<p>In this thesis we describe how to systematically test, where our target has been Open Source Systems. We have applied a series of common and overlapped test design techniques at defined levels, specifically using seven different functional and structural test approaches. Our conclusion is that open source systems often lack fundamental testing, where on average it only takes 6 test cases to reveal the first failure. The first time to failure is 1 hour on average and MTTF (mean time between failures) is approximately 2 hours with our systematic approach. Our systematic approach is not only testing in itself, but we do also describe the process of discovering a system’s requirements. We have also found that some test design techniques seem to be more effective than others to find failures. We have investigated fifteen different open source systems, attempting to classify these systems in a methodical way. Our process consists in measuring time spent to identify unique part of the system where to apply the test cases. We consider both the system and the test design technique as measures to evaluate the effectiveness and construct test cases.</p>

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

In this thesis we describe how to systematically test, where our target has been Open Source Systems. We have applied a series of common and overlapped test design techniques at defined levels, specifically using seven different functional and structural test approaches. Our conclusion is that open source systems often lack fundamental testing, where on average it only takes 6 test cases to reveal the first failure. The first time to failure is 1 hour on average and MTTF (mean time between failures) is approximately 2 hours with our systematic approach. Our systematic approach is not only testing in itself, but we do also describe the process of discovering a system’s requirements. We have also found that some test design techniques seem to be more effective than others to find failures. We have investigated fifteen different open source systems, attempting to classify these systems in a methodical way. Our process consists in measuring time spent to identify unique part of the system where to apply the test cases. We consider both the system and the test design technique as measures to evaluate the effectiveness and construct test cases.

γδ T cells are unconventional T cells that that can recognize infected and transformed cells via their γẟ TCR, thus promoting different immune responses. In addition, several studies showed that γδ T cells are important in the protection against different pathogens in early life, such as human cytomegalovirus (CMV). The diversity of the γδ TCR repertoire is mainly generated in the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) where V(D)J recombination takes place. One of the main players in the junctional diversity is the terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase (TdT) enzyme responsible for the random template-independent nucleotide addition at the junction of the joining gene segments.In the mouse model it is established that during development, especially before birth, innate γδ T cell subsets are generated in waves and their generation depends on the type of hematopoietic stem and precursor cells (HSPC). These γδ T cells express a semi-invariant γδ TCR and can acquire a functional program already in the thymus. In human, in contrast, the idea of γδ T cells as innate-like lymphocytes is questioned by recent works showing that the γδ TCR repertoire of human pediatric thymuses and of term-delivery cord blood is highly diverse. Here, by analyzing in detail human fetal and post-natal thymi, we observed striking differences between fetal and post-natal γδ thymocytes at the γδ TCR repertoire and functional level. In contrast to post-natal γδ thymocytes, fetal γδ thymocytes were functionally programmed, expressed low levels of TdT and were highly enriched for invariant/public CMV-reactive CDR3 sequences (TRGV8-TRJP1-CATWDTTGWFKIF, TRDV2-TRDD3-CACDTGGY, and TRDV1-TRDD3-CALGELGD). The rearrangements of these invariant sequences were driven by short-homology repeats at the end of the involved gene segments, as it was observed in the mouse. In addition, we investigated the role of HSPC in the generation of this invariant γδ thymocytes by using an in vitro T cell development system and we showed that only fetal HSPC could generate γδ T cells enriched for the same specific features that were found in the ex-vivo fetal γδ thymocytes. Moreover, we showed that the RNA-binding protein Lin28b, highly expressed in fetal γδ T cells, reprogrammed the term delivery HSPC towards the generation of γδ T cells resembling to their fetal counterpart.In conclusion, we show that the human fetal thymus generates, in a HSPC- and Lin28b-dependent manner, innate invariant γδ T cells with programmed effector functions that might provide protection to the fetus during congenital infections, such as against CMV. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Pharmacie) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La llegada de la televisión digital terrestre (TDT) comporta múltiples cambios en el mercado televisivo español. Uno de ellos consiste en la posibilidad de ofertar servicios interactivos. Es por ello que los radiodifusores en abierto se encuentran en un periodo de gran incertidumbre no sólo por la fragmentación de audiencias o el incremento del número de programas que se ven obligados a emitir, sino también por la decisión de incorporar o no nuevos servicios paralelos a los contenidos propiamente televisivos.¿Comporta la introducción de la interactividad nuevos negocios?, ¿qué ventajas proporciona?, ¿qué tipo de servicios se pueden ofertar?, ¿está la tecnología suficientemente desarrollada?, ¿quién presta estos servicios?, ¿está la audiencia interesada en interactuar con el televisor o por el contrario prefiere ser pasiva? Estas son sólo algunas de las preguntas que los radiodifusores se formulan en la actualidad.Esta demanda de información hace que se considere oportuno realizar una tesis que verse sobre la introducción de los servicios interactivos en la TDT. Para ello, en esta investigación, se va a partir del análisis de Quiero TV, precursor de esta historia para, posteriormente, hacer una aplicación prospectiva y analizar qué servicios están ofertando las cadenas de televisión que emiten en TDT.

