Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:05:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3986.pdf: 2744978 bytes, checksum: 19e350743f147492505973082c83902d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-28 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Aiming at improving competitive advantage, organizations in general have been giving more attention to knowledge engineering, as well as its techniques and methods to acquire and represent knowledge already in place. This knowledge is sometimes not fully explored, or not explored properly. This approach is to develop a knowledge modeling strategy for reactive production scheduling, which focuses on tacit and explicit knowledge acquisition and representation. The knowledge representation aims at getting results closer to the organization reality and should also be comprehensible and easy to be validated by experts. To validate the proposed model, a computational system was developed to evaluate the model behavior under a specific domain, as well as to verify if the results are satisfactory. The model supports decision-making when unplanned events occur during the production process, enabling the possibility of evaluating greater knowledge to make the decision and also allowing the operator to make the decision without any expert support. The validation was performed in two steps; the first one, the computational system validation, was carried out by unit tests on every module, and after that, an integration test was performed. The second one, the proposed model validation, was verified in two ways. The first one was the validation using the industry use cases based on industry platform existing in the TEAR laboratory; the acceptance and understanding of the models by experts were verified using the same models already validated in a project between an industry and the TEAR laboratory. / Buscando uma vantagem competitiva, as empresas têm dado maior atenção à engenharia do conhecimento, visando o uso de técnicas para extrair e representar os conhecimentos já existentes, porém algumas vezes inexplorados ou explorados de maneira inadequada. A proposta deste trabalho é apresentar uma estratégia de modelagem do conhecimento no âmbito da programação reativa da produção. Essa estratégia de modelagem visa realizar a aquisição tanto do conhecimento tácito quanto do explícito, para representá-los de uma maneira que obtenha resultados mais próximos da realidade, visando também um tipo de representação que seja de fácil compreensão para a validação dos especialistas do domínio. Com o objetivo de validar o modelo proposto, foi desenvolvido um sistema computacional, para avaliar o comportamento do sistema perante dados do domínio e verificar se os resultados obtidos por ele estão compatíveis com o desejado. Esse modelo visa auxiliar a tomada de decisão dos especialistas perante eventos não programados que possam ocorrer durante a execução da programação, possibilitando a tomada de decisão do especialista, de uma maneira mais abrangente, pelo fato de considerar o conhecimento de vários especialistas e também possibilitando a tomada de decisão pelo operador na falta do especialista da área. A validação desse trabalho se deu em dois momentos, o primeiro sendo a validação do sistema computacional que foi realizado módulo por módulo, e depois a integração deles. O segundo foi a validação do modelo proposto em dois aspectos, o primeiro validado por meio dos casos de uso levantados tendo como base a fábrica presente no laboratório TEAR, e o outro aspecto foi a facilidade do entendimento dos modelos pelos especialistas, seguindo os mesmos métodos de representação utilizados em um projeto existente entre o laboratório TEAR e uma indústria.

