Ce mémoire porte sur l’évolution de l’antijudaïsme chez les intellectuels chrétiens parisiens, particulièrement chez Eudes de Châteauroux, lors du procès du Talmud, c’est-à-dire, entre les années 1240 – année où commence le procès – et 1248, année de la condamnation finale des textes talmudiques. Avec la création des universités au XIIe siècle prend place une curiosité intellectuelle croissante et un désir d’apprendre davantage. Parallèlement à cet essor, l’Église se renforce et une orthodoxie doctrinale commence à s’implanter, avec le désir toujours plus fort de contrôler et d’encadrer les fidèles. Lorsque Nicolas Donin dénonce le Talmud au souverain pontife, en 1239, Grégoire IX demande aux savants chrétiens de l’étudier et de l’analyser. Après examen, ces textes sont condamnés et les juifs accusés de se détourner de l’Ancien Testament pour suivre le Talmud, un livre rempli d’erreurs. Ainsi, ce que nous allons démontrer dans ce travail est que l’antijudaïsme virulent chez Eudes de Châteauroux, lors du procès du Talmud, vient d’une incompréhension des livres talmudiques. / This thesis sheds light on the evolution of antijudaism amongst Christians Parisian intellectuals – such as Odo of Chateauroux – between the first year of the trial of the Talmud (1240) and the year of the final sentence (1248) of Talmudic texts. With the creation of universities in the twelfth century, intellectual curiosity and the thirst of knowledge started to spread. Simultaneously, the church’s presence and its doctrinal orthodoxy strengthens, with an even stronger desire to control its worshipers. When Nicolas Donin reports the Talmud to the Pope in 1239, Gregory IX requested Christian scholars to study and analyze it. Once properly examined, the texts were condemned and Jews were accused of turning away from the Old Testament in order to follow the Talmud, a book full of errors. Thus, what will be brought to light in this work is that the virulent antijudaism of Odo of Chateauroux, exhibited during the trial of the Talmud, stems from a misunderstanding of the Talmudic books.

This dissertation is dedicated to a detailed analysis and comparison of the theories on the process of the formation of the Babylonian Talmud by Yitzhak Isaac Halevy and David Weiss Halivni. These two scholars exhibited a similar mastery of the talmudic corpus and were able to combine the roles of historian and literary critic to provide a full construct of the formation of the Bavli with supporting internal evidence to support their claims. However, their historical construct and findings are diametrically opposed. Yitzhak Isaac Halevy presented a comprehensive theory of the process of the formation of the Talmud in his magnum opus Dorot Harishonim. The scope of his work was unprecedented and his construct on the formation of the Talmud encompassed the entire process of the formation of the Bavli, from the Amoraim in the 4th century to the end of the saboraic era (which he argued closed in the end of the 6th century). Halevy was the ultimate guardian of tradition and argued that the process of the formation of the Bavli took place entirely within the amoraic academy by a highly structured and coordinated process and was sealed by an international rabbinical assembly. While Halevy was primarily a historian, David Weiss Halivni is primarily a talmudist and commentator on the Talmud itself. Halivni offers his bold construct of the history of the formation of the Bavli in the context of his commentary Meqorot Umesorot, which spans almost the entire Babylonian Talmud. Halivni explains the process of the formation of the Bavli as taking place well after amoraic times in a massive unstructured process of reconstruction. This dissertation will demonstrate that both of the theories of Halevy and Halivni are in need of careful analysis and revision. Halevy's construct despite providing valuable scholarly insights is tainted by a strong ideological agenda. On the other hand, Halivni, as a literary critic, provides insightful literary analysis and his conclusions on the uniqueness of the stam have been firmly established in contemporary scholarship. However, when analyzing Halivni's theory one must distinguish between his literary conclusions and his historical construct. The later is a constantly evolving theory, and it has presented numerous problems as it has developed over time, mainly in the introductions to Meqorot Umesorot. The body of this dissertation consists of three chapters, each focusing on a different model for the formation of the Bavli. Chapter One focuses on Halevy, beginning with his biography and continuing with an in-depth analysis of the scope and purpose of his Dorot Harishonim and the ideological import of his research. The second chapter addresses the theory of Halivni on the formation of the Bavli. After a biographical sketch of Halivni's life, I review the scope and purpose of Meqorot Umesorot with a special emphasis on his scholarship ki'peshuto, followed by a detailed analysis of his model and the evidence he offers in support of it. The third chapter proposes an alternative model for the formation of the Talmud which combines aspects of Halevy's and Halivni's theories. I propose a model that includes a fixed oral text, accompanied by an oral fluid commentary. This dual form of transmission accounts for the diverse structure and style of the apodictic material and the dialectical interpretative argumentation of the stam. The fixed apodictic text, the proto-Talmud follows the basic contour of Halevy's model, while the understanding of the stam follows many aspects of Halivni's description of the reconstruction of the dialectical argumentation by the Stammaim. By applying form criticism to determine the Sitz im Leben of talmudic transmission and teaching, combined with recent scholarship on the various forms of oral transmission, I propose a framework which allows for a developmental model which integrates the perceptive historical insights of Halevy with Halivni's literary findings.

