando durante 72 horas uma publicidade para mais de 600 mil usuários, divididos em grupo de controle e segmentações do Twitter e do método proposto DNA. O estudo comparou os resultados obtidos pelo método proposto DNA com os resultados do grupo de controle e da segmentação realizada pelo Twitter. Os resultados obtidos apontaram o aumento de interações dos usuários identificados como pertencentes a tribo de MMA, validando o método. / The first Internet social media emerged just over two decades ago, at the second half of 90\'s. Compared to human evolution, this would be something like a millisecond of its existence. In this period, several studies try to understand the behavior and grouping of human beings in this new form of communication. Theories about ways of analyzing people in this environment and how they group themselves and create new ways of communication and propagation their ideas flourish and illuminate this unknown pathway to be created and traveled. Methods of identifying human behavior created before social media receive a new way of being used. Studies on the \"self\" (Belk, 1988), tribalism (Cova, B., 1997), ethnography (Danzig, 1985), netnography (Kozinets, 1998) and collaborative filtering (Golberg, Nichols, Oki and Terry, 1992) come on the scene to shed light on the study of human relations in the digital world. The Internet has revolutionized people\'s way of interacting and the constant evolution of technology generates profound implications for the marketing. The worldwide network has become a global channel through which companies can disclose and sell their products. However, while offering tremendous potential to businesses, the Internet has increased the complexity of identifying customers. Users present in social media are less interested in products and value more the identities and social ties generated around their subjects of interest. These electronic tribes transcend the geographical borders and are independent of race, sex and cultural aspects of its members. This paper presents a method to identify tribes in social media. The method was applied in the identification of the MMA (Mixed Martial Arts) tribe on Twitter. The validation was done using the Twitter ads platform, sending 72 hours of advertisement for more than 600 thousand users, divided in control group and segmentations of Twitter and the proposed method. The study compared the results obtained by the proposed method with that of the control group and the segmentation created by Twitter. The obtained results pointed out the increase of interactions of the users identified as belonging to the MMA tribe validating the method.

Orientador: Cristiane Pereira Dias / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T12:13:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Couto_OliviaFerreirado_M.pdf: 2316738 bytes, checksum: 70f35c3bf19f82bc72ebd5b32932dadc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Compreender o modo de enunciação da subjetividade no espaço digital é um caminho para entender a maneira como a sociedade se configura atualmente, pretendemos explorar nosso corpus impelidos por inquietações que nos são recorrentes. Nesse sentido, elegemos o Twitter como um território a ser descoberto, um fervilhar de sentidos, um caminhar por entre corpos, palavras, gestos, textualizações em 140 caracteres que nos deslocam para outro lugar de produção das "coisas a saber", da própria informação. Uma ambiência que transborda/esvazia, que se tece nesse jogo da contradição e nos remete a questionamentos outros por/entre as bordas da lingua-gem. O que muda na constituição do sujeito na twittosfera? Que deslizamentos são possíveis nes-se tempo real? De que modo essas twittadas repercutem na sociedade/no espaço da internet? Que língua é essa em 140 caracteres? O que pode a divulgação científica nesse espaço? Não preten-demos buscar respostas a tais questionamentos, o que ambicionamos é esgaçar os limites discur-sivos do ciberespaço, as fronteiras que se resvalam da/na constituição do sujeito à/na configura-ção do Twitter, pensando no atravessamento do político, no constante movimento de incompletu-de da linguagem, no modo como se dá a organização social dentro e fora do site. Há marcas no site que nos permitem pensar no alhures, o invisível, o irrealizado, o impossível, possibilidade de passagem de um mundo para outro? Onde está a fronteira, o limite? Ser sujeito é estar sujeito ao significante na história... E é aí que nos interessa o deslocamento, que está naquilo que não sabe-mos para aonde vai.... / Abstract: Understand the mode of enunciation of subjectivity in the digital space is a way to understand the way society is set up now, we want to explore our corpus driven by concerns that are recurrent us. In this sense, we elect Twitter as a territory to be discovered, a swarm of mean-ings, a walk among bodies, words, gestures, in 140 characters we move to another