Submitted by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-12-01T13:49:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Andrea C. F. Albuquerque.pdf: 4570257 bytes, checksum: 55a3bbe1076ec44491c4ecfbed0c08e6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-12-01T13:51:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Andrea C. F. Albuquerque.pdf: 4570257 bytes, checksum: 55a3bbe1076ec44491c4ecfbed0c08e6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-12-01T13:51:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Andrea C. F. Albuquerque.pdf: 4570257 bytes, checksum: 55a3bbe1076ec44491c4ecfbed0c08e6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-01T13:51:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Andrea C. F. Albuquerque.pdf: 4570257 bytes, checksum: 55a3bbe1076ec44491c4ecfbed0c08e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-15 / During the development of OntoBio, a formal biodiversity ontology, it was observed that much of the knowledge of the expert, which was not included in the structured databases and allow ontology to be more expressive (tacit knowledge), was not represented, and thus ignored. Empirical evidences indicate that this knowledge is essential to help in generating knew scientific knowledge and consequently in the decision making process. In this highly connected environment, where data availability is massive, the use of ontologies is a recommended solution for allowing knowledge acquisition/generation. More specific issues such as representation of tacit scientific knowledge, are not satisfactorily elucidated. In order to contribute with solutions for such questions, it is necessary to investigate critical aspects of knowledge representation, modelling and formalization of tacit knowledge, and also to consider different views on the domain. This research proposes a method to agregate tacit knowledge to formal ontologies, incorporating semantic and expressivity to support generation of scientific knowledge. The method comprises the process of elicitation and formalization of scientific tacit knowledge of biodiversity, and the integration of this knowledge to the structure described in OntoBio. / Durante o desenvolvimento da OntoBio, uma ontologia formal de biodiversidade, observou-se que muito do conhecimento do especialista, que não estava contido nas bases de dados estruturadas e que tornam a ontologia mais expressiva (conhecimento tácito), não era representado, e com isso ignorado. Evidências empíricas indicam que este conhecimento é essencial para auxiliar na geração de novos conhecimentos científicos e consequentemente, nos processos de tomada de decisão. Neste ambiente de intensa conectividade, onde a disponibilidade de dados é massiva, a utilização de ontologias é uma solução recomendada, por permitir a aquisição/geração de conhecimento. Questões mais especificas, como a representação do conhecimento científico tácito, ainda não estão satisfatoriamente elucidadas. Para contribuir com soluções para tais questões, faz-se necessário investigar aspectos críticos de aquisição e representação do conhecimento, modelagem e formalização de conhecimento tácito, e considerar diferentes pontos de vista sobre o domínio. Esta pesquisa propõe um método para agregar conhecimento tácito à ontologias formais, incorporando semântica e expressividade para apoiar a geração de conhecimento científico. O método compreende o processo de elicitação e formalização do conhecimento científico tácito de biodiversidade, e a integração deste conhecimento à estrutura descrita na OntoBio.

Context. Tacit knowledge preservation (TKP) is a critical activity in outsourcing business since there is a high possibility of losing business if the personnel turnover rate is high. Objective: This study investigates TKP techniques from both knowledge management (KM) and software engineer (SE) perspectives followed by a discussion on the practicability of these techniques in software industries. The main aim of this research study is to provide a set of recommendations that assists preserving tacit knowledge in offshore outsourcing vendor organizations. Methods: This research combines a systematic literature review with an industrial survey. A systematic literature review (SLR) was employed to identify the TKP techniques in both KM and SE literature. Quasi-gold standard approach was employed as search strategy in SLR. Further, a survey was conducted with industrial practitioners working in offshore outsourcing software development (OOSD) to validate the findings from SLR and to know the additional TKP techniques. Results: A total of 51 TKP techniques were extracted from SLR and no additional techniques were identified from the survey. These 51 techniques were grouped and categorized into two subgroups namely Socialization and Externalization. A recommendation system and model was proposed to make the TKP process mandatory for every software project in an organization. Conclusions: The research provided a wide set of techniques for preserving tacit knowledge but the major contribution is from KM field whereas a little from SE field. The results of SLR and industrial survey revealed that though a sufficient amount of TKP techniques are available the practicability of these techniques in SE organizations is limited in nature. Therefore, we recommend a Software Engineers Rating (SER) system and model to make the TKP process mandatory in every software project that benefits the organization and also to an employee.

Informationsteknik (IT) har en betydelsefull roll i dagens samhälle och ett av de mest framgångsrika verktygen för att inhämta, bearbeta och bevara data och information är olika typer av IT-system. Studier visar att ett väletablerat IT-system kan möjliggöra kunskapsöverföring inom en organisation. En välkänd bransch som har utnyttjat de konkurrensfördelar som kunskap och kunskapsöverföring kan ge är konsultbranschen. Uppsatsen syftar därmed att studera vilken roll IT-system kan ha vid kunskapsöverföring och studien genomfördes således på ett konsultföretag i Stockholmsregionen. Studiens empiri inhämtades från sju intervjuer med anställda vid företaget. Uppsatsens slutsats visade att ITsystemen har en fundamental roll men att systemen inte används uteslutande vid kunskapsöverföring då även sociala interaktioner används i processen. / Information technology (IT) has gained an increasingly important role in today's society and one of the most successful tools for retrieving, processing and preserving data and information are different types of IT systems. Studies show that a well-established IT system can enable knowledge transfer within an organization. A well-known industry that has taken advantage of the competitive advantages that knowledge and knowledge transfer can provide is the consulting industry. The aim of the thesis is thus to study the role of IT systems in the process of knowledge transfer and the study was conducted at a consulting company in the Stockholm region. The empirical material was obtained from seven interviews with employees at the company. The conclusion of the thesis showed that IT systems have a fundamental role but that the systems are not used exclusively for knowledge transfer since social interactions are also used in the process.

