The use of GPS probes in traffic management is growing rapidly as the required data collection infrastructure is increasingly in place, with significant number of mobile sensors moving around covering expansive areas of the road network. Many travelers carry with them at least one device with a built-in GPS receiver. Furthermore, vehicles are becoming more and more location aware. Vehicles in commercial fleets are now routinely equipped with GPS. Travel time is important information for various actors of a transport system, ranging from city planning, to day to day traffic management, to individual travelers. They all make decisions based on average travel time or variability of travel time among other factors. AVI (Automatic Vehicle Identification) systems have been commonly used for collecting point-to-point travel time data. Floating car data (FCD) -timestamped locations of moving vehicles- have shown potential for travel time estimation. Some advantages of FCD compared to stationary AVI systems are that they have no single point of failure and they have better network coverage. Furthermore, the availability of opportunistic sensors, such as GPS, makes the data collection infrastructure relatively convenient to deploy. Currently, systems that collect FCD are designed to transmit data in a limited form and relatively infrequently due to the cost of data transmission. Thus, reported locations are far apart in time and space, for example with 2 minutes gaps. For sparse FCD to be useful for transport applications, it is required that the corresponding probes be matched to the underlying digital road network. Matching such data to the network is challenging. This thesis makes the following contributions: (i) a map-matching and path inference algorithm, (ii) a method for route travel time estimation, (iii) a fixed point approach for joint path inference and travel time estimation, and (iv) a method for fusion of FCD with data from automatic number plate recognition. In all methods, scalability and overall computational efficiency are considered among design requirements. Throughout the thesis, the methods are used to process FCD from 1500 taxis in Stockholm City. Prior to this work, the data had been ignored because of its low frequency and minimal information. The proposed methods proved that the data can be processed and transformed into useful traffic information. Finally, the thesis implements the main components of an experimental ITS laboratory, called iMobility Lab. It is designed to explore GPS and other emerging data sources for traffic monitoring and control. Processes are developed to be computationally efficient, scalable, and to support real time applications with large data sets through a proposed distributed implementation. / <p>QC 20150525</p>

Bakgrund: Taximarknaden har varit, och är, under förändring. Till följd av den teknologiska utvecklingen har nya aktörer och substitut etablerat sig på marknaden. Uber, Bzzt och Lime är endast tre av de företag som vuxit fram under de senare åren. De nya företagen bidrar inte endast med nya, innovativa substitut till traditionell taxi, utan även ökad konkurrens vad gäller tillgänglighet via digitala plattformar. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att analysera den teknologiska utvecklingens betydelse för taximarknadens struktur och funktion, med fokus på Stockholm. Metod: Uppsatsens referensram är Structure-Conduct-Performance modellen. För djupare analys och förståelse har intervjuer med: Bzzt, Svenska Taxiförbundet och Taxi Stockholm, genomförts. Uppsatsen innefattar även två egna undersökningar om taxiföretagens prisnivå och tillgänglighet. De taxiföretagen som inkluderas i uppsatsen är: Sverigetaxi, TaxiKurir, Taxi Stockholm, TOPCAB samt Uber. Slutsats: Den teknologiska utvecklingen har en stor betydelse för taximarknadens struktur och funktion, i det avseende att den bidrar till en mer kundcentrerad och effektivare marknad. Marknadsstrukturen i Stockholm liknar en hybridmarknad mellan oligopol och fullständig konkurrens, beroende på de storleksmässiga skillnader som finns mellan aktörerna. Marknaden har en jämn prisnivå och bra tillgänglighet, varav det sistnämnda har förbättrats till följd av utvecklandet av taxiföretagens egna applikationer. / Background: The taxi market has been, and is, undergoing a transformation. As a result of the technological development, new companies and substitutes have been established on the market. Uber, Bzzt and Lime are only three of all the new companies that have emerged in the recent years, and not only contribute with new, innovative substitutes for traditional taxi, but also increased competition in terms of accessibility through digital platforms. Purpose: The purpose of the essay is to analyze the influence of the technological development on the taxi market’s structure and function, with focus on Stockholm. Completion: The main framework of the essay is the Structure-Conduct-Performance model. For a more profound analysis three interviews were conducted with: Bzzt, Svenska Taxiförbundet and Taxi Stockholm. The essay also includes a study of the price level and a study of the accessibility to a taxi. The included companies are: Sverigetaxi, TaxiKurir, Taxi Stockholm, TOPCAB and Uber. Conclusions: The technological development have a large impact on the structure and function of the taxi market, since it contributes to a more customer-centered and efficient market. The market structure in Stockholm is similar to a hybrid market of an oligopoly and perfect competition, depending on the difference in size of the existing companies. The market has a uniform price level and a good accessibility, of which the latest has improved as a result of the development of the taxi companies own applications.

