The presented systematic literature review seeks answers to the question "Does weeping in adults increase the probability of prosocial behavior among observers?". Our methodology follows the PRISMA Statement recommendations. On the basis of predefined key words 2278 records have been identified in the Scopus and PsycINFO databases. Overlapping records have been removed and abstracts and whole texts have been screened to evaluate the fulfilment of the eligibility criteria and the relevance for the predefined question and this resulted in the inclusion of 8 articles representing 10 experiments into the final analysis. This thesis brings an overview of these studies and their conclusions and methodologies. It discusses the strengths and weaknesess of the various approaches. It turned out that the fact, whether participants are presented with a decontextualized stimulus material or whether they are at least slightly acquainted with the context, plays an important role in the research. If the context is included, it appears that the influence of tears on the willingness to help is not as strong as in the case of its absence. Furthermore, many other factors have been found to be relevant that affect this relationship. We also discuss the adequacy of the the concept "prosocial behaviour" as hypotheses...

SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund: Globalt sett drabbas cirka 70-80 procent av alla kvinnor av någon typ av bristning i underlivet när de föder sitt första barn och dessa skador kan orsaka både smärta och lidande. Det är av stor vikt att barnmorskor och obstetriker känner till det kvinnliga könsorganets anatomi så att både diagnostisering och handläggning av bristningar blir korrekt. Forskning kring hur dessa skador skall kunna undvikas är ständigt pågående. En av de många frågor som ställs är huruvida förekomsten av dessa skador minskar när barnmorskan utför perinealskydd och hur detta används när kvinnan föder i vatten. Vattenfödsel är ett omdiskuterat ämne och forskare har olika uppfattning om dess för- och nackdelar. Syfte: Syftet med detta arbete var att beskriva utfallet och handläggningen av perinealbristningar vid vattenfödslar. Metod: En kvantitativ ansats har använts och information ifrån 123 kvinnors förlossningsjournaler har sammanställts. Alla kvinnorna födde sina barn i vatten på BB Sophia eller Södra BB från mars 2014 till mars 2015. Bristningsgrad har beskrivits i tabeller och diagram i förhållande till variablerna paritet, barnets vikt, utdrivningsskedets längd, barnets huvudomfång, tid för bad, BMI, ålder och suturering. Resultat: Betydligt fler av förstföderskorna drabbades av perinealbristning än vad omföderskorna gjorde. Av de kvinnor som fick en grad 3 eller grad 4 bristning hade alla längre utdrivningsskeden och var förstföderskor. Nio procent av kvinnorna i studien fick en grad 3 bristning vilket ses som en hög siffra. Av de totalt 101 kvinnorna som fick någon typ av perinealbristning lämnades tio stycken osuturerade och nästan hälften av barnmorskorna som besvarat enkäten använde sig av perinealskydd vid vattenfödslar. Slutsats: Att vara förstföderska ökar risken för perinealbristningar oavsett om kvinnan föder i vatten eller inte. Utdrivningsskedets längd kan ha betydelse samt även om barnmorskan använder perinealskydd eller inte. Vad som i övrigt påverkar utfallet av bristningar vid vattenfödsel är inte säkerställt. Mer forskning i ämnet behövs.

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The present study examines the figure of Mary Magdalene in the poetry of Lope de Vega and Richard Crashaw. I propose that while setting Mary Magdalene as the perfect example to convert, both authors could also express their conversion through the composition of two different poems: “Las Lágrimas de la Magdalena” by Lope de Vega and “Saint Mary Magdalene or, The Weeper” by Richard Crashaw. Each poem is centered on the idea of Mary Magdalene’s copious tears as the performative mark of her repentance which will effect her conversion. These two conversions are placed within two European literary traditions, Spain and England; as well as two different processes: on the one hand, Lope de Vega would go from a licentious life in his early years to becoming a priest at the end of his life, thus, devoting his life to religion. On the other hand, Richard Crashaw’s conversion would take place in between two conflicting religious beliefs, i.e., his transition from Protestantism to Catholicism. The other main goal of this work is studying these poems through the Baroque movement developed at the beginning of the seventeenth century. Hence, Lope de Vega’s poem is full of Baroque characteristics typical of the Spanish conceptism despite his reluctance consider his poetry Baroque. Crashaw, on his side, presents a poem which differs from the literary production in England in the first part of the seventeenth century. His Baroque sensibility would be, accordingly, influenced by his readings of the Spanish Golden Age authors. Therefore, anomaly, exaggeration, tempus fugit, conceptism, contradiction, paradox, and binary oppositions are Baroque characteristics both authors have in common in regard to their own particular description of both Mary Magdalene’s biblical stories and tears. Lastly, both poems will lead us to draw parallels with the Song of Songs in terms of spiritual conversation, and feminine identification.

