This thesis explores South African author K Sello Duiker's The Quiet Violence of Dreams (2001) as a narration of personal and national trauma. This narration of trauma, as a disruption of the past in the present, provides insight to an imagination of recursive temporality. Through the temporal insights trauma introduces, it understands a shared history which is outside of modern, linear progression, a history which is always happening, not needing to prove itself but begging to be witnessed. It is this imagination of a collective, recursive history which translates, in the text, towards a decidedly decolonial witnessing.

Roman épistolaire célébré par son siècle, Julie ou La Nouvelle Héloïse (1762) offre une réflexion d’une criante actualité. Par le déploiement d’une érotique placée sous l’égide de la connaissance, Rousseau voit dans l’amour le couronnement de sa réflexion politique et morale, articulée autour de la question des rapports, conformément à l’ouvrage fondamental mais non premier du système, à savoir l’Emile. Il y va en effet, dans La Nouvelle Héloïse, de la confrontation brutale de l’amour à des circonstances mondaines qui le contrarient sans pouvoir l’éteindre. Au sein de cette lutte, Julie cristallise le combat mené par la vertu au nom d’une passion qui, bien que conforme à la nature, ne peut se maintenir dans le monde sans impliquer indéfectiblement sa propre contrariété. Il s’agit alors tout autant de la mise en lumière des difficultés propres au système, que du jaillissement d’une érotique complexe au sein de laquelle le langage, vecteur de la temporalité à l’œuvre dans l’amour, devient la forme par laquelle le sentiment s’actualise tout au long d’une véritable phénoménologie morale, admirablement composée, qui suit les amants de la naissance de leurs feux à la mort de l’héroïne. En se présentant comme simple éditeur des lettres qu’il a rédigées depuis le pays de ses chimères, celui que Kant désignait comme le Newton du monde moral déplace la question de l’authenticité de la correspondance et permet ainsi à la passion amoureuse d’accéder pleinement à l’universalité vers laquelle elle ouvre, tout en révélant la conquête de l’identité qu’elle opère, au sein de la contradiction déchirante entre intérêt particulier et intérêt collectif. / An epistolary novel celebrated during its century, Julie, or the New Heloise (1762) offers a resoundingly topical reflection. By using erotica under the aegis of knowledge, Rousseau sees in love the peak of his political and moral reflection, articulated around the question of interactions, conforming to the fundamental albeit not the first piece of his system, i.e. Emile. In The New Heloise, there is a brutal confrontation between love and social circumstances that contradict the former without being able to extinguish it. In the core of this confrontation, Julie crystallises the fight brought by virtue of a passion that, albeit in conformity with nature, cannot remain in the world without unfailingly resulting in its own contradiction. The inherent difficulties in the system are thus touched upon as much the emergence of a complex erotica at the core of which language, vector of the temporality that operates within love, becomes the form by which feeling is actualised throughout an admirably composed moral phenomenology which follows the lovers from the birth of their passion to the death of the heroine. By presenting himself simply as the editor of the letters that he wrote from the depths of his fantasies, the one who Kant designated as the Newton of the moral world changes the question of the correspondence’s authenticity, and thus allows romantic passion to fully reach the universality towards which it opens, all while revealing the conquest for identity that it enables, in the heart of the harrowing contradiction between individual and collective interest.