Supplying the right amount of taxis in the right place at the right time is very important for taxi companies. In this paper, the machine learning model Taxi Demand Net (TDNet) is presented which predicts short-term taxi demand in different zones of a city. It is based on WaveNet which is a causal dilated convolutional neural net for time-series generation. TDNet uses historical demand from the last years and transforms features such as time of day, day of week and day of month into 26-hour taxi demand forecasts for all zones in a city. It has been applied to one city in northern Europe and one in South America. In northern europe, an error of one taxi or less per hour per zone was achieved in 64% of the cases, in South America the number was 40%. In both cities, it beat the SARIMA and stacked ensemble benchmarks. This performance has been achieved by tuning the hyperparameters with a Bayesian optimization algorithm. Additionally, weather and holiday features were added as input features in the northern European city and they did not improve the accuracy of TDNet.

Verificar a associação entre acidentes de trabalho com os níveis de carboxihemoglobina apresentados por trabalhadores mototaxistas expostos ao Monóxido de Carbono ambiental na cidade de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. Métodos: estudo descritivo, correlacional, de abordagem quantitativa com coleta de dados realizada em duas etapas, em janeiro e julho de 2012 por intermédio de instrumentos aplicados aos trabalhadores selecionados aleatoriamente e que consentiram em participar da pesquisa. Os mototaxistas responderam a este questionário e autorizaram a coleta sanguinea para dosagem dos níveis de carboxihemoglobina nas duas etapas. O projeto foi submetido e aprovado por um Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Após os critérios de seleção, compuseram a amostra 111 mototaxistas. Resultados: os trabalhadores são, em sua maioria, do sexo masculino, com média de 36 anos de idade; renda familiar de três salários mínimos e três dependentes por renda; baixa escolaridade, fumantes, média de trabalho de até cinco anos e carga horária laboral média de 12 horas. No período de seis meses, 28,8% acidentaram-se, com predominância no mês de fevereiro, com 6-10h de trabalho antes do evento acidentário, apresentando escoriações (58,6%) e fraturas fechadas (27,6%) como lesões predominantes, acometendo principalmente os membros inferiores. Quanto aos sintomas de exposição ao monóxido de carbono, a irritabilidade, a diminuição da percepção visual e o cansaço foram os mais encontrados e mais frequentes e os fumantes apresentaram maior significância (p< 0,05), com média de 2/3 sintomas por sujeito. Os níveis de carboxihemoglobina apresentaram a média de 2,3% para os não fumantes e de 5,7% para os fumantes, estando próximos dos valores da normalidade estabelecidos. Após categorização, os fumantes apresentaram significância estatística (p<0,001) para condição não aceitável e razão de chances de 6,5 vezes de estar nesta condição. Nas associações com acidente de trabalho, a carboxihemoglobina numérica apresentou associação positiva com tais acidentes (p<0,001); o tempo de carteira de habilitação para motociclista apresentou forte tendência à ocorrência de acidente de trânsito para o grupo que a possuía até 10 anos. Entre os não fumantes, nas associações com acidentes de trabalho, o sintoma cansaço apresentou associação e entre os fumantes, a cefaleia, a irritabilidade, o cansaço e a taquicardia foram significativos. Para a carboxihemoglobina categorizada, o hábito de fumar e a presença de sintomas mostraram significância. Os não fumantes que apresentam cefaleia, tontura e os fumantes com hiporreflexia, problemas respiratórios, irritação nos olhos, nariz e garganta e náusea, possuem