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Analyse und Gestaltung der Lebenszykluskosten von FunknetzinfrastrukturenLindner, Romy 18 December 2015 (has links) (PDF)
Der wirtschaftliche Erfolg von Unternehmen der Mobilfunkbranche wird nicht nur durch die zuverlässige Bereitstellung von Diensten und die Entwicklung innovativer Geschäftsmodelle, sondern auch durch die Planung, Errichtung und Unterhaltung qualitativ hochwertiger und kosteneffizienter Funknetzinfrastrukturen bestimmt. Angesichts eines rasanten technischen Fortschritts, der Veränderung von Kundenansprüchen sowie der Komplexität und Langlebigkeit der Funknetze stellt dies eine enorme Herausforderung dar. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird zur Sicherstellung einer langfristigen Wirtschaftlichkeit der Infrastruktur im Rahmen der Arbeit ein aus drei miteinander verzahnten Bausteinen bestehendes Modellierungs- und Managementkonzept zur Analyse und Gestaltung der Lebenszykluskosten von Funknetzinfrastrukturen entwickelt. Den ersten Baustein repräsentieren Entscheidungsmodell(system)e, deren Bildung und Auswertung sich zur Vorbereitung von Investitionsentscheidungen bei komplexen, infrastrukturbezogenen Problemstellungen eignet. Ansätze eines lebenszyklusorientierten Target Costing für die Infrastruktur von Funknetzen als zweiter Baustein tragen zum Aufdecken von Kostensenkungspotenzialen bei und liefern Ansatzpunkte zur marktgerechten Gestaltung der Infrastruktur. Die erfolgreiche Anwendung des Konzepts unterstützen Ansätze bzw. IT-Lösungen zur Bereitstellung zeit- und sachgerechter Informationen (dritter Baustein). Schließlich wird die Anwendbarkeit des Konzepts auf praxisbezogene Fragestellungen demonstriert sowie die Transferierbarkeit der Erkenntnisse auf weitere komplexe technische Systeme, hier Werkzeugmaschinen, geprüft. / The economic success of companies in the mobile communications industry is determined not only by a reliable provision of services and by the development of innovative business models, but also by the planning, construction, operation and maintenance of high quality and cost-effective radio network infrastructures. This represents an enormous challenge in view of rapid technological progress, changes in customer requirements as well as complexity and longevity of radio networks. Against this background and in order to ensure a long-term cost-effectiveness of infrastructure, a modeling and management concept that allows to analyze and to influence the life cycle costs of radio network infrastructures is developed. This concept consists of three interlinked components. (Systems of) Decision models represent the first component. They are suitable for preparing decision-making about investments in view of complex, infrastructure-related (decision) problems. Approaches of a life cycle oriented target costing for radio network infrastructures as the second component make cost reduction potentials accessible and provide starting points for the market-driven design of infrastructure. The successful application of the concept is supported by IT solutions, which provide appropriate information (third component). Finally, the practical use of the concept is demonstrated and it is investigated whether findings are transferable to other complex technical systems – here machine tools.
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Achieving a mass-scale transition to clean cooking in India to improve public healthMann, Philip A. G. January 2012 (has links)
This research provides policy-relevant insights into how a mass-scale, equitable transition to the use of Advanced Biomass (cook) Stoves (ABSs) can be achieved in India, with the aim of improving public health, especially for women and children. The research uses socio-technical systems to provide a characterisation of transition processes, and governance to explain issues of power influencing transition. A review of previous government cook-stove programmes in India and China highlights governance shortcomings in the former, in particular a lack of functional links between layers of administration and poor engagement with community institutions and cooks. Primary data from West Bengal and Karnataka highlighted sophisticated, skilful, flexible and culturally context specific cooking practices. Reasons for apparent low demand for improved stoves, characterised as lock-in, are found to include a combination of risk aversion and habits, lack of affordability, low awareness of the health consequences, as well as a mis-match between the normative priorities of policy makers – currently health- and those of cooks. It is found that the majority of polluting emissions within households - as well as greenhouse gases - from cooking derive from poorer households. A sectoral carbon offset strategy is proposed as a means of funding subsidies for ABSs and programme support measures. Several large corporations have invested significant sums in technology development, community outreach and dissemination, resulting in sales of over 600,000 ABSs. Reasons for their involvement appear mixed. Their market-based activities have generally not reached poor households and there are questions about their ability to build viable businesses in this highly dispersed and heterogeneous sector. A fundamental dichotomy is highlighted between large, centralised cooking programmes and the diverse, complex and changing reality of cooking activities, beliefs and behaviours on the ground. The research concludes that functional multi-level and multi-actor governance structures would be required to achieve a mass-scale transition to clean cooking using ABSs, with a lead role for the public sector. A key component of future success will involve building structures that ensure the agency of cooks and account for their socio-cultural cooking practices in the processes of technology and programme design and implementation.