The Functional Movement Screen (FMS), invented in 1995, has been adopted among Division One sports programs across the country. Being a women’s soccer player at the University of Central Florida (UCF), this particular topic had been of interest for years. The FMS is a series of seven tests evaluated at the beginning and end of each season. The UCF team's preventative rehabilitation was based upon the measurements from the FMS testing. The team engaged in preventative rehabilitation three times a week. Each year of my membership, the team of 28 to 30 players had no less than two anterior cruciate ligament tears each season. This research explored the effectiveness of the Functional Movement Screening, and its' predictive ability regarding injury to possibly prevent future injuries. The purpose of this study was to review literature of multiple studies exploring the Functional Movement Screen, the anterior cruciate ligament, and, specifically, the recent spike in women's collegiate soccer injuries. This study also examined and included findings from five years of FMS scoring data from the UCF women's soccer team. The study consisted of 43 participants, 29 in the control group and 14 in the test group (those who suffered and ACL tear). They were females, ages 18-23, and of fit manner. Multivariate analysis, independent and dependent T-Tests, and Leven's test ran these data. This study also investigated the reliability of the Functional Movement Screen and analyzed data about anterior cruciate ligament injuries among women’s collegiate soccer players. Recommendations for future protocols and implications for coaches, trainers, and women soccer players are provided.

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Introdução: Lesão por fricção é uma ferida traumática, que ocorre principalmente nas extremidades de idosos. Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi identificar e analisar a prevalência de lesão por fricção e os fatores demográficos e clínicos associados a essa ocorrência, em pessoas idosas residentes em Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, transversal, analítico, exploratório, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado em três instituições do município de São Paulo que aceitaram participar do estudo, dentre 135 contactadas previamente. Os dados foram coletados mediante consulta ao prontuário, entrevista com o próprio residente e/ou responsável e exame físico do idoso. Os residentes foram entrevistados e avaliados quanto aos aspectos sócio-demográficos e clínicos, condições da pele e quanto às características das lesões encontradas. Para a coleta de dados, empregaram-se os seguintes instrumentos: instrumento de coleta de dados sócio-demográficos e clínicos, Teste Mini Exame do Estado Mental, Escala de Katz e Sistema de Classificação STAR Lesão por Fricção. Os dados foram analisados por meio de: teste exato de Fisher, teste de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney e modelo de regressão logística (backwardstepwise). Resultados: A amostra de 69 residentes foi composta predominantemente por mulheres (51/73,91%), da raça branca (50/72,46%), com média de 81 anos de idade (DP=9,30) e mediana 82 anos, com algum problema na marcha (58/84,06%), redução ou ausência na acuidade visual (56/81,16%), dependência para atividades básica de vida diária (52/75,36%), comprometimento cognitivo (51/73,91%), presença de incontinência (45/65,22%) e algum grau de desnutrição (magreza = 26/37,69%). Oito sujeitos apresentaram 13 lesões por fricção, implicando em prevalência global de 11,6% para essa amostra, sendo de 22,22% para homens, 7,84% para mulheres e 10,00% para a raça branca. Onze (84,6%) lesões localizaram-se nos membros inferiores, predominando aquelas de categoria 3 (6/46,1%). Embora os grupos com e sem lesões por fricção tenham diferido quanto à presença de: hipertensão arterial sistêmica, alterações na marcha (principalmente cadeirantes), rigidez, acuidade visual diminuída, edema de membros inferiores, equimoses, hematoma, pele seca e descamativa, púrpura senil, curativos/ adesivos, dependência para as atividades básicas de vida diária e magreza, somente as presenças de hematoma (RC: 9,159 / p: 0,017) e púrpura senil (RC: 6,265 / p: 0,033) permaneceram no modelo final de regressão logíastica. Conclusão: A prevalência de lesão por fricção entre idosos institucionalizados foi de 11,6%, comparável a escassos estudos internacionais realizados com pacientes hospitalizados. Os fatores associados à ocorrência de lesão por fricção, hematoma e púrpura senil, estão de acordo com a literatura sobre o tema. Ao tratar-se de estudo inédito em nosso meio, seus resultados contribuem para o diagnóstico situacional da ocorrência de lesão por fricção em idosos institucionalizados e para a necessidade de implantação de medidas preventivas em grupos vulneráveis como os idosos. / Introduction: Skin tear is a traumatic wound, which occurs mainly in the extremities of elderly. Objective: The study objective was to identify and analyze the prevalence of skin tears and demographic and clinical factors associated with its occurrence in institutionalized elderly. Methods: This is