There has been a growing prevalent interest to explore the role of knowledge in organizations. Bhardwaj and Monin (2006) identified the knowledge of individuals' as a valuable source of competitive advantage. An organizations well-rounded institutional memory- the organizations collective experiences (Rothwell & Poduch, 2004), fosters competitive advantage. There is a prevailing need to scrutinize the role of tacit knowledge in organizations and how it's hard to articulate nature makes it difficult for organizations to acquire and preserve institutional memory value. The aim of this review is to illustrate that tacit knowledge contributes significantly to the institutional memory value, expansion and preservation. In an effort to simplify this relationship between tacit knowledge and institutional memory, a comprehensive literature search was performed. I first discuss the role of knowledge in organizations and use the literature on tacit knowledge as a guide to explain the importance of its elicitation for institutional memory expansion and preservation. I then propose: (1) the use of tacit knowledge elicitation as a mediator, and (2) recommend training and a learning organization environment as moderators, for the contribution to take place. Finally, I suggest that organizations: (a) Elicit tacit knowledge sharing at their human capital development training programs (b) develop and implement this trainings at managerial levels, and (c) a "know-why" method to elicit and capture tacit knowledge in a reference guide, to consequently add value to the institutional memory, I conclude with a discussion of implications and limitations for the proposed perspective, and provide suggestions for future research.

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The scabbards from the Valsgärde boat-graves are fine works of artisanship, the person who made them put many hours of work into them. It is easy to get lost in typologies and books,but one must not forget that some crafts are still being practiced to this day. Some of this knowledge is not taught in any formal school setting but is still valuable to academics seeking to deeper their understanding of history. That is why it is important to operationalize this practical and traditional knowledge when interpreting archaeological materials. In this thesis I seek to gain further knowledge by consulting an artisan when interpreting two seax scabbards and three sword scabbards from Valsgärde 7 & 8.

The goal of this research project is to tell the story of acquisition expertise development within the DOD using the evolution of the Defense Acquisition University as its backdrop. It is a story about the persistent frame that claims expertise leads to acquisition success. It is about 40 plus years of competing perspectives of how best to acquire that expertise and their shaping effects. It is about technology choices amidst cultural and political conflict. It is about how budget, users, infrastructure, existing and emerging technologies, identity and geography all interrelate as elements within the technology of expertise development. Finally, it is about how at various times in the evolution of the Defense Acquisition University the technologies of tacit knowledge transfer have been elevated or diminished. / Ph. D.

The essay explores memory, tacit knowledge, and time in relation to place. It aims to uncover insights into working with place and proposes a method of rupture and pause as a conceptual technique for addressing personal and collective narratives of trauma. Following a folkloric tradition of place and landscape as an embodiment of collective sadness, the essay seeks to find an intuitively driven framework for mapping of memory within imaginary spatial objects and sites. The essay utilises the ground plane as a metaphor for the present and the tangible, treating the act of ‘the dig’ as poetic instrument for the imaginary and temporal implementation within the essay. The ground is an essential dependency of metaphysics, and the text plays on this in a literal and material sense, using motifs of bogs, mires and unstable terrain. The subject of the essay is situated predominately within an Irish context of folklore and recent history. The essay is a testimony to the joy and the pain of working with place and how one is embroiled into the process subconsciously.

The importance of universities as knowledge hubs is increasing due to knowledge production via research and teaching. An emerging aspect of knowledge management literature is the study of the knowledge requirements of universities. In particular, the transformation from knowledge creation to knowledge sharing has proved to be important in the university context and is subject to cultural differences. For example, previous research has indicated that a physician’s Tacit Knowledge Capacity (TKC) is affected by social software and social media. This creates opportunities to carry out new research on different occupations that have an intense TKC. As part of this research, a survey was conducted in order to assess the TKC of lecturers in both Germany and North Cyprus. These are two countries that have universities providing knowledge management programmes. The research determined the TKC in both countries and compared the two in order to determine if cultural factors affect the TKC of the profession. Through this research, the authors aimed to contribute to the ongoing research on the knowledge requirements of universities that will enable them to be knowledge intensive institutions. The Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences at Near East University, which has 2200 students and 20 chairs, was compared with the Faculty of Business and Economics at the Technische Universität Dresden, which has 2800 students and 23 chairs. The study was carried out to provide an intercultural comparison, which is currently lacking in the Knowledge Management field. The research findings have highlighted the factors influencing the transfer and the accumulation of tacit knowledge.