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LE CONDIZIONI ORGANIZZATIVE PER IMPLEMENTARE IL LEAN IN SANITA' / The organizational conditions to implement lean in healthcareCENTAURI, FEDERICA 24 May 2017 (has links)
Il lean consente di realizzare miglioramenti significativi nelle performance delle organizzazioni sanitarie. Esistono però limitati riscontri sull’effettiva capacità delle iniziative lean di perdurare nel lungo periodo mentre i processi di implementazione risultano scarsamente investigati. Il presente studio, attraverso un protocollo di ricerca articolato in tre fasi, attinge alla letteratura sull’implementation science e sul lean healthcare per investigare: (i) le condizioni organizzative rilevanti per implementare il lean in una organizzazione sanitaria, ed in particolare in un ospedale; (ii) le interdipendenze reciproche tra il lean come approccio sistemico al cambiamento ed il contesto organizzativo e (iii) l’influenza di questi processi di mutuo adattamento sulla sostenibilità delle pratiche implementate. L’analisi empirica (multiple case study) mostra che l’implementazione e la sostenibilità nel tempo di sforzi di miglioramento lean è il risultato di un processo continuo di cambiamenti e aggiustamenti nell’approccio lean originariamente adottato e nel contesto organizzativo dove si sviluppa. In particolare, l’impiego di un framework socio-tecnico per sistematizzare le evidenze emerse ha permesso di identificare alcuni correlati pattern di cambiamento che i manager ospedalieri sono chiamati a presidiare: decentralizzare le responsabilità sulle attività di miglioramento; promuovere funzioni di leadership e guida al cambiamento ad ogni livello organizzativo; introdurre un livello intermedio tra il top management ed il personale; lanciare eventi di promozione; sviluppare un processo continuo di apprendimento; adottare un approccio integrato all’ottimizzazione dei processi produttivi ospedalieri. / Lean has shown to deliver significant performance improvement in healthcare organizations. However, its practical implementation remains challenging and the ability to deliver in the long term is an under investigated issue. By using a three-step research protocol, the study draws on the main streams of literature on implementation science and lean management healthcare to explore: (i) the relevant organizational conditions for implementing lean in healthcare organizations, in particular in hospitals; (ii) the continuous process of reciprocal interdependence between lean as a system-wide organizational strategy and its context of application, and (iii) the influence of these mutual adaptation mechanisms on the sustainability of the implemented practices. As emerged from the empirical analysis (multiple case study), the implementation and the maintenance of lean efforts over time is the result of a continuous process of adjustments and modifications occurring in the overall change program originally adopted and in its context of application. In particular, the use of a socio-technical system framework to systematize the emerged evidence points out some key interrelated change patterns that hospital managers must place equal focus on: decentralizing responsibilities to practically work on lean; ensuring a stable guidance and sponsorship at all organizational levels; introducing an intermediate level between the top management and professionals; launching internal events; developing a continuous learning and improvement process; structuring a comprehensive approach to the optimization of hospital production processes.
