Many students face tremendous difficulty in high school and/or college level calculus courses. The author hopes that by introducing students to the following nontraditional three topics prior to calculus, students' understanding of calculus will be enhanced. This thesis focuses on the following topics: Tangent Lines to Conics Maxima and Minima Biquadratic Equations Because these topics are not generally covered in precalculus courses, there are several possible uses for them. An instructor could use the material as: An added classroom resource Project assignments for outside classroom study A student resource for precalculus advanced studies, or An independent study This thesis assumes that the student is well prepared for the precalculus course by having a good understanding of foundational algebra skills.

Title: Utilization of the internet by teaching conics at high school Author: Bc. Věra Effenberger Department: Department of Mathematics Education Supervisor: RNDr. Jana Hromadová, Ph.D. Supervisor's e-mail address: Jana.Hromadova@mff.cuni.cz Abstract This diploma thesis is dealing with conics' problems. It is mainly destined for high school (or university) teachers of descriptive geometry and for students too. It can by used in aid of education of conics or by self-study, because it includes many of illustrative pictures and dynamic applets made in the program GeoGebra, which support the written theoretical text. In the work are enumerated definitions, properties and various constructions of individual conics. Further there is their origin as an intersection of a right circular cone (as the case may be of a right circular cylinder) with a plane, their osculating circle and conjugate diameters. Compilation of examples constitutes an addition of this work. The examples have various difficulty and also can serve as a control over got knowledge. Keywords: ellipse, hyperbola, parabola, foci, tangents, normals, construction of conics

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-08-25T20:16:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RubensNetto.pdf: 2421411 bytes, checksum: bee2aacb0b0ca366a59fd77459463bff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-25T20:16:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RubensNetto.pdf: 2421411 bytes, checksum: bee2aacb0b0ca366a59fd77459463bff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-30 / In this work we will present a new theorem that consists of the restriction of the Theorem of the Average Value to a particular case. This theorem applies to real, continuous, and derivable functions in a given interval. Its application allows us to calculate a determinated point on a curve where the straight line tangent to this curve has a specific inclination. As this theorem is related to the concepts of inclination, tangent and secant, this one can be applied in the High School to solve problems of Analytical Geometry that involve such concepts, as we will see in some examples given. / Nesta dissertação apresentamos uma aplicação do Teorema do Valor Médio que consiste em sua restrição a um caso particular. Este resultado se aplica às funções reais, contínuas e deriváveis em um dado intervalo. Geometricamente esse resultado diz que, dados uma função f contínua em [a, b] e derivável em (a, b) e dois pontos P(a, f(a)) e Q(b, f(b)) do gráfico de f, existe um ponto (c, f(c)) entre os pontos A e B onde a reta tangente à curva possui inclinação igual ao coeficiente angular da reta suporte da corda que une os pontos P(a, f(a)) e Q(b, f(b)) adicionado a um m´ultiplo da distˆancia vertical entre o ponto (c, f(c)) do gráfico de f e o ponto correspondente na reta secante ↔ P Q.