[pt] O objetivo da dissertação é propor um modelo de elicitação do conhecimento tácito em gestão contratual de serviços terceirizados (GCST), visando reutilizá-lo em processos decisórios e na resolução de problemas desta área de gestão. Busca-se demonstrar a aplicabilidade do modelo mediante o desenvolvimento de um estudo empírico junto a uma das gerências de GCST de uma empresa do setor de óleo e gás. A metodologia compreendeu: (i) revisão bibliográfica e análise documental sobre os temas centrais da pesquisa; (ii) análise de conteúdo dos modelos, métodos e técnicas para elicitação de conhecimento tácito nas organizações em geral; (iii) desenvolvimento de um modelo conceitual para elicitação de conhecimento tácito em GCST, empregando métodos multicritério de apoio à decisão em duas de suas fases; e (iv) demonstração da aplicabilidade do modelo conceitual, mediante a realização de um estudo empírico em uma das gerências de GCST de uma grande empresa do setor de óleo e gás. O estudo empírico demonstrou ser viável elaborar planos de elicitação de conhecimento tácito em gestão contratual de diferentes tipos de serviços terceirizados (ST) demandados por aquela gerência. Destaca-se como principal resultado desta pesquisa um modelo inovador de elicitação de conhecimento tático em GCST, que poderá ser aplicado por organizações que buscam a excelência em gestão contratual de serviços terceirizados. Para a empresa do setor de óleo e gás na qual foi desenvolvido o estudo empírico, a implementação de planos de elicitação do conhecimento tácito cobrindo todos os tipos de serviços terceirizados por ela demandados contribuirá para maior eficiência na gestão de contratos e fortalecimento de suas competências nessa área, com impactos na competitividade, criação/captura de valor e inovação no âmbito da empresa. / [en] The objective of the dissertation is to propose a model for eliciting tacit knowledge in contract management of outsourced services (CMOS), aiming to share and use it in decision-making processes and in solving problems in this management area. It seeks to demonstrate the model s applicability by developing an empirical study with one of the contract managers of a company in the oil and gas sector. The methodology comprised: (i) bibliographical review and documental analysis on the central themes of the research; (ii) content analysis of models, methods and techniques for eliciting tacit knowledge in organizations in general; (iii) development of a conceptual model for eliciting tacit knowledge in CMOS, integrating multicriteria decision-making methods in two phases of the model; and (iv) demonstration of the applicability of the conceptual model, by carrying out an empirical study in one of the contract management areas of a large company in the oil and gas sector. The empirical study demonstrated that it is feasible to elaborate plans to elicit tacit knowledge in contract management of different types of outsourced services (OSs). The main result of this research is an innovative model for eliciting tactical knowledge in CMOS, which can be applied by organizations seeking excellence in contract management of outsourced services. For the oil and gas company in which the empirical study was developed, the implementation of tacit knowledge elicitation plans covering all types of required outsourced services will contribute to enhance efficiency in contract management and strengthen its competencies in CMOS, with impacts on its competitiveness, value creation/capture, and innovation.

