Los sistemas de posicionamiento global GNSS (GPS y GLONASS) se han convertido en una herramienta básica para obtener medidas geodésicas de la Tierra y en una fuente de datos para el estudio atmosférico. Proporcionan cobertura global y permanente y por la precisión, exactitud y densidad de datos, las señales radio transmitidas pueden ser usadas para la representación espacio-temporal de la atmósfera.La tecnología de los receptores GPS ha evolucionado con una sorprendente rapidez, resultando en instrumentos con suficiente calidad de medida para ser utilizados en estudios geodésicos, comparables a los resultados de técnicas como la interferometría de muy larga base (VLBI), y estudios atmosféricos cuyos resultados pueden ser usados en meteorología.En la tesis Tomografía Atmosférica utilizando Señales Radio de Satélites nos hemos centrado en el uso del sistema GPS por disponer mayor cantidad y calidad de referencias y herramientas para el procesado de los datos. No obstante, se ha demostrado la posibilidad de extender el concepto a cualquier sistema de transmisión radio desde satélite como sondeador atmosférico. La estructura de la tesis se ha dividido en dos áreas: el procesado de datos GPS para extraer información referente a los parámetros atmosféricos de interés, y la aplicación de técnicas tomográficas para la resolución de problemas inversos. En particular, la tomografía se ha aplicado a la ionosfera y la atmósfera neutra. En ambos casos, los resultados tienen un innegable impacto socio-económico: a) la monitorización del estado ionosférico es fundamental por las perturbaciones que la ionosfera provoca en las transmisiones radio que la atraviesan, y b) la estimación del contenido de vapor de agua de la troposfera es de utilidad en la predicción meteorológica y climática.La tomografía ionosférica se empezó a desarrollar usando únicamente datos de la red global IGS. A continuación se mejoró la resolución vertical mediante la utilización de datos de ocultaciones del experimento GPS/MET. La mejora de la resolución se ve limitada a la región en la que estos datos existen. Finalmente, se utilizaron datos de altimetría del satélite TOPEX/POSEIDON para mejorar los mapas y para demostrar la posibilidad de calibración instrumental de los altímetros radar usando técnicas tomográficas.La aplicación a la troposfera se obtuvo tras la mejora y refinamiento tanto del procesado de datos GPS como del proceso de inversión tomográfica. Los primeros resultados se obtuvieron mediante los datos experimentales de la red permanente en Kilauea, Hawaii, por la configuración particular de los receptores. Estos resultados demostraban la capacidad de obtener representaciones espacio-temporales de la troposfera mediante datos GPS. El análisis de los datos de la campaña REGINA, realizada en el Onsala Space Observatory, nos permitió la descripción de un fenómeno meteorológico complejo mediante la tomografía troposférica usando datos GPS y su verificación por comparación directa con medidas realizadas por radiosondeo.En conclusión, se ha demostrado la posibilidad de aplicar tomografía a la atmósfera utilizando señales radio de satélites y, en particular, la constelación GPS. / The Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GPS and GLONASS) have become a basic tool to obtain geodetic measurements of the Earth and a source of data for the atmospheric analysis. Since these systems provide a global, dense and permanent coverage with precise and accurate data, the radio signals they transmit can be used for the spatio-temporal representation of the atmosphere.GPS receivers technology has evolved at a surprising pace: nowadays they have sufficient measurement quality as to be used in geodetic studies, together with other techniques such as the Very Long Base Interferometry (VLBI), and in atmospheric studies whose results can be input into meteorological analysis.In the thesis "Atmospheric Tomography Using Satellite Radio Signals" we have focused on the use of GPS system due to the better quality and quantity of references and tools for the data processing. This notwithstanding, we have proven the possibility to broaden the concept to include any other radio signal transmitting satellite system as an atmospheric sounder. The thesis has been divided into two main areas: GPS data processing to extract the information related to the atmospheric parameters under study, and the implementation of tomographic techniques to the solution of the inverse problem. In particular, tomography has been applied to the ionosphere and to the neutral atmosphere. In both cases, results have a socio-economic impact: a) monitoring the ionosphere is essential for radio transmissions across it because of the perturbations it may produce on the signal, and b) estimating water vapour content in the troposphere is highly useful for meteorological and climate forecastFor the ionospheric tomography we initally only used the data from the global IGS network. Vertical resolution was afterwards improved using the occultation data of the GPS/MET experiment. The improvement, however, was limited to the region where these data existed. Finally, we used altimeter data from the TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite to improve the maps and to prove the radar altimeter calibration capability of the tomographic technique.The application to the troposphere was possible after the improvement and refinement of both the GPS data processing and the tomographic inversion. The first results were obtained using the experimental data from the permanent network in Kilauea, Hawaii. The particular geometry of the receivers in this local network made it highly suited for these initial results, which proved the possibility of obtaining spatio-temporal representations of the troposphere using GPS data. The data analysis of the REGINA campaign, which took place at the Onsala Space Observatory, provided the description of a complex meteorological phenomenon using only GPS data tropospheric tomography. We verified the results with a direct comparison with radiosonde data.Concluding, we have demonstrated the capabilities of atmospheric tomography using satellite radio signals, with particular emphasis on the GPS signals.

Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSPs) are a class of decision problems where one usually fixes a structure A and seeks to decide whether or not a given conjunction of atomic formulas is satisfiable in A or not. It has been shown by Bodirsky and Grohe that every computational decision problem is equivalent to some CSP via a polynomial-time Turing reduction. For structures A with finite domain Zhuk and Bulatov both proved an algebraic criterion classifying in which cases the CSP of A is in P and when it is NP-hard. For some classes of structures with infinite domain, there are similar P vs NP-hard dichotomies. This thesis continues the latter line of research for CSPs of first-order theories. In this version of CSPs, a theory is fixed and one seeks to decide whether or not a given conjunction of atomic formulas is satisfiable in some model of T. Assuming that the CSPs of theories T1 and T2 are polynomial-time tractable, we prove necessary and sufficient conditions for polynomial-time tractability of the union of T1 and T2. For some classes of theories, P vs NP-hard dichotomies are proven. To achieve this, various 'combinations' of structures are examined, a technique called 'sampling' is generalized to theories and clones of polymorphisms of temporal structures are examined in detail.

Precisely timed behavior and accurate time perception plays a critical role in our everyday lives, as our wellbeing and even survival can depend on well-timed decisions. Although the temporal structure of the world around us is essential for human decision making, we know surprisingly little about how representation of temporal structure of our everyday environment impacts decision making. How does the representation of temporal structure affect our ability to generate well-timed decisions? Here we address this question by using a well-established dynamic probabilistic learning task. Using computational modeling, we found that human subjects' beliefs about temporal structure are reflected in their choices to either exploit their current knowledge or to explore novel options. The model-based analysis illustrates a large within-group and within-subject heterogeneity. To explain these results, we propose a normative model for how temporal structure is used in decision making, based on the semi-Markov formalism in the active inference framework. We discuss potential key applications of the presented approach to the fields of cognitive phenotyping and computational psychiatry.

No description available.

Le langage de Salvatore Sciarrino et celui de Brian Ferneyhough sembleraient aux antipodes : l’un doté d’une ligne épurée de tout excès, l’autre avec une notation surchargée de détails. La structure temporelle de leurs langages pourraient toutefois trouver un point de contact dans deux pièces pour flûte seule : L’orologio di Bergson de Sciarrino et Carceri d’Invenzione IIb de Ferneyhough. La pièce de Sciarrino est structurée sur la périodicité de certains éléments qui, par leur récurrence, créent une sensation de temps circulaire. Celle de Ferneyhough, bien que plus complexe à la surface, emploie la même idée de récurrence du matériau. La simplicité des éléments sonores de Sciarrino laisse la place à des unités de matériau incandescentes. Cette thèse a comme but de montrer une certaine similarité quant à la gestion du temps, et quant à son déroulement. L’analyse de plusieurs interprétations montrera aussi comment les interprètes s’approprient cette conception temporelle. / At first impression, the language of Salvatore Sciarrino and that of Brian Ferneyhough seem to be antipodes, two extremes exactly opposite to each other: one simple, pure, deprived of any unnecessary excess, while the other rich, complex, decorated with all the possible details. However, in these two pieces for flute solo, there is a common ground that can be found: L’orologio di Bergson of Salvatore Sciarrino and Carceri d’Invenzione IIb of Brian Ferneyhough. The piece of Sciarrino is structured on the periodicity of certain elements, by their recurrence, which create a sensation of circular time. While the piece of Ferneyhough, although, seemingly much more complex, employs the same idea of recurrence of the material. The simplicity of the sonic elements of Sciarrino gives the space to the unity of the incandescent materials. The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate some certain similarity, concerning the time management and its development. The analysis of several interpretation also shows how the interpreters adapt themselves to this time conception.