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Synchronous video conferences as a connectivism approach to learning : State of the art in Rwandan higher educationLemy, Kabera January 2020 (has links)
The advance of the internet and Web 2.0 technologies continue to drive a dramatic change in the way people access and share information through various channels of communication. In the education sector, several learning management systems have been integrated into teaching and learning activities. To increase more interactivities between teachers and learners, tools for synchronous video conferencing are implemented in universities to enable online education. Prior studies indicate that the adoption and use of the tools in higher education institutions have been substantially expanding, more particularly in developed countries. Therefore, understanding the state of integrating synchronous video conference tools to support teaching and learning activities is important for scholars and academicians as this innovative communication technology is proven to have a substantial impact on quality education and effective learning. In Rwanda, before COVID-19, research on the adoption and use of video conference systems is still scarce. The objective of this study was therefore twofold: (1) to understand the adoption and use of synchronous video conference technologies for teaching and learning purposes and (2) to propose a strategy for effective implementation and value addition of video conferencing tools (VCT) at University of Rwanda. A qualitative method was adopted and case study was used as a research strategy for this research. Meanwhile, the Social-Technical System theory was applied in this research for data collection, analysis and reporting of results. 17 responses from participants (teachers and eLearning Officers) were collected using an online internet-based survey questionnaire. Key findings indicate that the adoption and use of video conference systems was found to be at a lower level and the associated contributing inhibitors were identified and reported in this research. Based on the empirical findings and on the responses from participants, this study proposed a contextual strategy for effective integration of video conference systems at the case study institution. Overall, this study concluded that for an effective delivery of live lectures through webinars enabled by the web-based video conference tools, the 10 elements composing the proposed action-oriented strategy for integrating video conference systems should be taken into consideration by the case study institution. Practical and scientific contributions of this research are reported in this thesis and recommendations for further research in connection with the current one have been also put forward.
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Vers une ingénierie avancée de la sécurité des systèmes d'information d'entreprise : une approche conjointe de la sécurité, de l'utilisabilité et de la résilience dans les systèmes sociotechniques / Towards advanced enterprise information system security engineering : a joint methodology to security, usability and resilience in sociotechnical systemsGoudalo, Wilson 18 July 2017 (has links)
A notre ère de l'industrie des services, des systèmes d'information jouent une place prépondérante. Ils tiennent même parfois une position vitale pour les entreprises, les organisations et les individus. Les systèmes d'information sont confrontés à de nouvelles menaces de sécurité continuellement ; celles-ci sont de plus en plus sophistiquées et de natures différentes. Dans ce contexte, il est important d'empêcher les attaquants d'atteindre leurs résultats, de gérer les failles inévitables et de minimiser leurs impacts. Les pratiques de sécurité doivent être menées dans un cadre d'ingénierie ; l'ingénierie de la sécurité doit être améliorée. Pour cela, il est proposé de développer des approches systémiques, innovantes sur de larges spectres et qui fonctionnent sur plusieurs axes ensemble, en améliorant l'expérience utilisateur. Notre objectif est de traquer et résoudre de façon conjointe les problèmes de la sécurité, de l'utilisabilité et de la résilience dans les systèmes d'information d'entreprise. Dans cette thèse, nous positionnons les systèmes sociotechniques au regard des systèmes d'information des entreprises et des organisations. Nous traitons les paradigmes de systèmes sociotechniques et nous nous recentrons sur les corrélations entre la sécurité, l’utilisabilité et la résilience. Une étude de cas illustre l'approche proposée. Elle présente l'élaboration de design patterns (modèles de conception) pour améliorer l'expérience utilisateur. La thèse se termine par une discussion globale de l’approche, ainsi que par des perspectives de recherche. / In our era of the service industry, information systems play a prominent role. They even hold a vital position for businesses, organizations and individuals. Information systems are confronted with new security threats on an ongoing basis; these threats become more and more sophisticated and of different natures. In this context, it is important to prevent attackers from achieving their results, to manage the inevitable flaws, and to minimize their impacts. Security practices must be carried out within an engineering framework; Security engineering needs to be improved. To do this, it is proposed to develop systemic approaches, innovative on wide spectra and that work on several axes together, improving the user experience. Our goal is to jointly track down and resolve issues of security, usability and resiliency in enterprise information systems. In this doctoral thesis, we position sociotechnical systems in relation to the information systems of companies and organizations. We address paradigms of sociotechnical systems and refocus on the correlations between security, usability and resilience. A case study illustrates the proposed approach. It presents the development of design patterns to improve the user experience. The thesis concludes with an overall discussion of the approach, as well as research perspectives.