Esta tesis intenta demostrar cómo los sistemas de Recuperación de Información (RI) y los sistemas de Detección de Sucesos (TDT - Topic Detection and Tracking) mejoran si se añade una componente temporal extraída automáticamente del texto, a la cual denominaremos periodo de suceso. Este atributo representa el espacio de tiempo en el que transcurre el suceso principal relatado en cada documento. Con este propósito la tesis ha cubierto los siguientes objetivos: * Definición de un modelo de tiempo para representar y manipular las referencias temporales que aparecen en un texto. * Desarrollo de una aplicación para la extracción de expresiones temporales lingüísticas y el reconocimiento del intervalo absoluto que referencian según el calendario Gregoriano. * Implementación de un sistema para la extracción automática del periodo de suceso. * Modificación de los actuales sistemas de RI, TDT para incluir la información temporal extraída con las herramientas anteriores.

Pulsed-neutron borehole measurements involve a physical process in which a source emits energetic neutrons that lose energy upon collisions with formation nuclei, and are eventually captured by a nucleus to form a heavier, excited state. The excited nucleus decays to its ground state by the emission of gamma rays. Both thermal-neutron and gamma-ray populations decay with time at a rate defined by Sigma, which is a nuclear property that quantifies a material’s ability to capture thermal neutrons. The large contrast in Sigma between hydrocarbon and salty connate water enables calculations of water saturation directly from pulsed-neutron measurements. Sigma logs have proven useful in the assessment of thinly bedded formations because they exhibit a small volume of investigation, and have been deemed superior to resistivity logs in the petrophysical evaluation of carbonate formations. The recognized potential of Sigma logs in formation evaluation initiated the development of multi-detector Logging-While-Drilling (LWD) Sigma measurements. These measurements are acquired using one thermal-neutron and two gamma-ray detectors at different spacings from the source. Such a design is aimed at providing distinct radial depths of investigation to detect filtrate invasion in the near-wellbore zone. Despite their formation-evaluation potential, multi-detector time-decay measurements commonly remain affected by invasion, shoulder-bed, and well-deviation effects. The purpose of this dissertation is to develop a fast-forward simulation method to reproduce multi-detector time decays and combine the method with inversion techniques to improve the petrophysical interpretation of LWD Sigma measurements. First-order perturbation theory and a library of pre-calculated Monte Carlo detector-specific sensitivity functions and time decays are used to numerically simulate borehole Sigma measurements in realistic logging environments. The new simulation method is one hundred thousand times faster than rigorous Monte Carlo calculations and remains within two capture units of disparity. Next, the fast-forward simulation method is embedded within inversion algorithms to estimate layer-by-layer radial length of invasion and formation Sigma corrected for shallow invasion, shoulder-bed, and well-deviation effects. Both fast-forward and inverse modeling algorithms are benchmarked against laboratory and synthetic time decays. The improvement of formation Sigma obtained with inversion-based interpretation leads to an improvement in the estimation of Sigma-derived water saturation. Likewise, the estimated radial length of invasion is combined with neutron and density measurements to correct the latter for invasion effects. Results indicate that the inversion-based interpretation method is well suited for the evaluation of high-porosity formations invaded by salty mud filtrate. Inversion-based interpretation of field LWD time decays enables the estimation of lower values of water saturation when compared to conventional Sigma interpretation or resistivity methods. Estimated values of water saturation are as much as fifty percent lower than predicted by conventional interpretation of Sigma logs in the case of measurements affected by shoulder-bed effects, and as much as one hundred percent lower than predicted by the conventional interpretation method for measurements additionally affected by salty filtrate invasion. The key attributes of the combined petrophysical interpretation of multi-detector Sigma, neutron, and density measurements developed in this dissertation are that it explicitly enforces the physics of all nuclear measurements, honors the pressure and temperature dependency of reservoir fluid nuclear properties, and takes into account a-priori information such as mud-filtrate salinity, connate-water salinity, and bed-boundary locations. / text