an epidemiological cross sectional analytical, exploratory study with a quantitative approach, performed in three nursing homes of São Paulo who agreed to participate in the study, among 135 ones previously contacted. Data were collected by records consultation, interview with the resident himself and /or care giver and physical examination of the elderly. Residents were interviewed and assessed for socio-demographic and clinical features, skin conditions and skin tears characteristics. The following tools were used for data collection: socio-demographic and clinical data, Mini Mental State Examination test, Katz index and STAR Classification System Skin Tear. Data were analyzed using Fisher\'s exact test, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test and logistic regression (backward stepwise). Results: The sample of 69 residents was mostly composed by women (51 / 73.91%), Caucasians (50 / 72.46%), mean age 81 (SD = 9.30) and median 82 years old, some problem in mobility (gait) (58 / 84.06%), visual acuity problems (56 / 81.16%), dependence for activities of daily living (52 / 75.36%), cognitive impairment (51/73, 91%), presence of incontinence (45 / 65.22%) and some degree of malnutrition (underweight = 26 / 37.69%). Eight subjects had 13 skin tears, resulting in an overall prevalence of 11.6% for this sample, and 22.22% for men, 7.84% for women and 10.00% for the caucasians. Eleven (84.6%) skin tear were located in the lower limbs, predominantly category 3 skin tears (6 / 46.1%). Although there were statistically significant differences between groups with and without skinj tears related to: arterial hypertension, mobility problems (especially wheelchair users) , stiffness, decreased visual acuity, lower limb edema, ecchymosis, hematoma, dry and scaly skin, senile purpura, dressings / adhesives, dependence for activities of daily living and thinness, just the presence of hematoma (RC: 9,159 / p:0,017) and senile purpura ( RC: 6,265 / p: 0,033) remained after logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: The prevalence of skin tear among institutionalized elderly was 11.6%, comparable to few international studies with hospitalized patients. The factors associated with the occurrence of skin tear, hematoma and senile purpura, are consistent with the literature on the subject. When being unpublished study in our country, our results contribute to the situational analysis of the occurrence of skin tear in elderly nursing home residents and the need to implement preventive measures in vulnerable groups like the elderly.

Objetivo: Comparar as características inflamatórias da superfície ocular de pacientes com ceratocone (CE) às de pacientes com alergia ocular (AO). Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo transversal, envolvendo 134 participantes, divididos em três grupos: alergia ocular (AO)(n=55), ceratocone com ou sem alergia ocular associada (CE) (n=61) e controle (CO) (n=18). Os participantes do estudo foram recrutados e avaliados em clínica privada na cidade de Chapecó-SC, no período de polinização, em dezembro de 2013 e de outubro de 2014 a janeiro de 2015. Para análise dos grupos, todos os pacientes foram avaliados clinicamente por especialistas em alergia e oftalmologia e submetidos a exame de tomografia de córnea com tecnologia de Scheimpflug (Pentacam HRR), medida da osmolaridade da lágrima por impedanciometria (TearLabR) em ambos os olhos e preenchimento de questionários padronizados para alergia ocular (QA) e para doença de superfície ocular (OSDI). Em 107 de 134 pacientes (CE=50, AO=42, CO=15) foram dosadas as citocinas IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-31, IL-33, IL-17 A, IL-23, TNF-alfa, TNF-beta e INF-gama na lágrima, por meio de tecnologia multiplex com beads magnéticas. A coleta das amostras de lágrimas (5 microlitros no mínimo) foi realizada por meio de aspiração no menisco lacrimal temporal inferior, com capilares de vidro em um único olho. As amostras foram congeladas imediatamente após coleta e mantidas a -80 oC, até o momento da dosagem e análise em agosto de 2016. Resultados: Constatou-se alta prevalência de alergia no grupo com ceratocone 68,85% (42/61), sendo que 42,62% (26/61) dos pacientes desse grupo apresentaram alergia ocular. A intensidade do prurido ocular foi maior nos pacientes AO e no grupo CE, do que no grupo controle (p < 0,001 e p=0,047) e maior no grupo AO do que no CE (p < 0,001). As citocinas INF-gama, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17A, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-31, TNF-beta foram estatisticamente mais elevadas no grupo AO, quando comparadas ao grupo CE. No grupo controle, houve correlação direta da diferença absoluta da osmolaridade (delta osmol) com o nível encontrado para todas as citocinas dosadas. Observou-se, ainda, correlação direta entre níveis de IL-1beta, IL-6 e TNF-alfa com OSDI (p=0,044, p=0,010 e p=0,047) no grupo CE. A osmolaridade foi maior no grupo CE, quando comparado ao AO (p=0,043). Conclusões: Pacientes com ceratocone apresentaram alterações inflamatórias na superfície ocular, tais como: correlação direta do índice OSDI com IL-1beta, IL-6 e TNF-alfa