place of pro-duction of the "things to know" the information itself . An ambience that overflows / empties, which is woven in this game and the contradiction leads us to other questions by / between the borders of language. What changes in the constitution of the subject in twittosfera? That slips are possible in real time? In what respect such tweets reverberate in society / the internet in space? What language is this in 140 characters? What can the scientific disclosure in this space? We do not intend to seek answers to these questions, what we aspire is to break the boundaries of cyber-space discursive, the boundaries that slip of / in the constitution of the subject / in configuring the Twitter, thinking about crossing of the politician, the constant movement of incompleteness of language , in the way it gives the social organization within and outside the site. There are marks on the site that allow us to think of elsewhere, the invisible, the unfulfilled, the impossible, possi-bility for transfer from one world to another? Where is the border, the boundary? Being subject is subject to be signifier in the history ... And that's where we are interested in the movement, which is what we do not know where it goes .... / Mestrado / Divulgação Científica e Cultural / Mestra em Divulgação Científica e Cultural

Orientador: Anna Christina Bentes da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T00:12:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_Lilian_M.pdf: 59102620 bytes, checksum: 76d8cb1fba25317ffa250cb2f21b9561 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Tendo em vista que, de acordo com Sandig (2009), os textos, em certas situações (situacionalidade), cumprem determinadas funções que se referem a certos temas, nosso objetivo, neste trabalho, foi buscar as funções desempenhadas prototipicamente pelos tweets - mensagens de, no máximo, 140 caracteres, postadas em um ambiente na Internet chamado Twitter - produzidos pelos sujeitos escolhidos para nossa pesquisa. A partir das funções encontradas, evidenciamos também a situação em que elas são desempenhadas e o tema que desenvolvem. De acordo com Bakhtin (2003), o enunciado é marcado pela especificidade de sua esfera de atividade, razão pela qual decidimos selecionar, para este trabalho, sujeitos de esferas de atividades diferentes para analisarmos as funções prototípicas de seus tweets. Considerando que as esferas de atividade mais presentes no Twitter são as esferas cotidiana, literária, jornalística e artística, decidimos analisar, da esfera cotidiana, os tweets de Flávia Orci. Da esfera literária, os tweets de Fabrício Carpinejar. Da esfera jornalística, analisaremos os tweets da jornalista Rosana Hermann. Da esfera artística, os tweets de Rafinha Bastos. Analisamos ainda os tweets de João Pismel, que pode ser considerado um híbrido, uma vez que trata de tema da esfera cotidiana, mas age como um sujeito da esfera artística. Analisando os tweets postados por cada sujeito, no período de 15 a 30 de setembro de 2010, encontramos algumas funções prototípicas, isto é, funções que eram desempenhadas - com maior ou menor frequência, dependendo da esfera de atividade - pelos tweets de todos os sujeitos selecionados. Foram elas: informar, interagir e fazer refletir. Essas foram, portanto, as funções discutidas nesta pesquisa. Muito importante para este trabalho é o conceito de texto. Seguindo as abordagens de Koch (2011) e Hanks (1996), consideramos, aqui, texto como uma atividade interacional que preenche uma função comunicativa reconhecível num dado contexto social / Abstract: Considering that, according Sandig (2009), the texts, in certain situations, fulfill certain functions that refer to certain issues, our goal in this work was to seek the functions performed prototypically by the tweets - messages up to 140 characters posted on Twitter - produced by the subjects chosen for our study. From the functions found, we presented also the situation in which the tweets are performed and their theme. According to Bakhtin (2003), the statement is marked by the specificity of its sphere of activity, which is why we decided to select, for this work, subjects of different spheres of activities to analyze the prototypical functions of their tweets. Considering that the spheres of activity more present on Twitter are familiar, literary, journalistic and artistic, we decided to analyze, from familiar, Flavia Orci?s tweets. From the literary sphere, the Fabricio Carpinejar?s tweets. From the journalistic sphere, we will analyze the tweets of the journalist Rosana Hermann. From the artistic sphere, Rafinha Bastos? tweets. We also analyzed the tweets of João Pismel, which can be considered a hybrid, because it deals with the theme of familiar sphere, but acts as a subject of artistic sphere. Analyzing the tweets posted by each subject in the period from 15 to 30 September 2010, we found some prototypical functions, functions that were performed - with more or less often, depending on the sphere of activity - on the tweets of all subjects selected. They were: to inform, to interact and to reflect. These were therefore functions discussed in this study. Very important for this work is the concept of text. Following the approaches of Koch (2011) and Hanks (1996), we consider here the text as an interactive activity that fills a recognizable communicative function in a given social context / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestra em Linguística