With the starting point in a self percieved dilemma I reflect on how I acted in a crisis situation and if I could have acted in a different way. I ask questions about how preschool educators can handle children and guardians in crisis and the importance of the pedagogues education and experience in dealing with crisis. I have chosen to focus on a socio-cultural perspective, existentialism and tacit knowledge. The methods of the study have been to write a scientific essay and to use qualitative interviews with four educators. I reflect on theories and concepts and discuss how they can be applied in practice. / I denna essä har jag utgått ifrån ett eget upplevt dilemma och reflekterar över hur jag agerade i en krissituation och om jag hade kunnat agera på något annat sätt. Jag ställer mig frågor om hur förskolan kan hantera barn och vårdnadshavare i krissituationer samt vilken betydelse pedagogers utbildningsbakgrund och erfarenhet har när de hanterar kriser. Det teoretiska ramverket utgörs av ett sociokulturellt perspektiv tillsammans med litteratur om relationskompetens, utvecklingspsykologi, existentialism och tyst kunskap. Jag kommer att reflektera kring detta och diskutera hur teorierna kan tillämpas i praktiken. Metoderna för undersökningen har varit att skriva i vetenskaplig essäform och att använda kvalitativa telefonintervjuer med fyra pedagoger.

The theme of this diploma thesis is Knowledge Management that is becoming the focus of business companies. The theoretical part of the work is divided into several chapters that discuss the basic principles of Knowledge Management. The aim of this work is to describe the principle of knowledge management and create a basic draft of the knowledge base for the KPMG company. In the introductory part of the work, terms commonly used in knowledge management are explained. Further, the knowledge capital of the company, types of knowledge management and the related knowledge strategies are described. Second half of the theoretical part concerns the responsibilities, tasks and roles in knowledge management. The last chapters of the theoretical part describe the individual phases of knowledge management introduction in a company. The practical part of this thesis is focused at analysis of KPMG company knowledge management and design of a knowledge base that can substantially reduce the time necessary for completion of certain deliverables. The chapter concerns mainly with description of the system architecture of the knowledge base, that the author has designed for the KPMG company.

The thesis defines the basic concepts of data, information and knowledge for which monitors the mutual ties. It uses them to define the dynamic process of knowledge that will further clarify the use of cognitive aspects of work with knowledge of the individual, group or organization. It follows the knowledge management processes that attach to the creation and knowledge transfer opportunities. An important part of this work is to assess the role of knowledge in information systems. In particular, it deals with the role tacit knowledge in decision support systems. For each types of systems observes their ability to work with knowledge and information, the suitability of the type of solved problems and their flexibility. Finally, considering the possibilities of further developments in relation to solving complex dynamic problems.