Abraham Joshua Heschel (1906 1972) importante filósofo do judaísmo de século XX no livro Torá Min Ha-shamaim Be-Aspaklaria shel Ha-Dorot, voltou sua atenção diretamente para a literatura rabínica tradicional, em especial para aquela contida no Talmude e no Midrash. Desta leitura hescheliana da literatura rabínica emerge uma visão dialética das correntes teológicas que animam os debates dos primeiros rabínicos sobre questões como o elemento humano e o divino na revelação, a imanência versus a transcendência de Deus, a relação entre a observância religiosa e o espírito por trás da observância, a noção de milagre e muitos outros temas do debate rabínico. Heschel identifica a partir de duas escolas de pensamento rabínico dos séculos I e II da era comum a escola de rabi Akiva de tendência mística e a escola de rabi Ishmael de tendência racionalista os dois grandes paradigmas que tencionaram dialeticamente o pensamento rabínico desde o final da Antiguidade e durante a Idade Média. Segundo Heschel, as duas tendências têm permeado o pensamento rabínico desde então. Desta leitura dialética Heschel tira várias conclusões sobre a relação entre razão e misticismo na experiência religiosa judaica, que além de aprofundarem o debate moderno sobre a natureza da experiência religiosa são também uma poderosa crítica contra as leituras fundamentalistas dos textos tradicionais judaicos. / Abraham Joshua Heschel (1906 1972), important philosopher of Judaism of the twentieth century, turned his attention direct to the traditional rabbinic literature in the book Torah Min Ha-shamaim Be-Aspaklaria Shel Ha-Dorot. He addressed especially the Talmud and the Midrash. From the Heschelian reading of rabbinic literature emerges a dialectical approach of the theological trends that animated the debates of the first rabbis Those debates review issues like the human and divine elements in revelation, Gods immanence and transcendence, the relationship between religious observance and the spirit behind it, the ideas on miracle and many other themes of rabbinic debate. Heschel identifies in two schools of thought of the first and second centuries of the Common Era, the mystical School of Rabbi Akiva and the more rationalistic School of Rabbi Ishmael the two main paradigms that dialectically tensioned rabbinic thought from the ending of Antiquity and during Middle Ages. According to Heschel, the two tendencies permeate rabbinic thought since them. Heschel makes several conclusions on the relationship between reason and mysticism in Jewish religious experience from this dialectical reading. These conclusions deepen the modern debate on the nature of religious experience. They are also a powerful critique against fundamentalist readings of Jewish traditional texts.

It has since long been noticed that savior figures from different religions have reminded of each other, and there are different theories trying to explain why. This study examines religions operating in the same culture, and in this case, judaism and zoroastrianism, and their influence on each other. In particular, focus is on zoroastrianism's image of the savior figure Mithra, and how this representation may have influenced the description of the Messiah in the Talmud. How are the two figures represented in the scriptures and what similarities can be identified? By a thorough content analysis the studie examines the Avesta of zoroastrianism and the Talmud from judaism. When Avesta is written is uncertain, but it was compiled and edited by Shapur II in fourth century, same time as the Jewish oral traditions were written down in the persian empire in the form of the Babylonian Talmud. The theories used are Dimensional Accrual and Dissociation theory (DAD), this theory seeks to explain what happens when multiple religions are operating in the same area for a long time. The cultural phenomenon that before was exclusive to one culture may be dissolved and it becomes difficult to tell where this phenomenon came from. The farther two or more cultures co-exist, the harder it will be to say what culture is which. Together with DAD is the cultural Churning theory(CCT), CCT argues that when newly arrived immigrant ethnicities take residence in an already established culture, it requires an adaptation primarily from immigrants, i.e the minority culture. CCT also says that that both the society and the individual need to adapt to the new culture. What I have found is that the savior figures in Avesta and the Talmud are largely similar, in several respects. What I also found through historical studies is that these two faiths worked side by side in close to 800 years, and during this time a cultural exchange most likely took place.