na lágrima; intensidade de prurido mais elevada que no grupo controle e osmolaridade maior que no grupo com AO. No grupo AO, observou-se índices OSDI maiores que no grupo controle e aumento de várias citocinas dosadas, quando comparadas ao grupo CE. Nos pacientes controle, a instabilidade no filme lacrimal (delta osmol), correlacionou-se diretamente com a inflamação ocular (citocinas dosadas). Observou-se alta prevalência de formas leves de alergia ocular no grupo CE (40,98%) e apenas um caso de alergia ocular grave (ceratoconjuntivite atópica [1,3%]), esses dados estão em desacordo com a maior parte da literatura disponível sobre o assunto. Em conjunto, os achados do presente estudo podem estar relacionados a características específicas da região estudada / Purpose: To compare the inflammatory profile of the ocular surface of patients with keratoconus with that of patients with ocular allergy. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out and involved 134 participants, divided into three groups: ocular allergy group (OA) (N=55), keratoconus with or without ocular allergy (KC) (N=61) and a control group (CO) (N=18). The study participants were recruited and evaluated in a private clinic in the city of Chapecó-SC, during the pollination period in 2013 (December) and from 2014 to 2015 (October to January). In order to analyze the three groups, all patients were evaluated clinically by allergy and ophthalmology specialists, submitted to a corneal tomography exam with Scheimpflug technology (Pentacam HRR), to impedanciociometry to assess tear osmolarity (Tear LabR) of both eyes and to standardized questionnaire rates for ocular allergy (AQ) and for ocular surface disease index (OSDI). Cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-31, IL-33, IL-17 A, IL-23, TNF-alfa, TNF-beta and INF-gama) levels were assessed in 107 out of 134 patients using multiplex technology with magnetic beads. Tear collection of at least 5 microliters was carried out on a single eye by suction in the inferior temporal lacrimal meniscus with glass capillaries. The samples were frozen at -800C, immediately after collection to the time of dosing and analysis in August 2016. Results: The prevalence of allergy in the keratoconus group was 68.85% (42/61), within the same group 42.62% (26/61) of the patients had ocular allergy. Ocular pruritus intensity was higher in the OA group and in the KC group than in the control group (p < 0,001 e p=0,047), and higher in the OA group than in the KC group (p < 0,001). Cytokines INF-gama, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17A, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-31, TNF-beta were statiscally higher in the OA group in comparision to the KC group. In the control group, there was a positive correlation of the difference measurement of osmolarity (osmol delta) between the eyes with all cytokines dosed. In the KC group, IL-1beta, IL-6 e TNF-alfa correlated positively with OSDI (p=0,044, p=0,010 e p=0,047). Tear osmolarity was higher in the KC group than in the OA group (p=0,043). Conclusions: Patients with keratoconus had inflammatory changes in the ocular surface, such as: direct correlation between OSDI and tear IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels; higher pruritus intensity than the control group and higher osmolarity than the OA group. In the OA group, OSDI levels were higher than in the control group and some cytokines had higher levels than the KC group. In the control patients, tear film instability (delta osmol) was direct correlated to ocular inflammation (dosed cytokines). In the KC group, there was a high prevalence of mild forms of ocular allergy (40.98%) and only one case of severe ocular allergy (atopic keratoconjunctivitis [1.3%]). However, most studies avaiable have associated keratoconus with severe forms of ocular allergy. Together, these findings may be related to specific characteristics of the region of study

Le corps du spectateur est au centre d’une antinomie récurrente dans les théories de l’art, l’œuvre doit d’abord émouvoir l’esprit et, dans la relation qu’elle établit avec son observateur, le corps n’est qu’un intermédiaire qui ne doit pas être trop sollicité. Cependant, certaines œuvres semblent remettre en cause cette relation et altérer le statut du spectateur en cherchant à surprendre l’esprit pour émouvoir le corps. Définir le cinéma comme paradigme d’un dispositif d’immersion fictionnel s’inscrivant dans une chronologie en dehors de toute spécificité historique, permet alors de considérer autrement la position de face à face entre l’œuvre projetée et son spectateur en les incluant dans la structure même du dispositif. L’œuvre projetée apparaît comme variable d’un système clos, lui-même laboratoire de l’exercice de la perception humaine dont les conditions sensationnelles expérimentales rejoignent les conditions réelles dans certains cas particuliers. L’étude de trois sensations distinctes isole certains cas spécifiques et conduit à l’établissement et à l’observation des différentes altérations que subit le statut du spectateur dont le corps est également partie prenante de la réception de l’œuvre.De l’analyse