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La sécurité aérienne en Afrique : la communication autistique au sein du collectif sécuritaire de l'aéronautique civile congolaise / The aeronautic african security : the autistic communication in the Congolese DRC collective civil aeronautical securityItabu Issa Sadiki, Michel 10 March 2017 (has links)
La République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) fut l'un des meilleurs modèles de l'exploitation aéronautique en Afrique pendant la colonisation et plus d'une vingtaine d'années après l'indépendance au point d'en être félicitée par l'Association Internationale des Transporteurs Aériens (IATA). Aujourd'hui, par contre, ce vaste pays situé au cœur de l'Afrique passe pour le mauvais élève de l'aviation civile mondiale sur le plan sécuritaire et le pire dans l'enregistrement des accidents et des catastrophes aériens depuis la libéralisation de ce secteur en 1978. Conséquence: la DOC est blacklistée par l'Union européenne depuis 2005 jusqu'à ce jour. Dans la mémoire collective et les médias, la RDC est ainsi assimilée aux crashes et aux catastrophes aériennes et le commentaire l'égratigne chaque fois que survient un accident aérien dans n'importe quel pays au monde. Cette étude s'inscrit dans la problématisation de la communication au sein des organisations. Elle questionne les nouveaux paradigmes de l'accident aérien dans le but de sa prévention en amont dans le transport aérien. La question principale concerne donc la communication en aéronautique civile. En effet, malgré l'imputabilité des occurrences comptabilisées en RDC soit à l'erreur humaine, soit à la technique, soit à l'environnement, soit à la conjonction de ces trois facteurs causaux, cette thèse doctorale démontre, dans une approche généalogicoprocessuelle, socio-anthropologique et macro systémique-technique aéronautique, que l'avalanche des accidents et des catastrophes aériens en RDC est consécutive à « la communication autistique», c'est-à-dire à « la normalisation de l'anormal, des dysfonctionnements, des déviances, des transgressions normatives», donc de « l'anormal normalisé» ou à un échange ou une communication procédant par les écarts aux normes de l'Organisation de !'Aviation Civile Internationale (OACI) dans un domaine très réglementé et très normalisé. Ainsi, l'étude décrit l'évolution de l'aéronautique civile congolaise des origines coloniales à ce jour. Elle fait une immersion dans les organisations ou les structures de son « collectif sécuritaire», en esquisse les types de communications, d'interactions, de relations et d'interrelations y entretenus, à savoir les incommunications, les communications paradoxales, ambigües, confuses, incompatibles, absurdes, l'aveuglement communicationnel ou déni de communication, les dialogues de sourds, communication de défense transpersonnelle, silences en tant que langue de bois. Enfin, cette recherche doctorale analyse sans complaisance les accidents et les catastrophes aériens survenus de 1990 à 2011 en ROC pour le démontrer et propose une théorie systémique du collectif sécuritaire de l'aéronautique civile comme « frein » aux pratiques communicationnelles autistiques en aviation civile. / The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) was one of the best models of aeronautical exploitation in Africa during colonization and over a couple of decades after independence to the extent of being congratulated by the International Air Transport Association (IATA). Today, in contrast, this huge central African country (DRC) is the bad student in world civil aviation in terms of security and the worst in terms of air accidents and disasters since the sector was liberalized in 1978. The consequence is that ORC has been blacklisted by the European Union since 2005. In the collective memory and the media, DRC is associated with crashes and air disasters so that every lime there is a plane crash anywhere in the world, reference is made to ORC. This research questions the issue of communication within organizations. New paradigms of air accidents are questioned with the aim of their prevention upstream in air transport. The main research question is about communication in civil aeronautics. As a matter of tact, even though registered occurrences in ORC have been attributed either to human error or to technology, or to the environment, or sometimes to the combination of these three factors, results of this study conducted in a genealogic-process, socio-anthropological and macro aeronautical technically-systemic approach indicate that the avalanche of air accidents and disasters in ORC is due to "autistic communication", that is, "the normalization of the abnormal, dysfunction, deviances and infringement of standards", thus 'the abnormal standardized" or through communication that proceeds by discrepancies to standards of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in a highly regulated and standardized field. The study depicts the evolution of Congolese civil aeronautics since its colonial origins until the present, it immerses itself in the organizations or structures of its "security sector", and outlines the types of communications, interactions, relations and interrelations that occur in there including paradoxical, ambiguous, confusing, incompatible, absurd communications, non-communications, communicational blindness or denial of communication, dialog of the deaf, transpersonal defense communication, silence as waffle. Finally, the research analyzes air accidents and disasters that occurred in DRC between 1990 and 2011 without leniency to demonstrate this and suggests a systemic theory of civil aeronautics security sector as "a brake" to autistic communicational practices in civil aviation.