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude de la géométrie de l'espace de spécialisation φ : (X, 0) → (C, 0) d'un germe de singularité analytique complexe (X, 0) sur son cône tangent (CX,0 , 0) du point de vue de l'équisingularité à la Whitney. L'application φ nous donne une famille plate des germes avec section tel que pour chaque t =! 0 le germe φ−1 (t) est isomorphe à (X, 0) et la fibre spéciale est isomorphe au cône tangent. Le but est de établir des conditions sur les strates de la stratification de Whitney minimale de (X, 0) qui assurent l'équisingularité du germe et son cône tangent, generalisant ainsi le résultat de Lê et Teissier pour les hypersurfaces de C3 qui prouve que l'absence des tangentes exceptionnelles est suffisant. Dans ce travail on montre que cette condition est nécessaire et suffisante dans le cas général pour la strate de codimension zero. L'un des ingrédients clés dans la preuve est la théorie de la dépendance integrale sur des ideaux et des modules développé par Teissier, Lejeune, Gaffney, Kleiman, etc, qu'on rappelle au troisième chapitre et où l'on obtient des résultats spécifiques pour cette situation. Les deux premiers chapitres correspondent aux préliminaires, on commence par rappeller la modification de Nash et l'espace conormal d'un espace analytique plongé dans ses versions absolues et relatives à un morphisme et on donne une description explicite de la relation entre le conormal (Nash) relatif de φ : (X, 0) → (C, 0) et le conormal (Nash) de (X, 0). Dans le deuxième chapitre on définit le diagram normal/conormal, l'auréole du germe (X, 0), les cônes exceptionnelles, et on énonce les résultats principaux correspondant à l'équisingularité à la Whitney en incluant la caractérisation des conditions de Whitney en termes du diagramme normal/conormal.

Submitted by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-27T11:36:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1442870 bytes, checksum: 1ffe2705b4478d0321349b2c4248fdd5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-27T11:48:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1442870 bytes, checksum: 1ffe2705b4478d0321349b2c4248fdd5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-27T11:48:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1442870 bytes, checksum: 1ffe2705b4478d0321349b2c4248fdd5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work we study some applications of the Poncelet's Theorem for teaching geometry. One of our main motivations for this work is that in some the high school leved math courses the study of geometry is slightly used and in certain circunstances the theorems are not demonstrated to the knowledge of the theories discussed. Finally, a list of exercises is proposed. / Neste trabalho estudaremos algumas aplicações do Teorema de Poncelet à geometria do Ensino Médio. Uma das nossas principais motivações é que nos cursos de Matemática a nível de Ensino Médio a Geometria é pouco utilizada e em algumas circunstâncias os teoremas não são demonstrados para o conhecimento das teorias abordadas. Finalmente, uma lista de exercícios é proposta.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Ao longo das Ãltimas dÃcadas, a transmissÃo do conhecimento matemÃtico na EducaÃÃo BÃsica sofreu diversas mudanÃas. âO Ensino Tradicionalâ da matemÃtica era baseado na memorizaÃÃo de fÃrmulas, havendo assim uma mecanizaÃÃo no processo de resoluÃÃo de problemas, onde o discente era visto como um ser passivo. A nova visÃo de ensino, que busca significar o que conteÃdo exposto em sala, motivou a escolha desse tema, visto que situaÃÃes problemas envolvendo equaÃÃes diofantinas podem ser facilmente percebidas em nosso cotidiano. O objetivo deste trabalho à oportunizar a realizaÃÃo de uma leitura consultiva para o professor do Ensino BÃsico, e asseverar que essas equaÃÃes podem ser aplicadas na EducaÃÃo BÃsica como uma ferramenta que instiga o pensamento lÃgico, o raciocÃnio, a compreensÃo e a interpretaÃÃo matemÃtica. A formulaÃÃo desse material que està dividido em cinco capÃtulos se deu atravÃs de levantamento bibliogrÃfico por meio de pesquisas descritivas. A introduÃÃo compÃe o primeiro capÃtulo. O segundo capÃtulo versa sobre o Legado de Diofanto: vida e obras, ressaltando sua obra titulada âArithmeticaâ que contribuiu significativamente para o desenvolvimento da teoria dos nÃmeros. O terceiro capÃtulo trata das equaÃÃes diofantinas lineares de n variÃveis. O quarto capÃtulo aborda as ternas itagÃricas, o MÃtodo das Secantes e Tangentes de Fermat na busca de soluÃÃes racionais para quaÃÃes, com coeficientes racionais, da forma ax2+by2 = c, e um caso particular do Ãltimo Teorema de Fermat. O quinto capÃtulo à composto de problemas sobre equaÃÃes diofantinas lineares. / Over the past decades, the transmission of mathematical knowledge in basic education has undergone several changes. The âTeaching Traditionalâ math was based on memorizing formulas, so there mechanization in problem solving where the student was seen as a liability to be process. The new vision of education that seeks to signify exposed to room content, motivated the choice of this theme, as diophantine equations involving situations problems can be easily noticed in our daily lives. The objective of this work is an opportunity for a realization of an advisory reading for the teacher of basic education, and assert that these equations can be applied in basic education as a tool that encourages the logical thinking, reasoning, understanding and mathematical interpretation. The formulation of this material which is divided into five chapters was through literature review through descriptive research. The introduction comprises the first chapter. The second chapter deals with the Legacy of Diophantus: life and works, emphasizing his work entitled âArithmeticaâ which contributed significantly to the development of number theory. The third chapter deals with linear Diophantine equations in n variables. The fourth chapter discusses the Pythagorean tender, Fermatâs of secants and Tangents method, in finding rational solutions to equations with rational coefficients, of the form ax2 + by2 = c and a particular case Fermatâs Last Theorem. The fifth chapter is composed of problems on linear diophantine equations.