Projektarbetsformen blir allt vanligare samtidigt som fler och fler organisationer arbetar i projektform. Inom dessa multiprojektmiljöer bör man kontinuerligt säkerställa att kunskap och erfarenheter förs vidare mellan olika projekt för att bli framgångsrik inom sin marknad. Trots att fördelarna med kunskapsöverföring länge erkänts i projektbaserade organisationer så varierar effektiviteten kring fenomenet. Detta tros bland annat bero på svårigheterna med att gå från teori till praktik samt att de modeller och teorier som finns saknar struktur för själva genomförandet. Efter ett försök att kartlägga litteraturen inom detta mångfacetterade fält hittade vi en kunskapslucka angående hur kunskapsöverföring kan te sig inom tv-branschen. Därfär har en kvalitativ fallstudie gjorts på ett tv-produktionsbolag. Studien syftar till att bidra till ökad förståelse kring hur kunskap överförs mellan projekt samt hur man säkerställer kunskapsöverföring. Studien utgår ifrån att kunskap definieras enligt Nonaka och Takeuchis (1995) teori om implicit och explicit kunskap. Studien bygger på kvalitativ forskning i form av sex intervjuer med projektledare och VD, två fokusgrupper med tio projektanställda samt en dokumentanalys på överlämningar skrivna av projektdeltagare. Resultatet visar att det finns många olika typer av kunskapsöverföring inom organisationen. Den kunskap som överförs mellan projekt i organisationen är mestadels kunskap med explicit karaktär i form av dokument. I dagsläget är det huvudsakligen projektledarna som ansvarar för att kunskapsöverföring sker mellan projekt, i huvudsak genom att uppmana projektdeltagare att göra skriftliga överlämningar. Hos projektdeltagarna finns det god vilja att bidra till kunskapsöverföringen men organisationen saknar en huvudsaklig strategi. Slutsatserna konstaterar att ledningen bör implementera ett systematiskt arbetssätt angående organisationens kunskapsöverföring för ett effektivt arbete mot ett organisatoriskt lärande. Slutsatserna belyser även att synen på kunskap är mångtydig och att det handlar om mer än bara explicit och implicit kunskap. För att diskussionen om kunskapsöverföringen inom organisationen ska kunna utvecklas måste organisationen identifiera kunskapstyperna ytterligare samt förstå dessa för att konkretisera dem. / Project work is becoming more common as more and more organizations are working in project form. Within these multi-project environments, one should continuously ensure that knowledge and experience are passed on between different projects in order to be successful in their markets. Although the benefits of knowledge transfer have long been recognized in projectbased organizations, the effectiveness of the phenomenon varies. This is believed to be due, among other things, to the difficulties in moving from theory to practice as well as to the existing models and theories lacking a structure for implementation. Following an attempt to map the literature in this multifaceted field we found a gap in knowledge regarding how knowledge transfer can look within the television industry. Therefore, a qualitative case study has been done at a television production company. This study aims to contribute to an increased understanding of how knowledge is transferred between projects and how to ensure knowledge transfer. The study assumes that knowledge is defined in accordance with Nonaka and Takeuchi’s (1995) theory of implicit and explicit knowledge. This study is based on qualitative research in the form of seven interviews with project managers and CEO, two focus groups with ten project employees and a document analysis submission written by project participants. The result shows that there are many different types of knowledge transfer within the organization. The knowledge that is transferred between projects in the organization is mainly knowledge with explicit character in the form of documents. Currently the project managers are responsible for the transfer of knowledge between projects, which is done by inviting project participants to make written submissions. The project participants are glad to contribute to the transfer of knowledge, but the organization lacks a main strategy. The conclusions state that management should implement a systemic approach to the organization’s knowledge transfer for effective work towards organizational learning. The conclusions also highlight that the view on knowledge is ambiguous and that it is about more than just explicit and implicit knowledge. In order for the discussion of knowledge transfer within the organization to develop, the organization must further identify the types of knowledge and understand them in order to make them concrete.