O objetivo do estudo foi compreender como estudantes do ensino fundamental mobilizam elementos e operações do pensamento histórico suscitados pelo desafio de narrar a história do Brasil. A tarefa enfrentada pelos sujeitos da pesquisa provocou uma série movimentos cognitivos: selecionar eventos, personagens, períodos e conceitos na longa temporalidade, interpretá-los e articula-los num relato explicativo que servisse de orientação para o interlocutor. Para consecução dos objetivos propostos, a investigação partiu da reflexão sobre as relações entre pensamento e linguagem, tomando as formas narrativas como ferramentas culturais fundamentais no processo de desenvolvimento cognitivo e na aprendizagem. Com essa premissa, foram discutidas as especificidades da narrativa na produção do conhecimento histórico, suas relações com a aprendizagem histórica e a formação do pensamento/consciência histórica, tendo como referencial teórico principal as proposições de Jörn Rüsen (2001, 2009) sobre a constituição narrativa do conhecimento e pensamento histórico e das estruturas da consciência histórica. No percurso metodológico de caráter qualitativo buscou-se articular os aportes de Rüsen com referenciais oriundos de pesquisas empíricas, notadamente as realizadas pela Educação Histórica no Brasil e em Portugal, de modo que subsidiassem a análise dos materiais escritos recolhidos em oito turmas da oitava série/nono ano de uma escola da rede municipal de São Paulo em 2010 e 2011. Foi realizada a descrição e análise dos marcadores históricos (acontecimentos, agentes, temporalidades e espaços), caracterizados como conteúdos e conceitos históricos substantivos estruturantes e das formas de sua articulação nas narrativas coletadas. A análise e reflexão desses elementos possibilitaram a identificação de perfis das estruturas narrativas dos estudantes e das perspectivas de atribuição de significância histórica. Desse modo foi possível evidenciar a compreensão e interpretação dos estudantes sobre o passado e a história, auxiliando no entendimento de elementos e processos de formação do pensamento e da consciência histórica no grupo investigado. / The aim of this study was to understand how students from basic education mobilize elements and historical thinking operations raised by the challenge of narrating the History of Brazil. The task faced by the researched actors led to a series of cognitive movements: events selection, characters, periods and concepts in long temporality, interpret them and articulate them in a explanatory account that would provide guidance to the interlocutor. For the attainment of the proposed aims, the research started from a reflection about the relations between think and language, taking the narrative shapes as fundamental cultural tools in the cognitive development process and learning. By this premise, was discussed the specificities of narrative in historical knowledge production, their relations with historical learning and the historical thinking /consciousness, taking as main theoretical the propositions of Jörn Rüsen (2001, 2009) about the creation of knowledge and historical thinking, and structures of historical consciousness. In a qualitative methodological approach sought to articulate the contributions of Rüsen with references from empirical research, especially those carried out by history education in Brazil and Portugal, so that subsidize the analysis of written materials collected in eight classes of eighth grade / ninth year of a municipal school of Sao Paulo in 2010 and 2011. Was performed an analysis and description of historical markers (events, agents, temporalities and spaces), characterized as substantive historical content and structuring concepts and forms of its articulation in the narratives collected. The analysis and discussion of these elements allowed the identification of profiles of the narrative structures of students and assignment prospects of historical significance. Therefore it was possible to demonstrate the students understanding and interpretation of the past and history, assisting in the understanding of elements and formation processes of historical thinking and consciousness in the investigated group.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-03-22T15:16:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinablasiodasilva.pdf: 519158 bytes, checksum: e3dad350a305e1ab5d1adec238d1331b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-24T11:55:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinablasiodasilva.pdf: 519158 bytes, checksum: e3dad350a305e1ab5d1adec238d1331b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-24T11:55:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinablasiodasilva.pdf: 519158 bytes, checksum: e3dad350a305e1ab5d1adec238d1331b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-30 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho demonstra como Heidegger revela uma nova e mais original concepção de temporalidade a partir das leituras das epístolas paulinas e das confissões de Agostinho, a despeito da forma vulgar de compreensão do tempo, derivada da tradição herdada do pensamento grego. Para isto, percorre-se o desenvolvimento da questão temporal presente na obra de Heidegger em seu período de juventude, em particular as preleções Einleitung in die Phänomenologie der Religion (EPR) e Augustinus und der Neuplatonismus (AN), buscando elementos para analisar a concepção do tempo presente em Sein und Zeit (SZ). No primeiro curso analisado (EPR), Heidegger descobre, pelo estudo da vida dos cristãos descrita nas epístolas paulinas, um modo de como o presente, o passado e o futuro são vividos na experiência fática da vida através de uma decisão carregada de angústia. Em AN, é também revelada uma compreensão do tempo kairológico de Agostinho expressa no décimo livro de Confessiones, embora obscurecida pela adoção de uma concepção neoplatônica. Neste curso, o homem, que tem a particularidade de poder se colocar em questão, necessita viver em uma angustiante e ininterrupta tentação para alcançar a vera vita beata, i. é, Deus, em que é possível perder-se ou salvar-se a cada instante. Seguindo por esta via em SZ, Heidegger busca o fenômeno original da temporalidade para, a partir dele, esclarecer a necessidade e a origem da compreensão vulgar do tempo, em que o Dasein cotidiano conta o seu tempo, nivelando a temporalidade. O tempo autenticamente revela-se, assim, sempre remetido ao futuro como o desdobramento do próprio ser do Dasein em direção a sua possibilidade extrema e indeterminada de sua impossibilidade. / This work demonstrates how Heidegger reveals a new and more original conception of temporality from the studies of Paul’s Letters and Agostine’s confessions in spite of the common time understanding – which is derived from the Greek thought tradition. For that, the temporal question development present in early Heidegger’s work is adressed, in particular in the studies Einleitung in die Phänomenologie der Religion (EPR) and Augustinus und der Neuplatonismus (AN), to search for elements to analyze the concept of time present in Sein und Zeit. In the first analised curse (EPR), Heidegger discovers from the Christians lives discribed in Pauline’s Letters a way by which present, past and future are lived in fatical live experience through one decision filled with anguish. In AN, a understanding of Agostine’s kairological time – expressed in the tenth book of Confessiones – is also revealed, though this is darkened by the adoption of a Neoplatonic conception. In this course, the man – who has the particular power of put himself in question – needs to live in one anguisshand continuous temptation to reach the vera vita beata, i. e., God, where it is possible to be lost or be saved in each moment. Through this way in SZ, Heidegger searches the original phenomenon of temporality so that, from this, he could explain the need and the type of origin of common understanding of time, where the daily Dasein counts its time, levels the temporality. So, time is authentically revealed aways sent to the future the unfolding of Dasein’s Being itself towards his extreme and indetermined possibility of his impossibility.