Nous nous demandons dans ce travail de quelle manière "quand" modifie l'interprétation qui serait faite d'une séquence de propositions P. Q ou Q. P lorsqu'il préfixe P. Après avoir souligné les problèmes que cette question soulevé dans plusieurs études fondatrices en sémantique temporelle, nous apportons des arguments pour défendre la théorie, admise par plusieurs auteurs, selon laquelle "quand P" est un adverbial de localisation temporelle. Nous montrons que les propriétés discursives de P, souvent traitée dans la littérature comme une proposition présupposée, s'expliquent par cette seule contrainte : "quand" impose de traiter cette proposition comme la description d'un repère temporel utilisé dans l'interprétation de Q. Nous montrons en outre que la théorie selon laquelle "quand P" désigne un repère temporel permet de rendre compte des contraintes qui pèsent sur les relations chronologiques pouvant s'établir entre les événements eP et eQ des deux propositions. En particulier, nous avançons que l'inférence d'une relation de succession immédiate entre eP et eQ reflète l'une des relations qui peuvent s'établir entre le référent d'un adverbial de localisation et l'événement qu'il localise : le référent de l'adverbial sert de borne initiale à l'intervalle d'occurrence de l'événement. Enfin, nous étudions la manière dont la description d'éventualité et le marqueur temporel accueillis par P contribuent à la sémantique de l'adverbial "quand P". Nous précisons les propriétés quantificationnelles et temporelles conférées au référent de "quand P" par les différents temps du français et expliquons par ces propriétés les contraintes de cooccurrence qui pèsent sur l'emploi des temps dans P et Q. / In this work, we adress the following question: how does "quand" change the interpretation that may be made of a sequence of clauses P. Q or Q. P when it prefixes P? After highlighting the problems that this matter raises in several pioneering studies in temporal semantics, we provide arguments to defend the theory E accepted by several authors E that quand P is a temporal locating adverbial. We show that the discourse properties of P, which is often treated in the literature as a presupposed proposition, is explained by the following single constraint: "quand" demands to treat this clause as the description of a time mark to be used in the interpretation of Q. We further show that the theory that "quand P" designates a time mark accounts for the constraints on the temporal relations that can be established between eP and eQ, the events of both clauses. In particular, we argue that the inference that eQ immediately follows eP reflects one of the relations that can be established between the referent of a temporal locating adverbial and the event it locates: the referent of the adverbial provides an initial bound to the interval of occurrence of the event. Finally, we study how the event description and the tense of P contribute to the semantics of the adverbial "quand P". We specify the quantificational and temporal properties imparted to the referent of quand P by the different tenses of French and explain these properties by co-occurrence constraints that impact the use of tenses in P and Q.

Les travaux de cette thèse visent la connaissance et la compréhension de l'articulation temporelle des mobilités individuelles (quotidiennes, de weekend et de longue distance) en France selon les localisations résidentielles, par taille d'aire urbaine et position par rapport au centre du bassin, via l'élaboration d'un diagnostic annuel en termes d'émission de CO2 afin d'éclairer la question du réchauffement climatique. A la description méthodologique de l'outil, s'appuyant sur les données de l'Enquête Nationale Transports et Déplacements 2007- 2008, succède la présentation de certains résultats marquants, déclinant la répartition de ces émissions selon les lieux d'habitat: Au delà des premières analyses descriptives, une caractérisation typologique des comportements de mobilité a abouti à quatre profils-types selon les budgets d'émissions de CO2 sur ces trois segments temporels de la mobilité. Chacun de ces comportements-types n'est pas uniquement repérable (ni uniforme) dans un seul type d'espace. Un certain « effet barbecue » est visible mais il n'est sans doute pas suffisamment fort pour pouvoir confirmer que les habitants des (grands) centres villes ruinent nécessairement durant le weekend leurs comportements plutôt vertueux en semaine grâce à l'utilisation de modes moins polluants. Les études de cas selon le genre, les grands voyageurs (grands pendulaires ou transcontinentaux), et certains motifs de déplacements (achat, loisirs), sont des coups de projecteurs qui ont apporté des résultats complémentaires. Enfin, l'analyse des taux d'occupation sur l'exemple de l'automobile pour des déplacements locaux a montré qu'un meilleur remplissage des véhicules est un facteur important de l'efficacité énergétique (et donc du CO2) des déplacements. / My thesis concern is about knowledge and in depth-understanding of the annual distribution of individual mobility in France (distinguishing daily, weekend and long distance trips) according to the residential locations (by category of urban areas) via the development of an annual CO2 emissions assessment, to address the issue of climate change. After a brief methodological description of the tool, using the dataset of the most recent French National Transport Survey (2007-2008), the paper presents some typical results, declining the distribution of CO2 emissions due to this mobility according to the zone of residence: beyond the initial descriptive analyses, a cluster analysis of mobility behavior results in four profiles of mobility according to the CO2-emissions budgets on these three time segments of mobility. It shows that each type of mobility behavior is not available (nor uniform) in only one type of space. A "cocooning effect" can be detected but it is probably not strong enough to confirm that the citizens of (large) city centers during the weekend necessarily ruin their rather virtuous behavior on week days through the use of less polluting modes. Case studies by gender, frequent travelers (pendulous or transcontinental), and some travel purposes (e.g. shopping, leisure) provide additional results. Finally, the analysis of occupancy rates of the car for local travel shows, that more passengers in a vehicle is an important factor for its energy efficiency (and therefore CO2) due to mobility.