maiores chances de estarem nos níveis não aceitáveis de carboxihemoglobina quando comparados aos que não apresentam tais sintomas. Os resultados mostraram que a exposição ambiental ao monóxido de carbono dos mototaxistas da cidade contribui para a ocorrência de acidentes de trabalho entre eles, visto que, a principal variável, nível de carboxihemoglobina, mostrou significância em relação à ocorrência dos eventos acidentários. Conclusão: mototaxistas são trabalhadores que estão cotidianamente expostos à poluição ambiental, ao monóxido de carbono e aos riscos de acidentes. A enfermagem do trabalho, junto à equipe de saúde ocupacional, pode traçar estratégias de proteção para a saúde destes trabalhadores. / To investigate the association between occupational accidents with levels of carboxyhemoglobin of motorcycle taxi riders presented by workers exposed to Carbon Monoxide environment in the city of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. Methods: A descriptive, correlational study with quantitative approach to data collection performed in two stages, in January and July 2012 through instruments applied to workers randomly selected and who agreed to participate. The motorcycle taxi riders answered a questionnaire and authorized the collection of blood for measurement of carboxyhemoglobin levels in two stages. The project was approved by a Research Ethics Committee. After the selection criteria, the sample comprised 111 motorcycle taxi riders. Results: The workers are mostly male, with the average age of 36 years; family income of three minimum wages, and three dependents for income, low educated, smokers, working up to five years and an average workload of 12 hours daily. Within six months, 28.8% suffered injured, with predominance in the month of February, with 6-10h at work before the accident happened, presenting abrasions (58.6%) and closed fractures (27.6%) as predominant lesions, mainly affecting the lower limbs. As for symptoms of exposure to carbon monoxide the most frequent were irritability, decreased visual perception and fatigue and the smokers had higher significance (p <0.05), with an average of 2/3 symptoms by subject . Carboxyhemoglobin levels had an average of 2.3% for nonsmokers and 5.7% for smokers and they were close to normal values established. After categorization, smokers showed statistical significance (p <0.001) for condition and not acceptable odds ratio of 6.5 times to be in this condition. In association with work-related accident, the numerical carboxyhemoglobin positive association with such accidents (p <0.001), the number of years they\'ve had a license showed a strong tendency for the occurrence of traffic accidents for the group that had up to 10 years. Among nonsmokers, associations with accidents, the symptom associated was tiredness and among smokers, headaches, irritability, fatigue and tachycardia were significant. For carboxyhemoglobin categorized, smoking and the presence of symptoms were significant. Nonsmokers who have headaches, dizziness and smokers with diminished reflexes, respiratory problems, eye irritation, nose and throat and nausea, are more likely to be unacceptable levels of carboxyhemoglobin compared with those who do not have these symptoms. The results showed that environmental exposure to carbon monoxide motorcycle taxi drivers of the city contributes to the occurrence of accidents at work, since the main variable, level of carboxyhemoglobin, showed significance in relation to the occurrence of labor accident. Conclusion: motorcycle taxi riders are workers who are routinely exposed to environmental pollution, carbon monoxide and risk of accidents. The occupational health nursing, with the occupational health team can come up with strategies for protecting the health of these workers.