Abraham Joshua Heschel (1906 1972) importante filósofo do judaísmo de século XX no livro Torá Min Ha-shamaim Be-Aspaklaria shel Ha-Dorot, voltou sua atenção diretamente para a literatura rabínica tradicional, em especial para aquela contida no Talmude e no Midrash. Desta leitura hescheliana da literatura rabínica emerge uma visão dialética das correntes teológicas que animam os debates dos primeiros rabínicos sobre questões como o elemento humano e o divino na revelação, a imanência versus a transcendência de Deus, a relação entre a observância religiosa e o espírito por trás da observância, a noção de milagre e muitos outros temas do debate rabínico. Heschel identifica a partir de duas escolas de pensamento rabínico dos séculos I e II da era comum a escola de rabi Akiva de tendência mística e a escola de rabi Ishmael de tendência racionalista os dois grandes paradigmas que tencionaram dialeticamente o pensamento rabínico desde o final da Antiguidade e durante a Idade Média. Segundo Heschel, as duas tendências têm permeado o pensamento rabínico desde então. Desta leitura dialética Heschel tira várias conclusões sobre a relação entre razão e misticismo na experiência religiosa judaica, que além de aprofundarem o debate moderno sobre a natureza da experiência religiosa são também uma poderosa crítica contra as leituras fundamentalistas dos textos tradicionais judaicos. / Abraham Joshua Heschel (1906 1972), important philosopher of Judaism of the twentieth century, turned his attention direct to the traditional rabbinic literature in the book Torah Min Ha-shamaim Be-Aspaklaria Shel Ha-Dorot. He addressed especially the Talmud and the Midrash. From the Heschelian reading of rabbinic literature emerges a dialectical approach of the theological trends that animated the debates of the first rabbis Those debates review issues like the human and divine elements in revelation, Gods immanence and transcendence, the relationship between religious observance and the spirit behind it, the ideas on miracle and many other themes of rabbinic debate. Heschel identifies in two schools of thought of the first and second centuries of the Common Era, the mystical School of Rabbi Akiva and the more rationalistic School of Rabbi Ishmael the two main paradigms that dialectically tensioned rabbinic thought from the ending of Antiquity and during Middle Ages. According to Heschel, the two tendencies permeate rabbinic thought since them. Heschel makes several conclusions on the relationship between reason and mysticism in Jewish religious experience from this dialectical reading. These conclusions deepen the modern debate on the nature of religious experience. They are also a powerful critique against fundamentalist readings of Jewish traditional texts.

La presente tesis persigue, el hacer un análisis general de lo que fue el Proceso Penal a Jesucristo; como se puede apreciar por una simple visión general en el mundo todos nosotros tenemos solamente una visión religiosa de lo que fue el Juicio a Jesús, panorama que dependiendo de cada religión puede variar, no obstante, es bastante frecuente realizar comentarios respecto a su arresto las tantas idas y vueltas de un lugar a otro, siempre con maltratos e insultos, con torturas y escupitajos.