La réduction de toute temporalité préalable à la conscience immanente du temps est le point de départ de la phénoménologie du temps. La question à laquelle il s’agit de répondre est de savoir (1) s’il est possible d’accomplir la réduction phénoménologique de toute temporalité préexistante, et (2) par ailleurs, quelles sont les conséquences à tirer de la possibilité ou de l’impossibilité de cette réduction pour l’expérience du temps et pour la constitution du temps objectif. Dans notre recherche nous avons thématisé la question du statut phénoménologie du temps du monde en tant que problème limite de la phénoménologie en nous appuyant, d’une part, sur les manuscrits de Husserl afin d’argumenter en faveur de la possibilité de la réduction phénoménologique et, d’autre part, sur la phénoménologie du temps de Merleau-Ponty et Blumenberg qui problématisent la possibilité de l’accomplissement de la réduction phénoménologique du temps dans leur approche critique à la phénoménologie transcendantale. Tandis que Husserl met entre parenthèses le temps du monde et réduit le temps donné à l'expérience subjective du temps, Merleau-Ponty et Blumenberg insistent quant à eux sur la pré-donation d'un temps général ainsi que sur sa manifestation comme une perturbation dans la vie du sujet. Le passé naturel du corps (tel qu’évoqué par Merleau-Ponty) et la facticité du temps du monde (telle qu’évoquée par Blumenberg) sont les aspects indéniables de l'expérience du temps qui restent négligés dans l’approche de la phénoménologie du temps de Husserl. L’apparition du temps n'est pas l'identification continue et homogène du flux de la conscience absolue avec elle-même mais un mouvement discontinu. / The reduction of any pre-given form of temporality to the immanent time-consciousness is the starting point of the phenomenology of time. The questions to be answered are (1) whether it is possible to accomplish this phenomenological reduction, and (2) what are the consequences of the possibility or the impossibility of this reduction for the experience of time and for the phenomenological constitution of objective time. In our research we have thematized the phenomenological status of the world-time as a limit problem of phenomenology by relying on Husserl manuscripts in order to argue in favor of the possibility of the phenomenological reduction, and on the phenomenology of time of Merleau-Ponty and Blumenberg who problematize the possibility of the accomplishment of the phenomenological reduction of time in their critical approach to the transcendental phenomenology. While Husserl brackets the world-time and reduces the given time to the subjective experience of time, Merleau-Ponty and Blumenberg insist on the pre-donation of a general time as well as on its manifestation as a perturbation in the life of the subject. The natural past of the body (Merleau-Ponty) and the facticity of world-time (Blumenberg) are the undeniable aspects of the time-experience, which remain neglected in Husserl’s approach to the phenomenology of time. The time-appearance is not the continuous and homogeneous identification of the flow of absolute consciousness with itself, but a discontinuous movement.

This research is dedicated to the connection between phenomenology of music and the temporal conception of Edmund Husserl who influenced new awareness of time in general and musical time in particular. The purpose of the research is foremost to expand horizons and options of musical-philosophical analysis through discovering the alternative understanding of musical perception in author's works especially in his «Vorlesungen zur Phänomenologie des inneren Zeitbewusstseins». The research consists of five main parts arranged by deductive principle: from the general key points of the subject - phenomenology of music (chapter 1), the role of musical art in studies and heritage of E. Husserl (chapter 2) and principles of phenomenological method as a base of temporality conception (chapter 3) the emphasis gradually shifts towards the research of Husserl's temporality conception which is directly connected to musical art which makes our subject notably actual. Besides that the research raises such questions as the role of the concept of time in music, comparison of Husserl's philosophy and A. Webern's music, importance of sense in composition and others. The fundamental and rare scientific studies of philosophy, musicology, sociology of music and other contiguous subjects in Czech and English languages were...