L'objecte d'estudi d'aquesta tesi es centra en la política europea de l'espectre radioelèctric i presta especial atenció a l'harmonització del dividend digital al Regne Unit i Espanya. La metodologia es basa en una revisió bibliogràfica i hemerogràfica completada amb un conjunt d'entrevistes amb representants de diferents organismes de regulació del Regne Unit i Espanya, i de la mateixa Comissió Europea. En la primera part de la tesi es realitza una aproximació conceptual, des d'una vessant tècnica i jurídica, a la xarxa radioelèctrica i al dividend digital, espai alliberat una vegada completada la transició a la TDT. Seguidament, s'aborda la naturalesa, àmbits de regulació de la xarxa radioelèctrica, actors, models i evolució de les formes de gestió. El tercer capítol es centra en la Unió Europea com actor de la política de l'espectre radioelèctric des de mitjans de la dècada dels 80 fins a l'actualitat. En la darrera part de la tesi es descriuen i analitzen les actuacions de la UE destinades a harmonitzar el dividend digital fent especial referència a les conseqüències d'aquesta harmonització sobre les estructures nacionals i la planificació de la TDT en els dos països estudiats, el Regne Unit i Espanya. / El objeto de estudio de esta tesis se centra en la política europea del espectro radioeléctrico y presta una especial atención a la armonización del dividendo digital en el Reino Unido y España. La metodología está basada en una revisión bibliográfica y hemerográfica completada con un conjunto de entrevistas con representantes de diferentes organismos de regulación del Reino Unido y España, y de la misma Comisión Europea. En la primera parte de la tesis se realiza una aproximación conceptual, desde una vertiente técnica y jurídica, a la red radioeléctrica y al dividendo digital, espacio liberado una vez se ha completado la transición a la TDT. Seguidamente, se aborda la naturaleza y ámbitos de la regulación de la red radioeléctrica, sus actores, modelos y evolución de sus formas de gestión. El tercer capítulo se centra en la Unión Europea como actor de la política del espectro radioeléctrico desde mediados de la década de los 80 hasta la actualidad. En la última parte de la tesis se describen y analizan las actuaciones de la UE destinadas a armonizar el dividendo digital y se atiende especialmente a las consecuencias que esta armonización tiene sobre las estructuras nacionales y la planificación de la TDT en los dos países estudiados, el Reino Unido y España. / The object of study of this thesis focuses on the European radio spectrum policy in particular the harmonization of the digital dividend in the United Kingdom and Spain. The methodology is based on a multidisciplinary bibliographic review completed with an in-depth interviews with policy-makers from the national regulatory authorities and the European Commission. The first chapter of the dissertation consists of a conceptual approach of radio spectrum network and the digital dividend, the amount space released once the switch-over is completed. Afterwards, it deals with the nature of spectrum regulation, its actors, models and evolution of spectrum management. Its third chapter focuses on the European Union as a spectrum policy actor from the 80's onwards. Finally, this thesis analyses the EU actions oriented to the harmonisation of the digital dividend, and pays special attention to its consequences on national structures and DTT plans of the United Kingdom and Spain.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-01T14:16:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 855713 bytes, checksum: c28b304561e6cf7b209782cd77c44bd9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The MTHFR 677C>T variant (rs1801133) has been analysed as a putative genetic risk factor for oral clefts within various populations worldwide. To test the role of the MTHFR 677C>T variant in nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) predisposition in the Brazilian population, we conducted a study combining a family-based association test (transmission disequilibrium test-TDT) and a structured association analysis (case-control study) based on the individual ancestry proportions. The rs1801133 polimorphism was genotyped in 197 trios with NSCL/P, 318 isolated samples of NSCL/P and 598 healthy controls using the TaqMan 5′- exonuclease allelic discrimination assay. Genomic ancestry was characterized by a set of 40 biallelic short insertion/deletion markers. TDT revealed a strong association of rs1801133 polymorphism with case-parent trios of NSCL/P (p=0.002) and non-syndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP, p=0.001), but not with non-syndromic cleft lip (NSCL). Analyses of parent-oforigin effects demonstrated modest excess transmission of the risk allele from mothers of NSCLP (OR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.10-2.14, p=0.04). The structured case-control analysis supported these findings, revealing that the risk T allele was significantly more