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Modelling system innovations in coupled human-technology-environment systemsHoltz, Georg 11 June 2010 (has links)
Achieving sustainability requires major changes in several areas in which society makes use of technology to meet human needs and while doing so influences the environment, such as agriculture, mobility, power production and water management. The awareness of a need for radical changes is accompanied by an increasing recognition of the interconnectedness of technological, socio-cultural and environmental elements and
processes. This has led to an increasing amount of research on system innovations.
System innovations refer to changes to a "structurally different" system involving radical changes in the technological and socio-cultural domains and are often contrasted to incremental (technological) change. System innovations involve many actors and many factors, and developments at multiple levels interact. Control over such processes is distributed, they are laden with uncertainty and they exhibit sometimes surprising and unexpected behaviour due to non-linear dynamics and emergent properties involved.
Our current understanding of system innovations is limited and the need for an enhanced understanding has clearly been recognized. Computer simulation models seem a
promising tool to that end as they already proved to be useful to enhance the
understanding of complex systems in many fields like complex chemistry, ecosystems
and physics. However, system innovations are mostly processes in social systems. In the
social sciences, the application of formal simulation models has a far shorter history and the availability of formalized (and widely accepted) theories and generalizations is low compared to the natural sciences. It is thus not clear-cut which role computer simulation models can play with respect to system innovations. This thesis fathoms the potential of
computer simulation models for enhancing our understanding of system innovations and
takes some first steps towards fruitful application of models.
A theoretical and methodological discussion outlines how models can in principle
contribute to an understanding of social macro-processes through facilitating a causal
reconstruction of processes that account for the respective observed phenomenon. The
view adopted regarding the representation of the social world thereby is that of reciprocity of agency and structure. Compared to the sociological literature the perspective is extended beyond comprising actors and institutions but encompasses also other entities, especially technological artefacts.
The thesis then relates the current state of empirical and conceptual work in the field of
transition research (the terms "transition" and "system innovation" are used interchangeably) to insights from modelling of complex systems. The intrinsic
characteristics of system innovations and the knowledge base available to study them are explicated and implicated challenges and opportunities for model application are
discussed. This is complemented by a review of the few existing models of system
innovations.
The thesis further develops a specification of the regime concept. A regime refers to a
dominant structure which originates incremental change but resists system innovations.
The concept of "regime" is at the heart of the multi-level perspective, the most widely
used framework of transition research, but it is yet only loosely defined. The absence of shared definitions, concept specifications and operationalizations of key concepts of transition research is a major obstacle for defining (and especially for comparing) models.
In this thesis, five defining characteristics of regimes are developed and a method to structure and graphically represent knowledge about a regime is introduced.
Furthermore, theoretical and conceptual work has been complemented by hands-on
experience to make methodological and theoretical deliberations tangible. An agent-based model has been developed which addresses the transition from rainfed to irrigated agriculture in the Upper Guadiana, Spain. The purpose of the model is to bridge a gap in the explanation for the observed process. Case specific literature provides information on driving forces (technological development, changes in regulations) and consequences (amount of irrigation). The model focuses on the farmers which "translate" driving forces
into practices of irrigation and water use. It studies the effect of weights farmers attach to a list of priorities. The main findings are that interactions of factors have to be considered and that it is important to acknowledge heterogeneity of farm types to understand empirically observed land-use changes.
Based on the outlined work, different possibilities to model system innovations have been abstracted and discussed with respect to their advantages and limitations: a) functional subsystems, b) interacting structures (niches, regimes and landscape) as suggested by the multi-level perspective and c) micro-level entities (actors, technological artefacts, institutions, etc.). None of these representations is superior to the other ones per se but
each features certain advantages and drawbacks. The model purpose is a necessary
guideline to choose an appropriate representation and to distinguish those parts and aspects of a system which need to be captured from negligible ones.
The main findings of this thesis can be summarized as follows: System innovations
feature several characteristics which put model-based approaches to this topic on the most challenging edge of the broader endeavour of understanding and modelling social systems. Those are the significance of emergent decay and re-creation of structure during system innovations; the vast scope of system innovations involving several types of subsystems (consumption, production, governance, and nature); the intertwinement of system innovations with their governance – a field which is hardly accessible to modelling; the complexity of the topic; and the unpredictability of innovations.