Social media has a large impact on our society. News articles are often accessed and shared through different social media sites . In fact, today the most common way to enter a website is from social medias. However, due to technical restrictions in what information these sites make public, it is often not possible to access click information from social medias. This complicates the analysis of popularity dynamics of news articles, for example. In this thesis, we work around that problem. By using an URL shortener service API, we can extract information about the clicks from the API. We will only look at content that is shared on Twitter because they have the friendliest view on sharing data for research purposes. To test this methodology we are doing a small prestudy in which we look at how biased news articles are shared on Twitter compared to more objective content. There are three parts in investigating the biased content. The first part is to extract Bitly links from Twitter. The second part is to examine the links and decide if it is a news article. Finally, we determine if the news article is biased. For this third step, we use two different approaches. First, we build a computational linguistics tool called a Naive Bayes classifier from already classified training data. Second, we classify different articles as articles with biased content or not, where an article is considered biased if the domain it resides on has a high content of biased articles. Our analysis of a sample data set that we have collected over a week showed that biased content is clicked for a longer period of time compared to non-biased content.

Det blir allt vanligare att kommuner använder sociala medier i sitt kommunikationsarbete. I denna uppsats har det undersökts hur sociala medier används för spridning av krisinformation på kommunal nivå samt vilka faktorer som bidrar till att krisinformationen når kommuninvånarna. Vidare har det undersökts hur kommunernas delade krisinformation i sociala medier kan förtydligas genom aggregering till en annan plattform. Studien som innefattar intervjuer med tolv kommuner som är aktiva i sociala medier samt med tre i ämnet insatta personer visar på att sociala medier som kriskommunikationskanaler idag används i relativt liten utsträckning. Det beror, enligt kommunerna, främst på att få kriser drabbat kommunerna sedan användningen av sociala medier påbörjades. Arbetet innefattar också utvecklingen av en prototyp i vilken svenska kommuners krisinformationsflöde sammanställs på ett och samma ställe. / It is becoming increasingly common for municipalities using social media in their means of communication. This paper examines how social media is used for the dissemination of emergency information at the municipal level, also analysing the factors that contribute to that the crisis information reaches the target group.  Furthermore it's examined how the emergency information can be clarified through aggregation to a different platform. The study involves interviews with twelve social media active municipalities and three on the subject informed individuals wich shows that social media as crisis communications channels are currently used in relatively small extent. This is due to that few crises have affected the municipalities, since the use of social media begun. The work also include the development of a prototype, gathering the crisis information feed from Swedish municipalities.

In this report we make an attempt to analyze where Swedish Twitter users believe the line is drawn between the private and public. Our goal is to find out what the factors are that determine what they decide to write on Twitter and what not. A survey was sent out and spread amongst Swedish Twitter users during one week to provide us with the data to answer our question formulation. The results do not draw an exact line between the private and the public but it nevertheless provides us with an idea of what users think is inappropriate to write about on Twitter. Through the study we found out that our respondents believe that it is inappropriate to write private information about others than them self. They also believe that racist and offensive comments are inappropiate. Our study also gives us some indication that Swedish Twitter users are rather open concerning sharing of private information about themselves.