L’analyse de texture est une composante du traitement d’image qui suscite beaucoup d’intérêt tant les applications qu’elle recouvre sont diverses. En imagerie médicale, les signaux enregistrés sous forme d’images telles que les radiographies de l’os ou les mammographies, présentent une micro-architecture fortement irrégulière qui invite à considérer la formation de ces textures comme la réalisation d’un champ aléatoire. Suite aux travaux précurseurs de Benoit Mandelbrot, de nombreux modèles dérivés du champ brownien fractionnaire ont été proposés pour caractériser l’aspect fractal des images et synthétiser des textures à rugosité prescrite. Ainsi l’estimation des paramètres de ces modèles, a notamment permis de relier la dimension fractale des images à la détection de modifications de la structure osseuse telle qu’on l’observe en cas d’ostéoporose. Plus récemment, d’autres modèles de champs aléatoires, dits anisotropes, ont été utilisés pour décrire des phénomènes présentant des directions privilégiées, et détecter par exemple des anomalies dans les tissus mammaires.Cette thèse porte sur l’élaboration de nouveaux modèles de champs anisotropes, permettant de contrôler localement l’anisotropie des textures. Une première contribution a consisté à définir un champ brownien fractionnaire anisotrope généralisé (GAFBF), et un second modèle basé sur une déformation de champs élémentaires (WAFBF), permettant tous deux de prescrire l’orientation locale de la texture. L’étude de la structure locale de ces champs est menée à l’aide du formalisme des champs tangents. Des procédures de simulation sont mises en oeuvres pour en observer concrètement le comportement, et servir de benchmark à la validation d’outils de détection de l’anisotropie. En effet l’étude de l’orientation locale et de l’anisotropie dans le cadre des textures soulève encore de nombreux problèmes mathématiques, à commencer par la définition rigoureuse de cette orientation. Notre seconde contribution s’inscrit dans cette perspective. En transposant les méthodes de détection de l’orientation basées sur la transformée en ondelettes monogéniques, nous avons été en mesure, pour une vaste classe de champs aléatoires, de définir une notion d’orientation intrinsèque. En particulier l’étude des deux nouveaux modèles de champs anisotropes introduits précédemment, a permis de relier formellement cette notion d’orientation aux paramètres d’anisotropie de ces modèles. Des connexions avec les statistiques directionnelles sont également établies, de façon à caractériser la loi de probabilité des estimateurs d’orientation.Enfin une troisième partie de la thèse est consacrée au problème de la détection de lignes dans les images. Le modèle sous jacent est celui d’une superposition de lignes diffractées (c-a-d convoluées par un noyau de flou) et bruitées, dont il s’agit de retrouver les paramètres de position et d’intensité avec une précision sub-pixel. Nous avons développé dans cet objectif une méthode basée sur le paradigme de la super-résolution. La reformulation du problème en termes d’atomes 1-D a permis de dégager un problème d’optimisation sous contraintes, et de reconstruire ces lignes en atteignant cette précision. Les algorithmes employés pour effectuer la minimisation appartiennent à la famille des algorithmes dits proximaux. La formalisation de ce problème inverse et sa résolution, constituent une preuve de concept ouvrant des perspectives à l’élaboration d’une transformée de Hough revisitée pour la détection ‘continue’ de lignes dans les images. / Texture analysis is a component of image processing which hold the interest in the various applications it covers. In medical imaging, the images recorded such as bone X-rays or mammograms show a highly irregular micro-architecture, which invites to consider these textures formation as a realization of a random field. Following Benoit Mandelbrot’s pioneer work, many models derived from the fractional Brownian field have been proposed