Still, it is concluded that models can be useful as thinking tools. In any case, given the complexity of the topic and the underdeveloped knowledge base, adhering to transparency is essential. In a field as vast and complex as system innovations this requires either very strong simplifications or restricting a model's scope to some parts or aspects of an overall process. This thesis proposes to make use of existing building blocks of understanding of
an intermediate level of complexity – e.g. timing and kind of multi-level interactions - to define abstractions and model scope. The challenge to identify, specify, understand and relate conceptual building blocks, to identify the contexts and situations in which each of them becomes relevant and to explicate their role in the overall system innovation could be an agenda for transition modelling for the coming years.
Modelling system innovations will remain a huge challenge in the near future. However,
this thesis fathoms that models can be valuable tools contributing to the enhancement of the knowledge base of the field; little by little adding to answers of the "big questions".
The specific role(s) models of system innovations can play in this endeavour needs to be further explored and discussed.
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Analyse und Gestaltung der Lebenszykluskosten von Funknetzinfrastrukturen: Entwicklung, Anwendung und Transfer eines Modellierungs- und ManagementkonzeptsLindner, Romy 27 November 2013 (has links)
Der wirtschaftliche Erfolg von Unternehmen der Mobilfunkbranche wird nicht nur durch die zuverlässige Bereitstellung von Diensten und die Entwicklung innovativer Geschäftsmodelle, sondern auch durch die Planung, Errichtung und Unterhaltung qualitativ hochwertiger und kosteneffizienter Funknetzinfrastrukturen bestimmt. Angesichts eines rasanten technischen Fortschritts, der Veränderung von Kundenansprüchen sowie der Komplexität und Langlebigkeit der Funknetze stellt dies eine enorme Herausforderung dar. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird zur Sicherstellung einer langfristigen Wirtschaftlichkeit der Infrastruktur im Rahmen der Arbeit ein aus drei miteinander verzahnten Bausteinen bestehendes Modellierungs- und Managementkonzept zur Analyse und Gestaltung der Lebenszykluskosten von Funknetzinfrastrukturen entwickelt. Den ersten Baustein repräsentieren Entscheidungsmodell(system)e, deren Bildung und Auswertung sich zur Vorbereitung von Investitionsentscheidungen bei komplexen, infrastrukturbezogenen Problemstellungen eignet. Ansätze eines lebenszyklusorientierten Target Costing für die Infrastruktur von Funknetzen als zweiter Baustein tragen zum Aufdecken von Kostensenkungspotenzialen bei und liefern Ansatzpunkte zur marktgerechten Gestaltung der Infrastruktur. Die erfolgreiche Anwendung des Konzepts unterstützen Ansätze bzw. IT-Lösungen zur Bereitstellung zeit- und sachgerechter Informationen (dritter Baustein). Schließlich wird die Anwendbarkeit des Konzepts auf praxisbezogene Fragestellungen demonstriert sowie die Transferierbarkeit der Erkenntnisse auf weitere komplexe technische Systeme, hier Werkzeugmaschinen, geprüft. / The economic success of companies in the mobile communications industry is determined not only by a reliable provision of services and by the development of innovative business models, but also by the planning, construction, operation and maintenance of high quality and cost-effective radio network infrastructures. This represents an enormous challenge in view of rapid technological progress, changes in customer requirements as well as complexity and longevity of radio networks. Against this background and in order to ensure a long-term cost-effectiveness of infrastructure, a modeling and management concept that allows to analyze and to influence the life cycle costs of radio network infrastructures is developed. This concept consists of three interlinked components. (Systems of) Decision models represent the first component. They are suitable for preparing decision-making about investments in view of complex, infrastructure-related (decision) problems. Approaches of a life cycle oriented target costing for radio network infrastructures as the second component make cost reduction potentials accessible and provide starting points for the market-driven design of infrastructure. The successful application of the concept is supported by IT solutions, which provide appropriate information (third component). Finally, the practical use of the concept is demonstrated and it is investigated whether findings are transferable to other complex technical systems – here machine tools.