ABSTRACT Title: Knowledge sharing from an employee perspective- Social factors effect on the spread of tacit knowledge at outsourcing Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Author: Evelina Ödling and Ronja Zander Supervisor: Stig Sörling and Thomas Källquist Date: 2016 - January Aim: It has become increasingly common that organizations use external co-workers for temporary tasks and activities, that is, they choose to outsource parts of their operations. This has proven to be important to how the organizations knowledge capital is affected and, consequently, how knowledge is spread between the internal and external co-workers. Tacit knowledge is most affected by outsourcing, and there are social factors that affect co-workers motivation to share their knowledge. The purpose of this study is therefore to illustrate how knowledge is spread between internal and external co-workers with regard to tacit knowledge and social factors. Method: The study was conducted from a qualitative approach and a multiple case study which different types of employment have been studied. Social constructionism has implemented our theory of science and the hermeneutics the knowledge approach we decided to take account with the focus on interpretation and understanding. The empirical collection consists of semi-structured interviews with ten employees when we chose to proceed from an employee perspective. The theoretical framework builds on previous research about our area of interest and has acted as a base of our interview guide. The interview guide has then been used as a template to categorize empirical data and to analyze the empirical outcome. Result & Conclusions: We have according to the social factors in this study noticed that reflexitivity and the socio-psychological factor, focusing on the internal motivation is what affects the spread of the tacit knowledge between internal and external co-workers.Suggestions for future research: When the research on knowledge sharing between different forms of employment are limited, we suggest that further research should focus on studying different project groups or teams to create a deeper qualitative study. Contribution of the thesis: By highlighting the spread of knowledge between internal and external co-workers and converging multiple social factors in the same study, we have provided a theoretical contribution to the current research. The study has also generated a distribution pattern that shows that the internal co-workers spread their knowledge to both internal and external co-workers, while spread from external to internal is weak. This can be classified as the study´s practical contribution and the measures that organizations may need to use so that knowledge are spread between all co-workers. Key words: Outsourcing, knowledge sharing, external/internal co-workers, tacit knowledge, social factors / SAMMANFATTNING Titel: Kunskapsspridning ur ett medarbetarperspektiv- Sociala faktorer och dess påverkan av den tysta kunskapens spridning vid outsourcing Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Evelina Ödling och Ronja Zander Handledare: Stig Sörling och Thomas Källquist Datum: 2016 – Januari Syfte: Det har blivit allt vanligare att organisationer använder sig av externa medarbetare till temporära uppgifter och aktiviteter, det vill säga de väljer att outsourca delar av deras verksamheter. Detta har visat sig ha betydelse för hur organisationernas kunskapskapital påverkas och följaktligen hur kunskaper sprids mellan interna och externa medarbetare. Den tysta kunskapen påverkas mest av outsourcing och det finns sociala faktorer som påverkar medarbetarnas drivkraft till att dela med sig av sina kunskaper. Syftet med denna studie är därmed att belysa hur kunskap sprids mellan interna och externa medarbetare med avseende på tyst kunskap och sociala faktorer. Metod: Studien har genomförts ur en kvalitativ ansats och en multipel fallstudie där olika typer av anställningsformer har studerats. Socialkonstruktionismen har präglat vårt vetenskapsteoretiska synsätt och hermeneutiken den kunskapssyn vi valt att beakta med fokus på tolkning och förståelse. Den empiriska insamlingen består av semi-strukturerade intervjuer med tio medarbetare då vi valt att utgå från ett medarbetarperspektiv. Den teoretiska referensramen bygger på tidigare forskning kring vårt intresseområde och har fungerat som en grund för upplägget av vår intervjuguide. Intervjuguiden har sedan använts som mall för att kategorisera empirin och för att analysera det empiriska utfallet. Resultat & slutsats: Vi har utifrån de sociala faktorerna som belysts i denna studie uppmärksammat att det främst är reflexitivitet och den sociopsykologiska faktorn med inriktning på den inre motivationen som påverkar spridningen av den tysta kunskapen mellan interna och externa medarbetare.Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Då forskning kring kunskapsspridning mellan olika anställningsformer är begränsat föreslår vi att vidare forskning bör fokusera på att studera olika projektgrupper eller team för att skapa en djupare kvalitativ studie. Uppsatsens bidrag: Genom att belysa kunskapsspridning mellan interna och externa medarbetare och sammanstrålat flera olika sociala faktorer i samma studie har vi lämnat ett teoretiskt bidrag till den aktuella forskningen. Studien har även genererat ett spridningsmönster som visar att de interna medarbetarna sprider sina kunskaper till både interna och externa medan spridningen från extern till intern medarbetare är svag. Detta kan klassas som studiens praktiska bidrag och vilka åtgärder som organisationer kan behöva vidta för att kunskaper ska spridas mellan alla medarbetare. Nyckelord: Outsourcing, kunskapsspridning, externa/interna medarbetare, tyst kunskap, sociala faktorer

The aim of this study was to investigate social workers view of a professional- and unprofessional attitude relative to the organization, other professionals and clients. The study was conducted with qualitative semi-structured interviews with social workers in human service organizations. The theoretical approach is a social constructionist approach using professional theory, role theory and tacit knowledge to analyze our data. We conducted the study due to our view that the research on professional approach lacked a first-hand perspective on social workers view on their professional approach. The conclusion of this study is that social workers tacit knowledge is a big part of their professional approach, which despite regulations ordinated by the society and by organizations are shaped by interpretations and assessments based on the individual, tacit knowledge.

The aim of this study is to investigate family therapists understanding of knowledge, theories and methods in the treatment of mothers who use violence against their children. The study is made on the basis that the operation is not based on clear evidence-based knowledge and examines how family therapists understand and combines existing methods and theories in social work. Methodically the study is based on qualitative interviews with five family therapists in different municipalities in the south of Sweden. A compilation of the interviews gave rise to two main themes: Mothers and violence respective Treatment. The result shows that there are not always explicit methods and theories available in the treatment of violent mothers. Despite this, the family therapists shows a large degree of consensus regarding methods and theories. In the discussion it is suggested that this may be due to some theories and methods are so integrated in the environments that the family therapists are active in that they do not specifically reflect on them. They have, in short, become routine. / Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka familjebehandlares förståelse av kunskaper, teorier och metoder i behandlingen av mammor som använder våld mot sina barn. Studien görs mot bakgrund av att verksamheten inte bygger på tydliga evidensbaserade kunskaper och undersöker hur familjebehandlare, mot denna bakgrund, förstår och kombinerar i socialt arbete befintliga metoder och teorier. Metodiskt bygger studien på kvalitativa intervjuer med fem familjebehandlare i olika kommuner i södra Sverige. En sammanställning av intervjuerna gav upphov till två huvudteman: Mammor och våld respektive Behandling. Resultatet visar att det inte alltid finns uttalade metoder och teorier att tillgå i behandling av våldsutövande mammor. Trots detta uppvisar familjebehandlarna en relativt stor samstämmighet kring metoder och teorier. I diskussionen föreslås att detta kan bero på att vissa teorier och metoder är så integrerade i de miljöer familjebehandlarna är verksamma att de inte längre uttrycklig reflekterar över dem. De har, kort sagt, blivit rutin.