För att bli en framgångsrik organisation talar man om kunskap– och lärprocesser som går genom organisationen, från individen till högsta ledningen. Det innebär att den kunskap som finns hos individerna måste synliggöras, delas, spridas och tas i bruk av andra i organisationen. I denna uppsats ligger fokus på processen. Här är lärandet och ledandet som regel av avgörande betydelse och en viktig framgångsfaktor. Den primära datainsamlingen har skett genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med chefer på Region Halland. Avsikten var att informanterna skulle få delge sin syn och erfarenhet inom valt ämnesområde. Resultatet har analyserats utifrån valda teorier och tidigare forskning inom ämnesområdet. Peter Senges teorier för den lärande organisationen fungerar i studien likt en ideologisk bakgrund som sammanfattar grunddiskursen och tänkandet kring begreppet den lärande organisationen. Fredrik Tell, Jonas Söderlund och Nancy Dixons modeller för kunskapsprocesser utgör i studien mer konkreta teorier som applicerats på det empiriska materialet. Studiens resultat ses utifrån chefernas perspektiv och uppfattningar. Resultatet gör tydligt att kunskapshantering står centralt och är avgörande för organisationens framgång. Medarbetare lär sig genom att lära tillsammans. Ännu en slutsats är att ledarskapet och medarbetarskapet i den studerade organisationen mer ses likna ett partnerskap, där chefen har stort inflytande över hur kunskapsöverföring sker. Samarbete, deltagande och anpassningsbarhet präglar chefers syn på den lärande organisationen. / The key to a successful organisation lies in knowledge management. In this study we acknowledge that knowledge exists within individuals and believe that this knowledge can serve of use to the organization through learning– and knowledge processes. In this paper we aim to highlight this process, where learning and leadership act as a crucial and important factor on the road to success. The primary empirical data has been collected via semi-structured interviews where informants where allowed to share their views and experience. The results have been analysed based on selected theories and previous research in the area of subject. Peter Senge presents a theory on learning organization which in this paper act as an ideologic framework which summarise the thinking behind the concept. Fredrik Tell, Jonas Söderlund and Nancy Dixon's models on how knowledge management can be applied in a practical context constitute more concrete theories in use. The study’s results are viewed from the managers perspectives and perceptions. The result emphasise that knowledge management is central and crucial in becoming a successful organisation. Employees learn by learning together. Another conclusion is that leadership and employeeship in the studied organization takes form as a partnership, where managers has influence on the way knowledge is transferred, shared and put into use. Teamwork, participation and adaptability characterizes managers' view of the learning organization.

Begreppet tyst kunskap är centralt i uppsatsen och utgår från Polanyis förståelse att vi kan veta mer än vi kan säga. Syftet med uppsatsen är att utforska begreppet tyst kunskap med utgångspunkt i Polanyis teori om tyst kunskap. I relation till socialt arbete är det värdefullt att få syn på och fördjupa förståelsen för tyst kunskap. Med hänsyn till transparens i professionens kunskapsutövande är det särskilt viktigt att vara medveten om hur tyst kunskap kan yttra sig i yrkesutövandet och inverka på det sociala arbetet. Studiens övergripande forskningsfråga är på vilka sätt det går att förstå innebörden av ett begrepp som tyst kunskap och dess implikationer för kunskapsutövande i socialt arbete. I uppsatsen som har formen av en filosofisk studie, utforskar jag olika tänkares tankar och teorier om tyst kunskap utifrån min tes att tyst kunskap existerar och att det är viktigt att förstå och vara medveten om hur förståelsen av tyst kunskap påverkar det sociala arbetet som kunskapsfält. Bengt Molander, Bertil Rolf och Donald A. Schön är några av de tänkare som förekommer i arbetet.  Uppsatsens slutsatser visar att vi sannolikt inte kan sätta ord på all den kunskap vi använder oss av i socialt arbete. Tyst kunskap beskrivs som nära förbunden med våra sinnen och färdigheter och kan därför vara svår att beskriva med ord. Det kan handla om undermedveten kunskap, eller kunskap som inte fullt ut ryms i språket eller vårt logiska tänkande. Följaktligen kan Polanyis konstaterande att vi kan mer än vi kan säga betraktas som en förutsättning för att förstå socionomens kunskapsutövande.  Uppsatsen indikerar att det behövs en transparent levande dialog om kunskapsutövande för att dra nytta av tyst kunskap i socialt arbete. Tyst kunskap förutsätter därför ett engagemang, ansvar och vilja som håller kunskapen livskraftig. I uppsatsen förs ett resonemang som mynnar ut i vikten av att låta personliga erfarenheter och handlingar få stå i rampljuset för att, med stöd av teoretiska perspektiv, synliggöra olika aspekter av tyst kunskap och dess betydelse för professionellt socialt arbete. Hur tyst tyst kunskap behöver vara och hur nära vi kan komma en förståelse för den tysta kunskapens innebörd för kunskapsutövande i socialt arbete, beror sannolikt på de arbetssätt och metoder vi använder oss av. / The main aim of this thesis is to explore the impact of tacit knowledge in everyday life of professional social workers. The findings of this philosophical study is that it is necessary to understand the impact of tacit knowledge, in order to understand the very heart of social work practice and the ways of the reflective practitioner. Theories of philosophers like Michael Polanyi and Donald A. Schön are at focus in the study.