to characterize the fractal behavior of images and to synthesize textures with prescribed roughness. Thus, the parameters estimation of these models has made possible to link the fractal dimension of these images to the detection of bone structure alteration as it is observed in the case of osteoporosis. More recently, other models known as anisotropic random fields have been used to describe phenomena with preferred directions, for example for detecting abnormalities in the mammary tissues.This thesis deals with the development of new models of anisotropic fields, allowing to locally control the anisotropy of the textures. A first contribution was to define a generalized anisotropic fractional Brownian field (GAFBF), and a second model based on an elementary field deformation (WAFBF), both allowing to prescribe the local orientation of the texture. The study of the local structure of these fields is carried out using the tangent fields formalism. Simulation procedures are implemented to concretely observe the behavior, and serve as a benchmark for the validation of anisotropy detection tools. Indeed, the investigation of local orientation and anisotropy in the context of textures still raises many mathematical problems, starting with the rigorous definition of this orientation. Our second contribution is in this perspective. By transposing the orientation detection methods based on the monogenic wavelet transform, we have been able, for a wide class of random fields, to define an intrinsic notion of orientation. In particular, the study of the two new models of anisotropic fields introduced previously allowed to formally link this notion of orientation with the anisotropy parameters of these models. Connections with directional statistics are also established, in order to characterize the probability distribution of orientation estimators.Finally, a third part of this thesis was devoted to the problem of the lines detection in images. The underlying model is that of a superposition of diffracted lines (i.e, convoluted by a blur kernel) with presence of noise, whose position and intensity parameters must be recovered with sub-pixel precision. We have developed a method based on the super-resolution paradigm. The reformulation of the problem in the framework of 1-D atoms lead to an optimization problem under constraints, and enables to reconstruct these lines by reaching this precision. The algorithms used to perform the minimization belong to the family of algorithms known as proximal algorithms. The modelization and the resolution of this inverse problem, provides a proof of concept opening perspectives to the development of a revised Hough transform for the continuous detection of lines in images.

[pt] O objetivo desta pesquisa é estudar as propriedades geométricas e topológicas de curvas genéricas imersas no plano. Neste caso ser genérica significa que a curva só pode ter pontos duplos sem tangentes comuns nas duas passagens. Pode-se nomear as n singularidades da curva usando símbolos como a1, ... , an. Percorrendo a curva, produz-se uma palavra cíclica de tamanho 2n. Entretanto, nem toda palavra está relacionada a uma curva plana, há requisitos sobre a sua combinatória, o primeiro dos quais foi descoberto por Gauss. Avanços foram realizados no estudo de curvas localmente convexas no plano, na esfera e no plano projetivo. / [en] The aim of this work is to study the topological and geometric properties of closed generic immersed curves in the plane. In this case, generic means that the curve can only have double points without a common tangent. One can label the singularities using n symbols, such as a1, ... , an. Going around the curve, a cyclic word of length 2n is produced. However, not every word is related to a planar curve, there are requirements on its combinatorics, the first of which was found by Gauss. Advances were made in the study of locally convex curves on the plane, the sphere and the projective plane.