du vertige, défini comme sensation complexe, émerge la filiation du paradigme exploré ainsi que la possibilité de contourner cette dichotomie cartésienne. Les larmes et leur dualité, le rire et la tristesse, redéfinies comme symbole d’un complexe de sensations, attirent l’attention sur la possibilité d’une double appréhension d’une œuvre d’art, l’une psychologique, l’autre physiologique. Enfin le dégoût, une sensation simple, pose le cas limite dans lequel l’esprit du spectateur est piégé et où seul son corps lui permet d’appréhender ce monde qui le submerge. / The spectator’s body is at the centre of a recurring antinomy in the theories of Art, the work must first move the mind and, in its relation with its observer,the body which is a mere medium not to be too much appealed to.However,some works of Art seem to challenge this relation and alter the spectator’s status by trying to surprise the mind to move the body. Defining cinema as the paradigm of a fictional immersion device, inscribed in a chronology outside any historical specificity,makes it possible to consider differently the face to face position between the projected work and its spectator by including them within the structure of the same device. The projected work looks like the variable of a closed system which is itself a laboratory for the exercise of human perception whose experimental conditions come close to real-life conditions in some particular cases. The study of three distinct sensations isolates some specific cases and leads to establish and observe different alterations undergone by the spectator’s status whose body is also part and parcel of the reception of the work.From the analysis of vertigo,defined as a complex sensation , the relation of the explored paradigm rises as well as the ability to get round that cartesian dichotomy.Tears and their duality,laughter and sadness,redefined as a symbol of complex sensations draw attention to a potential double apprehension of a work of Art, both psychologically physiologically.Lastly, disgust, a simple sensation,sets a borderline case in which the spectator’s mind is trapped and where only his body enables him to grasp the world he is submerged in.

Selon Jean-Louis Leutrat, « les larmes sont un sujet éminemment cinématographique ». Art de l'image en mouvement, le cinéma ouvre la voie à une « dynamique» des larmes. Au cinéma, les larmes coulent dans l’image : elles apparaissent, se forment et se transforment. Connues pour leur faculté de purification, d'échange et d'union, les larmes permettent aux gens de communiquer leur désir d'être accueillis les uns dans les autres. Ainsi, dans le mélodrame, les larmes coulent afin de combattre la difficulté d'être en contact avec « l'autre ». Douglas Sirk, maître du mélodrame hollywoodien fait des larmes un moyen d'expression contre une stratégie qui caractérise son style, la séparation. Entre le besoin des personnages d'établir une union et une stratégie dominante de la séparation dans les films, une dynamique des larmes s'établit au cœur d'une tension entre l'union et la séparation. Dévoilement. communion, conversion, sont les trois étapes de la dynamique qui s'engendre. Avec son refus de montrer des larmes « réelles» pour des raisons éthiques, Krzysztof Kieslowski aggrave la tension entre la séparation dans un monde qui représente la « modernité », et l'écoulement des larmes. Il procure, en plus, à celles-ci une profondeur esthétique et leur donne différentes formes. Dans un cas plus extrême, Ingmar Bergman, à travers son style, interdit à ses personnages de verser des larmes, par peur de décoller le masque qui les protège du néant habitant leur monde. Les larmes touchent à une situation critique, elles appellent à l'union, tout en comportant le danger d'anéantissement. / According to Jean-Louis Leutrat, "tears are a highly cinematic subject". As an art of image in movement, cinema may attribute to tears a certain "dynamic". In cinema, the tears flow in the picture: they appear. are formed and transformed. Known for their ability of purification, exchange and union, tears allow people to communicate their desire to be received one in another. Hence, in Melodrama, tears flow to face the difficulty of getting in touch with the "ether". Douglas Sirk, the master of Melodrama in Hollywood, makes of tears a means of expression against a strategy that characterizes his style, the strategy of separation. Between the need to establish a union, and a dominant strategy of separation, a dynamic of tears is born in the core of the strength between union and separation. Unveiling, communion, conversion, are the three stages of the produced dynamic. In his approach of denying "real" tears for ethical reasons. Krzysztof Kieslowski increases the tension between separation in a "modern" world and the flow of tears, while providing them a more aesthetical depth and different forms. More extremely, Ingmar Bergman, through his style, prevents his characters from shedding tears, by fear of taking off the mask that protects them from the nothingness that haunts their world. Tears reach a critical state; they call for the union, while featuring the danger of annihilation.