Le trading algorithmique utilisé à des fins spéculatives a pris un véritable essor depuis les années 2000, en optimisant d'abord l'exécution sur les marchés d'ordres issus de décisions humaines d'arbitrage ou d'investissement, puis en exécutant une stratégie d'investissement pré-programmée ou systématique où l'humain est cantonné au rôle de concepteur et de superviseur. Et ce, malgré les mises en garde des partisans de l'Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) qui indiquent que pourvu que le marché soit efficient, la spéculation est vaine.Le Human Computation (HC) est un concept singulier, il considère le cerveau humain comme le composant unitaire d'une machine plus vaste, machine qui permettrait d'adresser des problèmes d'une complexité hors de portée des calculateurs actuels. Ce concept est à la croisée des notions d'intelligence collective et des techniques de Crowdsourcing permettant de mobiliser des humains (volontaires ou non, conscients ou non, rémunérés ou non) dans la résolution d'un problème ou l'accomplissement d'une tâche complexe. Le projet Fold-it en biochimie est ainsi venu apporter la preuve indiscutable de la capacité de communautés humaines à constituer des systèmes efficaces d'intelligence collective, sous la forme d'un serious game en ligne.Le trading algorithmique pose des difficultés du même ordre que celles rencontrées par les promoteurs de Fold-it et qui les ont conduits à faire appel à la CPU humaine pour progresser de façon significative. La question sera alors de savoir où et comment utiliser le HC dans une discipline qui se prête très mal à la modélisation 3D ou à l'approche ludique afin d'en mesurer l'efficacité.La qualification et la transmission de l'information par réseaux sociaux visant à alimenter un système de trading algorithmique et fondé sur ce principe de HC constituent la première expérimentation de cette thèse. L'expérimentation consistera à analyser en temps réel le buzz Twitter à l'aide de deux méthodes différentes, une méthode asémantique qui cible les événements inattendus remontés par le réseau Twitter (comme l'éruption du volcan islandais en 2010) et une méthode sémantique plus classique qui cible des thématiques connues et anxiogènes pour les marchés financiers. On observe une amélioration significative des performances des algorithmes de trading uniquement sur les stratégies utilisant les données de la méthode asémantique.La deuxième expérimentation de HC dans la sphère du trading algorithmique consiste à confier l'optimisation de paramètres de stratégies de trading à une communauté de joueurs, dans une démarche inspirée du jeu Fold-it. Dans le jeu en ligne baptisé Krabott, chaque solution prend la forme d'un brin d'ADN, les joueurs humains sont alors sollicités dans les phases de sélection et de reproduction des individus-solutions.Krabott démontre la supériorité des utilisateurs humains sur la machine dans leurs capacités d'exploration et leurs performances moyennes quelle que soit la façon dont on compare les résultats. Ainsi, une foule de plusieurs centaines de joueurs surperforme systématiquement la machine sur la version Krabott V2 et sur l'année 2012, résultats confirmés avec d'autres joueurs sur la version Krabott V3 en 2012-2013. Fort de ce constat, il devient possible de construire un système de trading hybride homme-machine sur la base d'une architecture de HC où chaque joueur est la CPU d'un système global de trading.La thèse conclut sur l'avantage compétitif qu'offrirait la mise en œuvre d'une architecture de HC à la fois sur l'acquisition de données alimentant les algorithmes de trading et sur la capacité d'un tel système à optimiser les paramètres de stratégies existantes. Il est pertinent de parier à terme sur la capacité de la foule à concevoir et à maintenir de façon autonome des stratégies de trading algorithmique, dont la complexité finirait par échapper totalement à la compréhension humaine individuelle. / Algorithmic trading, designed for speculative purposes, really took off in the early 2000's, first for optimizing market orders based on human decisions and then for executing trading strategies in real time. In this systematic trading approach, human intervention is limited to system supervision and maintenance. The field is growing even though the Efficient Market Hypothesis says that in an efficient market, speculation is futile.Human Computation is an unusual concept which considers human brains as a part of a much larger machine, with the power to tackle problems that are too big for today's computers. This concept is at the crossroads between two older ideas: collective intelligence and crowdsourcing able to involve humans (whether they are paid or not, they realize it or not) in problem solving or to achieve a complex task. The Fold-it project in biochemistry proved the ability of a human community to set up an efficient collective intelligence system based on a serious online game.Algorithmic trading is on same difficulty level of complexity as the problem tackled by Fold-it's creators. In that case “human CPU” really helped in solving 3D puzzles. The question is whether Human Computation could be used in algorithmic trading even