Les habiletés rythmiques varient considérablement d’un individu à l’autre. Cependant, notre compréhension du lien entre ces variations au niveau comportemental et les marqueurs électrophysiologiques qui les sous-tendent est incertaine. L’objectif du travail actuel était d’examiner la signature cérébrale (EEG) des différences individuelles des habiletés rythmiques impliquant la prédiction temporelle (i.e., perceptuelles, sensorimotrices). Les participants (n=43) ont effectué deux tâches provenant de la Battery for the Assessment of Auditory Sensorimotor and Rhythmic abilities (BAASTA, Dalla Bella et al., 2017). De plus, l’activité cérébrale de ces participants a été enregistrée lors d’une tâche de prédiction temporelle. Cette tâche utilisant le paradigme du stimulus discordant (i.e., oddball paradigm) consistait en la présentation de sons purs standards (i.e., non pertinents) et discordants (i.e., pertinents) sur des séquences isochrones ou non-isochrones (i.e., régulières ou non). Les résultats ont montré des différences individuelles dans les habiletés rhythmiques se reflétant au niveau des composantes ERP. Chez tous les participants, des meilleures habiletés sensorimotrices ont été associées à de plus petites amplitudes de la P50 lors de la présentation de sons standards, suggérant une inhibition accrue des stimuli non pertinents. Aussi, l’amplitude de la composante N100 pourrait servir de marqueur de la capacité de traitement de la discordance des stimuli. Effectivement, les individus ayant de bonnes habiletés de traitement du rythme, présente des amplitudes moins négatives de la N100 pour les sons discordants présentés régulièrement, suggérant une discrimination accrue des sons discordants. Ainsi, ces résultats ajoutent à notre compréhension des processus sous-jacents aux différences individuelles dans les habiletés rhythmiques. / It is known that rhythmic abilities vary widely in the general population. However, our understanding of the link between these variations at the behavioral level and their underlying brain electrophysiological patterns is uncertain. The aim of the present work was to investigate the electrophysiological correlates of individual differences in rhythmic abilities (i.e., perceptual, sensorimotor). Participants (n=43) performed two tasks of rhythmic abilities (beat alignment test and paced tapping) from the Battery for the Assessment of Auditory Sensorimotor and Rhythmic abilities (BAASTA, Dalla Bella et al., 2017). Moreover, the brain activity (EEG) of these participants was recorded while they performed a temporal predictability task. This task consisted in an oddball paradigm where standard (i.e., irrelevant tones) and deviant (i.e., relevant tones) sinusoidal tones were presented in isochronous (i.e., regular) and temporally random (i.e., irregular) sequences. Results indicated that individual differences in rhythmic abilities are reflected in electrophysiological markers of temporal predictability. Across all participants, improved sensorimotor abilities were associated with smaller amplitudes of the P50 auditory evoked potential to standard tones, suggesting increased inhibition of irrelevant stimuli. Moreover, the amplitude of the N100 component serve as a potential marker of the ability to process stimuli deviance. Indeed, individuals with good rhythm abilities have less negative amplitudes of N100 for deviant tones presented in the isochronous sequence, suggesting enhanced discrimination of deviant tones. Altogether, these findings add to our understanding of the processes underlying individual differences in rhythmic abilities.