Le terme « temporalité » définit la question de l’être comme la primauté de l'Être-vers-la-mort (le temps de l’être depuis la naissance jusqu’à sa mort) et la nécessité de l'Être-tendant-vers-le-possible (le temps d’être, de faire). Avant que la mort ne soit absence et donc sentiment de manque, de perte, qui pousse les personnages à aller au-delà des confins avec les morts, l’être est confronté à ses obsessions, ses échecs et ses rêves, ses cauchemars et ses désirs. C’est une souffrance existentielle se manifestant par l’incertitude, le regret, le remords et, surtout, des crises d’identité dues à l’impossibilité pour l’homme de se connaître soi-même. De sa fragmentation, sa division et cet immense désir d’unité qui le possède découle la forte présence de la pluralité, de la recherche du double, cet autre, peut-être vraiment autre, différent, ou frère, ou miroir, qui ne se laissera jamais rattraper. Pourtant, c’est dans ce sens qu’il lui faut chercher si l’homme veut recueillir de minuscules pièces de son puzzle intérieur. C’est la pensée douloureuse (élément pour comprendre le monde) du temps d’un être qui, après avoir constaté que le vide immense a désormais pénétré tous les domaines de l’existence humaine et du monde, trouve sa propre marche à suivre pour se sortir de sa caverne intérieure dans la constitution fondamentale de l'Être-Soi-même tabucchien, à savoir un Être-tendant-vers-le-possible au quotidien. Parce qu’il n’y a pas d'être-au-monde possible sans la préoccupation de tout ce qui est à-portée-de-la-main, notre auteur s’interroge sans cesse, intervient sur tous les fronts et à tous les niveaux de son vécu. / The term temporality defines the question of the human being as the primacy of the being-going-towards-death (the time span of the human being from birth to death) and the necessity of the-being-going-towards-the-possible (the time of being/doing). Before death becomes absence and thus a feeling of lack, of loss, which drives people to go beyond the limits with the dead, the human being is confronted with his obsessions, his failures and his dreams, his nightmares and his desires. It's an existential suffering shown through incertitude, regret, remorse and, above all, identity crises, because it is impossible for man to know himself. From its fragmentation, division, and the immense desire for unity which possesses him, results the strong presence of plurality, the search for one's double, this other, perhaps really other, different, or brother, or mirror, which can never be caught. Nevertheless it is in this direction that man must search if he is to gather the tiny pieces of his interior puzzle. It is painful reflection (element for understanding the world) on the time span of a being who after observing that the great emptiness has penetrated all areas of human existence and the world, finds his own path to follow out of his interior cave in the fundamental constitution of the Tabucchian being-oneself, that is to say a being-tending-towards-the-possible every day. Because there is no being possible in the world without concerning oneself with what is close at hand, our author questions himself from all angles and at all levels of his existence.

Abstract Over 90% of addicts start substance use during adolescence. There are few studies focusing on the comorbidity and temporality of substance dependence among adolescents. The aim of this study was to investigate the comorbidity and temporality of substance use disorders, to identify the factors leading to intravenous drug dependence and to evaluate the psychotropic medication history among adolescents. The study population comprised a sample of 508 (300 girls) 12- to 17-year-old hospitalized inpatients during a defined 5-year period. Substance use and other psychiatric disorders were identified according to DSM-IV criteria and adolescents’ socio-demographic and substance use background was examined. The main findings of the present study include the following: The most common comorbidities of alcohol and drug dependence are behavioral, depressive and phobic disorders; Phobic and behavioral disorders develop generally prior to the onset of alcohol and drug dependence; Drug dependent boys are more likely to have depression than girls (IV); In adolescence, phobic disorders may influence the development of secondary substance dependence within a few years from the onset of phobia (I); Behavioral disorders are associated with earlier initiation of daily smoking, and earlier age of onset of daily smoking is associated with an increased risk for alcohol and drug dependence (III); Adolescents with intravenous drug dependence start experiment with drugs at young age, often before the age of 10 years, and present more commonly with parental absence and