though there are no 3D structures or user-friendly puzzles to deal with.The first experiment in this thesis is based on the idea that information flows in social media may provide input to algorithmic trading systems based on Human Computation principles. Twitter, the micro blogging platform, was chosen in order to track (1) words that may have an impact of financial markets and (2) unexpected events such as the eruption of the Icelandic volcano. We demonstrate that a significant increase in P&L can be achieved in the second case by treating the unexpected events as alerts.The second experiment with Human Computation in algorithmic trading aims to get a community of internet users to optimize parameters of the trading strategies, in the way that the Fold-it game did. In this online game called “Krabott” solutions are presented as friendly virtual bots each containing a specific set of parameters for a particular trading strategy in its DNA. Humans who are playing the game, interact in the selection and reproduction steps for each new “Krabott”.In this game the Krabotts “bred” by players outperformed those resulting from a computer optimization process. We tested two different versions of Krabott during the years 2012 and 2013, and in both cases the population bred by the players outperformed the “computer only” ones. This suggests that it may be possible to set up a whole hybrid human-computer system based on Human Computation where each player is a kind of single CPU within a global trading system.The thesis concludes by discussing the types of competitive advantages that structures based on Human Computation have for data acquisition into a trading system or for optimizing the parameters of existing trading strategies. Going further we expect that in the years to come Human Computation will be able to set up and update algorithmic trading strategies, whose complexity exceeds what an individual person could comprehend.

This study aims to relate two peculiar events that marked the history of Brazil in relation to football: The 1950 and 2014 World Cup. The only two events held in Brazil were characterized by great preparation of the event infrastructure and enormous expectations of the crowd by winning the title, but it was not what happened. The two Brazilian Cups have been characterized by two very significant losses, the Maracanaço and Mineiraço, these were compared by fans and media and regarded as the worst defeats of the Brazilian team. To understand this problematic we carried out a Virtual Ethnography in Twitter platform in order to verify what users were commenting on the particular subject, as well as research in newspaper archives available online to also observe how the media have related these two Brazilian losses Thus, it was possible to understand with Maracanaço (1950) was gaining new meanings and updated with the new Brazilian defeat in 2014, the Mineiraço. / O presente trabalho tem por finalidade relacionar dois eventos peculiares que marcaram a história do Brasil em relação ao futebol: A Copa de 1950 e a de 2014. Os dois únicos eventos sediados no Brasil foram marcados pela grande preparação da infraestrutura do evento e enorme expectativa da torcida pela conquista do título, porém não foi o que aconteceu. As duas Copas do Brasil foram caracterizadas por duas derrotas muito significativas, o Maracanaço e o Mineiraço, essas que foram comparadas pelos torcedores e mídias e tidas como as piores derrotas da seleção brasileira. Para compreender essa problemática realizou-se uma Etnografia Virtual na plataforma Twitter com o objetivo de verificar o que os usuários estavam comentando sobre o determinado assunto, assim como, uma pesquisa nos acervos de jornais disponibilizados da forma online para também observar como as mídias relacionaram essas duas derrotas brasileiras. Assim, foi possível compreender com o Maracanaço (1950) foi ganhando novos significados e reatualizado com a nova derrota brasileira em 2014, o Mineiraço.

The thesis works with the fact that communication on social network sites, particularly on Twitter, occurs in short text messages, tweets, which are restricted to the maximum of 140 characters. This leads to the tendency to shorten single and multiword expressions in order to save space and increase the content of sent information. The thesis examines the hypothesis that the number of shortenings on Twitter and their variation may function as a stylistic indicator of tweet genre. It is expected (i) that the number of shortenings in the Twitter sample will be higher compared to other genres and (ii) that the sample will contain more types of shortening, some of which will be characteristic for the tweet genre in general in comparison with the control sample. The research sample of 200 shortenings was collected from two Twitter trends, #Grenfell Tower and #Wimbledon. In the analysis part, the collected sample of shortenings is examined quantitatively, compared to the control sample and separately, interpreted qualitatively. The Appendix contains the complete table listing the meanings of all shortenings. Key words: Twitter, shortening, stylistics, internet linguistics, language of social media