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Identification of Improvement areas in Servitization within European Space Exploration : A multi-stakeholder case study of challenges in servitization / Identifiering av förbättringsområden inom tjänstefiering i Europeisk rymdutforskning: En case studie av utmaningar inom tjänstefieringMalmberg, Jonathan January 2023 (has links)
The space industry is currently undergoing a significant servitization-shift as space agencies globally are transitioning from the government-led product-oriented procurement approach, that has been the standard for decades, to a more commercial service-oriented procurement approach. The purpose of the thesis is to identify what challenges exists within servitization in European space exploration and translate these into related improvement areas for the service-oriented procurement approach adopted by the European Space Agency (ESA). The thesis adopts a qualitative case-study approach where four different commercial services, developed through a commercial partnership between ESA and private enterprises, are being studied. In total, the study identifies 21 challenges across three different life-cycle stages for the commercial services. First, the study identifies cultural challenges for both the space agency and industry as they struggle in transitioning to a service culture from the existing culture that is strongly linked with the traditional approach. Second, the study also identifies several challenges related to how the processes established within the frame of the commercial partnership are currently inadequate to support the transition to commercial services. In particular, the study highlights knowledge gaps related to business planning and marketing, insufficient processes to ensure a balance in cost and quality incentives and high barriers of entry for SMEs. Finally, the study identifies relational challenges with regards to the collaboration between the space agency and the commercial partner. The results indicate that the collaboration between ESA and the commercial partners currently lack the necessary transparency and efficiency in collaboration needed to succeed with servitization. In order to resolve these challenges, the study proposes 21 different improvement areas for ESA in relation to its commercialisation initiative. In particular, the thesis highlights process improvements related to the choice of procurement approach, development of business plans, evaluation of upfront commitment to utilization and visibility into the service design. The thesis concludes by highlighting the need for continued work with development of improvements. The thesis results serve as a starting point for developing a future approach of planning and managing development of commercial services within space exploration. / Rymdindustrin genomgår för närvarande en betydande tjänstefiering där rymdorganisationer globalt övergår från en statligt styrd produkt-orienterad tjänste-orienterad upphandlingsmetod. Syftet med examensarbetet är att identifiera vilkautmaningar som finns inom tjänstefiering i europeisk rymdutforskning samt vilka relaterade förbättringsområden som följaktligen finns inom den tjänste-orienterade upphandlingsmetod som European Space Agency (ESA) har antagit. Examensarbetet baseras på en fallstudie där fyra olika kommersiella tjänster, utvecklade genom ett kommersiellt partnerskap mellan ESA och privata företag, studeras. Studien identifierar totalt sett 21 utmaningar över tre olika livscykelfaser för de kommersiella tjänsterna. För det första identifierar studien kulturella utmaningar för både rymdorganisationen och industrin upplever svårigheter i att övergå från den befintliga kulturen som starkt är kopplad till den traditionella metoden till en tjänste-orienterad kultur. För det andra identifierar studien även flera utmaningar relaterade till hur processerna som etablerats inom ramen för det kommersiella partnerskapet för närvarande är otillräckliga för att stödja övergången till kommersiella tjänster. Studien lyfter särskilt fram kunskapsluckor inom affärsplanering och marknadsföring, otillräckliga processer för att säkerställa balans mellan kostnads- och kvalitetsincitament samt höga inträdeshinder för små och medelstora företag. Slutligen identifierar studien relationsmässiga utmaningar med avseende på samarbetet mellan rymdorganisationen och den kommersiella partnern. Resultaten indikerar att samarbetet mellan ESA och industrin idag saknar den nödvändiga transparensen och effektiviteten i samarbetet som krävs för att lyckas med tjänstefiering. För att lösa dessa utmaningar föreslår studien 21 olika förbättringsområden för ESA i relation till dess kommersialiseringsinitiativ. Särskilt framhävs processförbättringar relaterade till val av upphandlingsmetod, utveckling av affärsplaner, utvärdering av tidiga åtaganden för utnyttjande och insyn i tjänstedesignen. Examensarbetet avslutas med att betona behovet av fortsatt arbete med utveckling av förbättringar. Resultaten utgör en startpunkt för att utveckla en framtida strategi för planering och hantering av utvecklingen av kommersiella tjänster inom rymdutforskning.