frequent in NSCL/P group (OR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.12-1.69, p=0.002) and NSCLP (OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.12-1.79, p=0.01) than the control group. Our findings provide evidence for the involvement of rs1801133 in the development of NSCL/P in the Brazilian population, and reinforce the importance of genetic screening in populations at risk in order to optimize the implementation of preventive strategies. / Entre os prováveis fatores de risco genético para as fissuras orais, está o polimorfismo rs1801133 do gene MTHFR (677C>T). O papel desse polimorfismo com relação à predisposição para fissuras não-sindrômicas do lábio com ou sem o envolvimento do palato (FL/P) foi analisado na população Brasileira. Utilizou-se duas abordagens, um teste de associação de base familiar (teste de desequilíbrio de transmissão TDT) e um estudo casocontrole baseado nas proporções individuais de ancestralidade. Na análise TDT o polimorfismo rs1801133 foi genotipado em 197 trios (o afetado e seus respectivos pais). No estudo casocontrole foram incluídos 318 indivíduos fissurados e 598 controles não portadores de fissuras ou qualquer outra anomalia. Realizou-se ensaio de discriminação alélica TaqMan 5′- exonuclease. A ancestralidade genômica foi caracterizada por um conjunto de 40 marcadores bialélicos de curta inserção / deleção. O TDT revelou uma forte associação entre o polimorfismo rs1801133 nos trios de portadores de FL/P (p=0,002) como também nos trios de fissuras labiopalatinas (FLP, p=0,001), mas não apresentou associação com fissuras labiais isoladas (FL). A análise da origem parental do alelo T mostrou excesso de transmissão, por parte das mães, nos trios de portadores de FLP (OR: 1.47, 95%CI: 1.10-2.14, p=0,04). O estudo caso-controle corroborou com os resultados obtidos no TDT, demonstrando que o alelo polimórfico 677T foi significantemente mais frequente no grupo de portadores de FL/P (OR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.12-1.69, p=0,002) e de FLP (OR: 1.41, 95% CI 1.12-1.79, p=0,01) quando comparada ao grupo controle. Em conclusão, o presente estudo sugere correlação entre o polimorfismo rs1801133 e o desenvolvimento de FL/P na população brasileira, e reforça a importância da triagem genética nas famílias dos afetados para otimizar a aplicação de medidas preventivas.

[ES] Los esquemas de antenas de múltiples entradas y múltiples salidas (MIMO) pueden maximizar la eficiencia espectral de los sistemas de Televisión Digital Terrestre (TDT) para la provisión de contenidos de gran capacidad, como los servicios emergentes de televisión de ultra alta definición (UHDTV), en el cada vez más escaso y limitado espectro radioeléctrico de la TDT debido a la creciente demanda de servicios inalámbricos de banda ancha (4G y 5G). Las tecnologías MIMO han sido desarrolladas inicialmente en la especificación técnica de TDT DVB-NGH (Digital Video Broadcasting Next Generation Handheld) y estandarizadas en el último estándar de TDT, ATSC 3.0 (Advanced Television Systems Committee 3rd Generation). Sin embargo, no hay despliegues comerciales MIMO de TDT. Por otro lado, la industria móvil ha desarrollado una tecnología de radiodifusión móvil, conocida como hoy en día como 5G Broadcast, basado en LTE (Long Term Evolution). Aunque LTE incorpora MIMO para transmisiones unicast punto a punto, 5G Broadcast sólo utiliza una única antenna en transmisión. Esta tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo evaluar el rendimiento de MIMO para radiodifusión (terrestrial broadcast) para sistemas inalámbricos de radiodifusión de nueva generación, tanto TDT como sistemas celulares. Durante la estandarización de los sistemas MIMO TDT, el diseño inicial tiene en cuenta condiciones de recepción perfectas, por ejemplo, demoduladores óptimos, información de estado del canal (CSI) perfecta, estimación perfecta de la potencia del ruido, etc. El objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral es evaluar y optimizar el rendimiento de las transmisiones de radiodifusión MIMO en escenarios realistas. Esta tesis doctoral propone nuevos modelos de canales de propagación MIMO terrestres basados en medidas de campo que pueden utilizarse para la evaluación del rendimiento del sistema MIMO TDT. Además, también optimiza las diferentes configuraciones de transmisión y recepción MIMO, como la estimación de los canales MIMO en el receptor, y el procesado de señal. El escenario considerado en la tesis son torres de alta potencia con recepción fija, característico de las redes de TDT. Los resultados de esta tesis han contribuido al foro de estandarización ATSC, al sector de radiocomunicaciones de la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones (UIT-R) y al proyecto nacional japonés de investigación sobre el sistema TDT de próxima generación. / [CA] Els esquemes d"antenes de múltiples entrades i múltiples sortides (MIMO) poden maximitzar l"eficiència espectral dels sistemes de Televisió Digital Terrestre (TDT) per a la provisió de continguts de gran capacitat, com els serveis emergents de televisió d"ultra alta definició (UHDTV) , en el cada vegada més escàs i limitat espectre radioelèctric de la TDT a causa de la creixent demanda de serveis sense fil de banda ampla (4G i 5G). Les tecnologies MIMO han estat desenvolupades inicialment en l'especificació tècnica de TDT DVB-NGH (Digital Video Broadcasting Next Generation Handheld) i estandarditzades a l'últim estàndard de TDT, ATSC 3.0 (Advanced Television Systems Committee 3rd Generation). No obstant això, no hi ha desplegaments comercials MIMO de TDT. D'altra banda, la indústria mòbil ha desenvolupat una tecnologia de radiodifusió mòbil, coneguda com avui dia com a 5G Broadcast, basat en LTE (Long Term Evolution). Tot i que LTE incorpora MIMO per a transmissions unicast punt a punt, 5G Broadcast només utilitza una única antena en transmissió. Aquesta tesi doctoral té com a objectiu avaluar el rendiment de MIMO per a radiodifusió (terrestrial broadcast) per a sistemes sense fil de radiodifusió de nova generació, tant TDT com sistemes cel·lulars. Durant l'estandardització dels sistemes MIMO TDT, el disseny inicial té en compte condicions de recepció perfectes, per exemple demoduladors òptims, informació d'estat del canal (CSI) perfecta, estimació perfecta de la potència del soroll, etc. L¿objectiu principal d¿aquesta tesi doctoral és avaluar i optimitzar el rendiment de les transmissions de radiodifusió MIMO en escenaris realistes. Aquesta tesi doctoral proposa nous models de canals de propagació MIMO terrestres basats en mesures de camp que es poden utilitzar per a l'avaluació del rendiment del sistema MIMO TDT. A més, també optimitza les diferents configuracions de transmissió i recepció MIMO, com l'estimació dels canals MIMO al receptor, i el processament de senyal. L'escenari considerat a la tesi són torres d'alta potència amb recepció fixa, característic de les xarxes de TDT. Els resultats d"aquesta tesi han contribuït al fòrum d"estandardització ATSC, al sector de radiocomunicacions de la Unió Internacional de Telecomunicacions (UIT-R) i al projecte nacional japonès de recerca sobre el sistema TDT de propera generació. / [EN] Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna schemes in Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) systems aim to maximize the spectral efficiency for the provision of large capacity contents in the scarce and limited DTT Radio-Frequency (RF) channel. The delivery of the emerging Ultra-High Definition TV (UHDTV) services as well as the continuous broadcast spectrum shortage due to the rapidly growing demand for wireless broadband services (4G and 5G) are the motivations for this proposal. MIMO technologies have been firstly developed in the DTT technical specification DVB-NGH (Digital Video Broadcasting Next Generation Handheld) and standardized in the latest DTT standard, ATSC3.0 (Advanced Television Systems Committee 3rd Generation). However, MIMO broadcasting has not been commercialized due to the additional investment for both service providers and receivers. On the other hand, mobile industry has developed mobile broadcast technologies known today as 5G Broadcast based on LTE (Long Term Evolution). Although LTE incorporates MIMO for point to point unicast, 5G Broadcast only uses a single antenna in transmission at the moment. The Ph.D. aims at assessing the performance of MIMO for broadcasting (terrestrial broadcast) for next-generation wireless broadcasting systems, including next-generation wireless broadcasting systems, both DTT and cellular system. During the standardization of MIMO DTT systems, the initial design accounts for perfect reception conditions, e.g., optimal demodulators, perfect Channel State Information (CSI), perfect noise power estimation. The main goal of this PhD is to assess and optimize the performance of MIMO wireless broadcast transmissions in realistic scenarios. This PhD proposes new models of terrestrial MIMO propagation channels based on field measurements which can be utilized for the evaluation of MIMO DTT system. Furthermore, it also optimizes the different MIMO transmission and reception configurations, such as broadcast MIMO channel estimation and signal processing. The scenarios considered in the thesis are high-power high-tower transmitter with fixed reception and characteristics of DTT networks. The results of the PhD have contributed to the ATSC standardization forum, International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R), and the Japanese national research project on next generation DTT system. / Shitomi, T. (2023). Evaluation and Optimization of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Antenna Schemes for Next-Generation Wireless Broadcasting [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/202598