A-t-on raison de vouloir sauver la raison, à tout prix ? Au fil de l’histoire des idées, c’est à une véritable dénaturation de la raison humaine, à laquelle nous assistons. Originellement simple mode d’appréhension du réel, la raison s’est mue en système, en idéologie et en paradigme. Cela a eu pour conséquence de faire passer l’être humain d’un humanisme libérateur et fécond à un anthropocentrisme conquérant et dangereux. Ainsi la raison est-elle devenue un loup pour l’homme ; la crise protéiforme que nous vivons actuellement n’est que le symptôme de cette altération. L’idéologie rationaliste rend l’être humain non seulement incapable d’accéder au réel tel qu’en lui-même, mais en outre, elle le conduit à travestir, à tordre, à maltraiter le réel. De nombreuses rustines ont été inventées dans toute l’histoire des idées occidentale par maints philosophes pour diminuer, ou du moins, contenir cette dénaturation, mais elles ont eu pour effet pervers de renforcer, de rigidifier encore le paradigme rationnel. Il est temps d’imaginer un mode d’appréhension différent du réel, associé à une épistémologie inédite, à même de faire advenir une nouvelle théorie de la connaissance : il s’agira de la pensée « a-systématique ». Nourrie par l’épistémologie talmudique et par les sciences cognitives, cette nouvelle théorie de la connaissance, dont les prolégomènes sont posés, est construite sur une logique radicalement différente de la logique aristotélicienne. Connaître autrement pour penser autrement, tel est l’enjeu de cette épistémologie nouvelle. / Is it right to want to save reason, at any cost? In the course of the history of ideas, it is a real denaturation of human reason, which we are witnessing. Originally simple mode of apprehension of the real, the reason turned into system, ideology and paradigm. This had the consequence of making the human being from a liberating and fruitful humanism to aconquering and dangerous anthropocentrism. So reason has become a wolf for man; theprotean crisis we are now experiencing is only a symptom of this alteration. The rationalist ideology renders the human being not only incapable of accessing the real as in himself, but also leads him to disguise, to twist, to mistreat the real. Numerous patches have been invented throughout the history of Western ideas by many philosophers to diminish, or at least to contain,this denaturation, but they have had the perverse effect of reinforcing and further rigidifyingthe rational paradigm. It is time to imagine a mode of apprehension different from reality, associated with anunprecedented epistemology, capable of bringing about a new theory of knowledge: it will be about "systematic" thinking. Nourished by talmudic epistemology and cognitive science, this new theory of knowledge, whose prolegomena are posited, is built on a logic radically different from Aristotelian logic.To know otherwise to think otherwise is the stake of this new epistemology.

La thèse propose une nouvelle théorie de l’argumentation – bidimensionnelle – reposant sur deux paramètres : la force et l’orientation. Quatre types de marqueurs sont identifiés, articulés autour de ces deux paramètres. Le chapitre 1 porte sur le réductionnisme topique : la théorie selon laquelle tous les arguments sont défaisables, c’est-à-dire réfutables. Le chapitre 2 retrace l’histoire du réductionnisme logique : la théorie selon laquelle tous les arguments valides sont indéfaisables. L’argument étudié est la définition. Le chapitre 3 présente la théorie bidimensionnelle, qui explique à la fois les arguments défaisables et indéfaisables. Les chapitre 3 et 4 sont une application de la théorie bidimensionnelle de l’argumentation. Le chapitre 4 étudie l’argument appelé présomption. Le chapitre 5 offre un traitement nouveau de l’argument a fortiori.

Researchers have examined the relationship between ability grouping and academic self-concept in math, science, and English, and have found varying results. However, previous studies have not examined the relationship between ability grouping and academic self-concept for the subject of Talmud. Middle school presents a unique opportunity to examine this relationship because middle school is when both ability grouping for Talmud and the study of Talmud begin. The purpose of this correlational study was to assess the relationship between ability grouping and the academic self-concept for Talmud in middle school students. The predictive relationship among individual academic achievement, school average achievement, and academic self-concept for Talmud was also examined. Two-hundred ninety-three 6th and 7th graders from single-gender, traditional Jewish Orthodox boy schools in a suburb of New York City completed a self-report questionnaire measuring academic self-concept for Talmud. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance and multiple regression analyses. According to the results of the study, students placed in the lower-ability grouping had a statistically significant lower academic self-concept for Talmud than did those in the middle- and higher-ability grouping. In addition, individual academic achievement was a predictive factor of academic self-concept for Talmud whereas school average achievement was not found to be a predictive factor in this particular study. By understanding the impact of ability grouping, school administrators can develop policies for class placement and can provide additional care to balance the effects of ability grouping for those middle school student negatively affected by placement.

<p>Denna uppsats studerar Sodom och Gomorraberättelsen både med avseende på tillkomsthistoria och undersöker även hur den har förmedlats vidare i den judiska tolkningstraditionen. Den centrala frågeställning är huruvida denna denna berättelse handlar om sexuell synd eller ej. Har den alltid används för fördömandet av homosexuella? Det tydliga svaret som undersökningen visar är nej! Uppsatsen behandlar också Leviticus text rörande homosexuella relationer samt ger tolkningsförslag till denna.</p>