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AI in the Swedish Food System : Exploring Adoption, Challenges, and Opportunities in Primary Production through a Socio-Technical Lens / AI i det svenska livsmedelssystemet : Utforska antagande, utmaningar och möjligheter i primärproduktionen genom en socioteknisk linsZakeri, Amirhadi, Lei, Yiming January 2024 (has links)
Artificial intelligence (AI) holds immense potential to revolutionize the global food system, driving sustainability, enhancing efficiency, and addressing food security challenges. However, the successful integration of AI in the food system demands a deep understanding of the complex interplay between technology, social factors, economic considerations, and ethical implications. This study explores the opportunities and challenges in implementing AI technologies within the Swedish food system, focusing on primary production. The research utilizes an expanded Socio-Technical System Theory (STST) framework, incorporating economic and ethical dimensions alongside the traditional social and technical levels. Literature review and semi-structured interviews provide insights into the dynamics of AI adoption in the Swedish context. The findings reveal that AI adoption in the Swedish food system is currently in the early adopter phase, with broad range applications. However, the study also uncovers significant barriers to widespread AI adoption, including the lack of suitable business models, fragmented data sharing infrastructures, and ethical concerns surrounding data privacy and ownership. The analysis emphasizes the need for developing user-friendly interfaces, leveraging narrow AI applications, and establishing seamless data flow across the food value chain. The study contributes to the theoretical development of the Socio-Technical System Theory framework by demonstrating the importance of incorporating economic and ethical dimensions in understanding the complex dynamics of AI adoption in socio-technical systems. The findings also have practical implications for policymakers, industry actors, and researchers, emphasizing the significance of context-specific AI development, as well as the need for collaborative innovation processes. The research acknowledges its limitations, including the focus on primary production and the reliance on qualitative methods, and identifies potential areas for future research, such as comparative analyses across different food sectors and the use of quantitative approaches. In conclusion, this study provides a timely and critical contribution to the understanding of AI's role and potential in transforming the Swedish food system. It indicates the need for developing suitable business plans, establishing data sharing platforms, and ensuring a harmonized data flow to harness the benefits of AI while navigating its challenges and risks, paving the way for a more sustainable and resilient food future. / Artificiell intelligens (AI) har enorm potential att revolutionera det globala livsmedelssystemet, driva hållbarhet, förbättra effektiviteten och hantera livsmedelssäkerhetsutmaningar. Men en framgångsrik integration av AI i livsmedelssystemet kräver en djup förståelse för det komplexa samspelet mellan teknik, sociala faktorer, ekonomiska överväganden och etiska implikationer. Denna studie utforskar möjligheterna och utmaningarna med att implementera AI-teknologier inom det svenska livsmedelssystemet, med fokus på primärproduktionen. Forskningen använder ett utökat ramverk för Socioteknisk Systemteori (STST), som inkluderar ekonomiska och etiska dimensioner tillsammans med de traditionella sociala och tekniska nivåerna. Litteraturöversikt och halvstrukturerade intervjuer ger insikter i dynamiken kring AI-antagande i svensk kontext. Resultaten visar att AI-antagandet i det svenska livsmedelssystemet för närvarande befinner sig i den tidiga antagandefasen, med breda tillämpningar. Studien avslöjar dock också betydande hinder för ett utbrett AI-antagande, inklusive bristen på lämpliga affärsmodeller, fragmenterade datadelingsinfrastrukturer och etiska bekymmer kring dataintegritet och ägande. Analysen betonar behovet av att utveckla användarvänliga gränssnitt, utnyttja smala AI-applikationer och etablera sömlösa dataflöden över hela livsmedelsvärdekedjan. Studien bidrar till den teoretiska utvecklingen av Socioteknisk Systemteori genom att visa vikten av att inkludera ekonomiska och etiska dimensioner för att förstå den komplexa dynamiken kring AI-antagande i sociotekniska system. Resultaten har också praktiska implikationer för beslutsfattare, branschaktörer och forskare, och betonar betydelsen av kontextspecifik AI-utveckling samt behovet av samarbetsinriktade innovationsprocesser. Forskningen erkänner sina begränsningar, inklusive fokus på primärproduktion och beroende av kvalitativa metoder, och identifierar potentiella områden för framtida forskning, såsom jämförande analyser över olika livsmedelssektorer och användningen av kvantitativa metoder. Sammanfattningsvis ger denna studie ett aktuellt och kritiskt bidrag till förståelsen av AI roll och potential i att transformera det svenska livsmedelssystemet. Den pekar på behovet av att utveckla lämpliga affärsplaner, etablera plattformar för datadelning och säkerställa ett harmoniserat dataflöde för att utnyttja AI fördelar samtidigt som man navigerar dess utmaningar och risker, och banar vägen för en mer hållbar och motståndskraftig livsmedelsframtid.
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