<div>The app-based taxi services (ATS) has disrupted the traditional (street-hailing) taxi services (TTS) leading to transformative changes in the urban taxi markets and its impacts on mobility, design and environment. However, the current modeling of these new mobility markets is limited in its understanding of: (1) the underlying factors that influence the growth of the ATS market; (2) the competition of ATS and TTS markets; (3) pricing in the ATS market; (4) system wide tools to understand the impacts of the market. The overarching goal of this dissertation is to address four fundamental processes of taxi system, ranging from demand generation, supply generation and exiting, dynamic pricing generation, and vehicle-passenger matching over road network. This dissertation achieves these goals by using original large scale datasets to characterize disruptive changes in mobility, understand strategic behaviors of stakeholders, and formulate system dynamics.</div><div> </div><div>This dissertation develops various modeling structures and estimation methods, motivated from statistical, econometric, machine learning, and stochastic approaches. First, we adapt multiple econometric models for demand, supply, and platform-exiting (offline) behaviors, including mixture model of spatial lag and Poisson regression and mixture model of spatial lag and panel regression. It is apparent that all proposed econometric models should be corrected with spatial lag due to significant spatial autocorrelations. The results indicate effectiveness of dynamic pricing in controlling demand, however, it also shows no impacts on driver's online and offline behaviors. Then a dynamic pricing generation problem is formulated with multi-class classification. This model is empirically validated for the impacts of demand and supply in dynamic price generation and the significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Last, we propose a queueing network consisting of taxi service queues for vehicle-passenger matching and road service queue for vehicle movements at homogeneous spatial units. The method captures stochasticity in vehicle-passenger matching process, and more importantly, formulates the interactions with urban road traffic.</div><div> </div><div>In summary, this dissertation provides a holistic understanding of fundamental processes that govern the rapid rise in ATS markets and in developing quantitative tools for the system wide impacts of this evolving taxi markets. Taken together, these tools are transformative and useful for city agencies to make various decisions in the smart mobility landscape. </div>

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbara Susana Barbosa de Araujoprot.pdf: 2856714 bytes, checksum: 2d649f4e75619acdc07f8887a5c9bb99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The starting point for the construction of this study was the perception that the current societal behavior and business management models do not provide the balance needed for the continuation of environmental resources essential to human survival. The challenges to achieve the widespread sustainable development are immense and, for many, utopian. This research was conducted after admitting that the production of knowledge is one of the guiding pillars of the advancement of the discussions which enable a boost in understanding and engagement within society in favor of a less unsustainable future. This study sought to understand to what extent there is a relationship between the environmental awareness of taxi drivers in São Paulo and the use of natural gas for their vehicles, compared to the survey of the factors that stimulate and discourage the use of this fuel considered less pollutant. The choice of researching on the use of Natural Gas Vehicles (NGV) as an energy source was due to the fact that in Brazil the use of other clean energy sources in the transport sector is extremely incipient. We sought to identify which in practice, are perceived as attributes that encourage and / or inhibit drivers to use NGV. In addition, we sought to understand whether taxi drivers, apart from the technical and economic developments, were also motivated by an environmental concern to collaborate or reinforce the choice of a less polluting fuel than traditional ethanol and gasoline. The results obtained by our descriptive quantitative research, with 73 taxi drivers in São Paulo, preceded by a qualitative exploratory study. Factors related to the financial benefits of the use of CNG were confirmed as the main attractions for using this type of fuel; whereas the necessary investment to adapt the vehicle to the supply of natural gas was appointed as the main to its use. When analyzing the results, it can be concluded that, because there is no evidence that environmental awareness is an important attribute in the decision of taxi drivers to use cleaner fuel, it is necessary to have a greater incentive to use this power source, or any other offering less potential offensive worsening of urban pollution and consequent respiratory diseases, to which the population is subject to. The stimuli may be a result of, among others, tax exemptions, already practiced in some Brazilian municipalities. / A percepção de que os modelos atuais de comportamento da sociedade e de gestão de negócios não proporcionam o equilíbrio necessário para continuidade dos recursos ambientais essenciais à sobrevivência humana foi o ponto de partida para construção deste estudo. Os desafios para se atingir o tão difundido desenvolvimento sustentável, são imensos e, para muitos, utópicos. Essa pesquisa foi concebida por admitir-se que a produção do conhecimento é um dos pilares norteadores para o avanço dos debates capazes de impulsionar a compreensão e o engajamento da sociedade em prol de um futuro menos insustentável. Objetivou-se compreender em que medida existe relação entre a consciência ambiental dos taxistas do município de São Paulo e a utilização do gás natural em seus veículos, face ao levantamento dos fatores que estimulam e dos que desestimulam a utilização desse combustível tido como menos poluente. A escolha pela utilização do gás natural veicular (GNV) como fonte de energia pesquisada se deu pelo fato de que no Brasil a utilização de outras fontes de energia limpa no setor de transporte é extremamente incipiente. Buscou-se identificar o que na prática é percebido como atributos que incentivam e/ou inibem os motoristas a usarem o GNV. Além disso, buscou-se entender se, afora as motivações de cunho técnico-econômico havia, entre os taxistas, preocupação ambientais que colaborassem ou reforçassem a escolha por um combustível menos poluente do que os tradicionais etanol e gasolina. Os resultados foram fruto de uma pesquisa quantitativa descritiva realizada com 73 motorista de táxis do município de São Paulo, precedida de um estudo qualitativo exploratório. Os fatores relacionados às vantagens financeiras decorrentes do uso do GNV foram confirmados como os maiores atrativos para uso desse tipo de combustível; ao passo que, o investimento para a adaptação dos veículos ao abastecimento do GNV, foi apontado como o principal obstáculo a sua utilização. Através da análise dos resultados, pode-se concluir que, por não haver evidências de que a consciência ambiental é um atributo relevante na decisão dos taxistas pela utilização de um combustível menos poluente, faz-se necessário que haja maior estímulo ao uso dessa fonte de energia, ou de qualquer outra que ofereça menor potencial ofensivo ao agravamento da poluição urbana e das consequentes doenças respiratórias, as quais a população está sujeita. Os estímulos podem ser fruto, entre outros, da isenção de impostos, já praticada em alguns municípios brasileiros.

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2015-08-27T18:45:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_RecuperacaoAreasReserva.pdf: 7271995 bytes, checksum: 1b03bfa9eb3b4b1971eac272d70bed61 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2015-09-01T16:26:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_RecuperacaoAreasReserva.pdf: 7271995 bytes, checksum: 1b03bfa9eb3b4b1971eac272d70bed61 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-01T16:26:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_RecuperacaoAreasReserva.pdf: 7271995 bytes, checksum: 1b03bfa9eb3b4b1971eac272d70bed61 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / EMBRAPA - Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A Reserva Legal é uma área localizada no interior das propriedades rurais, prevista no Código Florestal brasileiro, que deve ser protegida e apresentar coberta por vegetação natural, necessária à conservação, à proteção da fauna e flora e reabilitação dos processos ecológicos, além de servir como corredores ecológicos para o fluxo gênico das espécies. Muitas propriedades possuem estas áreas desmatadas, alteradas e em estágios avançados de degradação, tornando-se importante estudar o comportamento de plantios de espécies arbóreas de rápido crescimento com a finalidade de acelerar o processo de recomposição da vegetação natural e propor técnicas mais eficazes para recuperação destas áreas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da densidade do plantio homogêneo da Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel, aos sete anos e meio de idade, como efeito catalizador do processo de regeneração. O experimento localiza-se na Fazenda Gênesis, Dom Eliseu, Pará. Avaliou-se o crescimento e verificou se a precipitação interfere no incremento diamétrico das árvores. Foram instaladas em blocos parcelas aleatórias com quatro repetições em cada tratamento. Para caracterização da composição florística, riqueza, diversidade e a similaridade da regeneração natural sob o plantio foram instaladas em cada tratamento (espaçamento), parcelas com oito repetições para três classes de avaliação da regeneração. E para caracterização da composição florística, riqueza, diversidade e similaridade do banco de sementes do solo foram instaladas aleatoriamente oito pontos de coleta do solo, com quatro repetições em cada tratamento, foram coletados quatro amostras compostas de oito e levadas para a casa de vegetação da Embrapa - CPATU onde foram dispostas em bandejas plásticas e regadas diariamente. Este experimento teve um período de quatro meses e a cada trinta dias as plântulas germinadas eram contadas e identificadas por um parabotânico. As árvores apresentaram maior altura no espaçamento 4m x 2m, maior diâmetro no espaçamento 4m x 3m, maior sobrevivência no espaçamento 4m x 4m. A regeneração natural apresentou maior similaridade na composição florística entre os espaçamentos 4m x 2m e 4m x 3m. Os valores da diversidade do índice de Shannon foram altos, não diferindo estatisticamente entre os espaçamentos. O banco de sementes mostrou maior riqueza de plântulas no espaçamento 4m x 3m, maior similaridade na composição entre os espaçamentos 4m x 2m e 4m x 4m. A diversidade das espécies em nível de 5% de significância não apresentou diferença entre os espaçamentos. Os resultados permitiram constatar que as áreas vêm sendo recuperadas e que algumas técnicas poderão ser aplicadas buscando reduzir custos e através de um manejo adequado poderá acelerar os processos ecológicos da regeneração natural. / The legal reserve is an area located within farm, provided the Brazilian Forest Code, which must be protected and present covered by natural vegetation, necessary for the conservation, protection of fauna and flora and rehabilitation of ecological processes, and serve as for ecological corridors for the gene flow species. Many properties have these deforested areas, altered and in advanced stages of degradation, making it important to study the behavior of plantations of fast-growing species in order to accelerate the restoration of natural vegetation and propose more effective techniques to recover these areas. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of homogeneous density planting Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel, at seven and a half years old, as a catalyst effect of the regeneration process. The experiment is located in Genesis Farm, Dom Eliseu, Pará. Avaluated the growth and investigate that precipitation interferes with the diametric growth of the trees, it was installed in blocks, random plots with four replicates per treatment. To characterize the floristic composition, richness, diversity and similarity of natural regeneration under plantation were installed in each treatment (spacing), plots with eight repetitions for three classes of evaluation of regeneration. And to characterize the floristic composition, richness, diversity and similarity of the soil seed bank were installed randomly eight points of the soil collect with four replications for each treatment, were collect four composite samples from eight and taken to the greenhouse at Embrapa - CPATU which were placed in plastic trays and watered daily, this experiment was a period of four months and every thirty days the germinated seedlings were counted and identified by a botanical. The trees were higher in the 4m x 2m spacing, larger diameter in the spacing 4m x 3m, greater survival in 4m x 4m spacing. Natural regeneration showed a greater similarity in floristic composition between spacings 4m x 2m and 4m x 3m, the values of Shannon diversity index were high and did not differ statistically between the spacings. The seed bank showed greater richness of seedlings in the spacing 4m x 3m, greater similarity in composition between spacings 4m x 2m and 4m x 4m. The species diversity at level 5% of significance did not differ between the spacings. The results demonstrated that the areas have been recovered and that some techniques may be applied seeking to reduce costs and through appropriate management will can accelerate the ecological processes of natural regeneration.

Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2012 / The implementation of the Taxi Recapitalisation Programme was articulated by the South African government since 1999, with its estimated time implementation to start in 2005. As at the time of completion of this study the Taxi Recapitalisation Programme was still not absolutely completed. While 2010 was earmarked to be a year to remove all unroadworthy vehicles on the South African public roads, and that has not been completely achieved, especially in the rural areas where roads are not well tarred and constructed. This study investigated the impact that the implementation of the TRP has on taxi queue marshals, taxi rank- street vendors, taxi drivers and taxi-owners as well as their perceptions of the government’s Recapitalisation programme. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect data from the Greater Mankweng Taxi Association in Limpopo Province, Capricorn district and the Limpopo Department of Roads and Transport. The findings of the study, however differs in terms of the participants categories, but the general perception from the respondents is that the Taxi Recapitalisation Programme is not bringing substantial benefit to those it intends to benefit such as taxi operators, taxi drivers and the government revenue system. The street vendors who are indirect beneficiaries also do not see the impact of the Taxi Recapitalisation Programme on their business.

<p>A study of which methods and measures that can be used to reduce fuel consumption and harmful discharges in an airline.</p><p>The study begins with an investigation containing calculations of the differences between estimated fuel consumption calculated by a computer program called Skytrack and actual fuel consumption. Results from this study allows synchronization between actual consumption with calculated consumption. In addition to this methods and configurations to reduce weight and thus weight onboard aircrafts e.g. carpet exchange, lightweight trolleys and water reduction has been created and analysed.</p><p>To bring the thesis to an end, the author has investigated other methods and configurations which TUIfly Nordic is implementing for fuel conservation.</p><p>The thesis results in several conceivable areas for fuel conservation with calculated savings of 830 000 EUR which for the moment is implemented in TUIFly Nordic.</p>

A study of which methods and measures that can be used to reduce fuel consumption and harmful discharges in an airline. The study begins with an investigation containing calculations of the differences between estimated fuel consumption calculated by a computer program called Skytrack and actual fuel consumption. Results from this study allows synchronization between actual consumption with calculated consumption. In addition to this methods and configurations to reduce weight and thus weight onboard aircrafts e.g. carpet exchange, lightweight trolleys and water reduction has been created and analysed. To bring the thesis to an end, the author has investigated other methods and configurations which TUIfly Nordic is implementing for fuel conservation. The thesis results in several conceivable areas for fuel conservation with calculated savings of 830 000 EUR which for the moment is implemented in TUIFly Nordic.