troubled school background (II); Prescribed benzodiazepine medication is associated with an increased risk of sedative dependence (V). These findings imply that psychiatric comorbidity plays a pivotal role in the development of substance use disorders in adolescence. Those adolescents who experiment with substances at a young age are at greatest risk of substance dependence and intravenous drug use before the age of 18. Family dynamics seem to play an important role in this development. The psychotropic medication history of substance-using adolescents often differs greatly from current evidence-based guidelines and is dominated by those medications that are frequently abused. / Tiivistelmä Yli 90 % päihdeongelmaisista aloittaa päihteidenkäytön nuoruusiällä. Silti päihdehäiriöiden ja niihin liittyvän psykiatrisen sairastavuuden – komorbiditeetin ja tämän ajallisen ilmenemisen – temporaliteetin - tutkimus nuorisoväestössä on suppeaa. Väitöskirjatutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kartoittaa nuoruusiän päihdehäiriöiden komorbiditeetin ja temporaliteetin ominaispiirteitä, selventää taustalla olevia sosiodemografisia tekijöitä, sekä arvioida päihdehäiriöisten nuorten reseptilääkehistoriaa päihdehäiriöiden synnyn ymmärtämiseksi. Tutkimusaineisto koostui 508 (300 tyttöä) 12-17-vuotiaasta akuuttia psykiatrista sairaalahoitoa tarvitsevasta potilaista. Nuorten psykiatrinen- ja päihdesairastavuus selvitettiin DSM-IV diagnoosijärjestelmän mukaisesti, sekä sosiodemografinen tausta kartoitettiin kattavasti. Alkoholi- ja huumeriippuvaisilla nuorilla yleisimpiä komorbideja häiriöitä olivat käytös-, masennus- ja pelkohäiriöt. Pelko- ja käytöshäiriöt ilmenivät yleensä ajallisesti ennen alkoholi- ja huumeriippuvuutta. Huumeriippuvaisilla pojilla oli tyttöjä useammin masennusta (IV). Pelkohäiriöt vaikuttivat sekundaarisen päihderiippuvuuden kehittymiseen mahdollisesti jo muutamien vuosien kuluessa pelkohäiriöiden ilmenemisestä (I). Käytöshäiriöt liittyivät aikaisempaan päivittäisen tupakoinnin aloittamiseen joka liittyy edelleen sekä alkoholi- että huumeriippuvuuteen (III). Suonensisäisen huumeidenkäytön aloittaminen nuorella iällä liittyi selkeästi vanhemmattomaan kotiin, sekä jo ala-asteella alkaneisiin koulunkäyntiongelmiin. Vaikeimmin päihderiippuvaisten nuorten päihteidenkäyttökokeilut alkoivat merkittävän nuorena, jo onnen 10 ikävuotta ala-asteella (II). Bentsodiatsepiinien reseptilääkkekäyttö sairaalahoitoa aiemmin liittyi merkittävästi sedatiiviriippuvuuteen (V). Löydösten perusteella psykiatrisella sairastavuudella on merkittävää rooli päihdehäiriön kehittymisessä jo nuoruusiällä. Nuoret, joiden päihdekokeilut alkavat varhain, ovat suurimmassa riskissä riippuvuuteen ja ajautumiseen suonensisäiseen käyttöön. Päihderiippuvaisilla nuorilla on lisäksi taipumus sekä reseptilääkkeiden väärinkäyttöön, että kykyä näiden hankkimiseen - myös lääkärin määräämänä.

This dissertation examines representations of deep time in nineteenth-century British novels in order to argue that these texts help carve a path for our contemporary definitions of deep time and the Anthropocene. Examining fiction by Charles Dickens, George Eliot, Thomas Hardy, Edward Bulwer-Lytton, H. Rider Haggard, H. G. Wells, and Joseph Conrad, I suggest that these novels participate in the secularization of deep time by transforming the concept of vast spiritual time that had been in use earlier in the nineteenth century into a scientifically-informed model that anticipates our current understandings of deep time. While the concept of geological time emerged in the late-eighteenth century and became widely recognized in the nineteenth, the phrase “deep time” originates in nineteenth-century literature when Thomas Carlyle first used it in a non-scientific context. By studying a wide range of fiction, I demonstrate how nineteenth-century authors employed innovative narrative strategies to convey these potentially inconceivable timescales in non-numerical terms, and thereby make them more accessible to human comprehension. I also challenge conventional distinctions between literary realism and popular romance in the period by analyzing the complementary ways in which both genres of fiction engage with vast temporal scales in their narratives. I develop my argument by examining how these novels use a model of what I call “folding time” to incorporate remote time periods into their texts. Departing from the novel’s linear narrative structure to bring distant historical moments into direct contact with one another, folding time situates human activity in relation to vast pre-and-post-human periods and in doing so acknowledges an age of humans within deep time; in this sense, these novels articulate an early concept of the Anthropocene. By including deep time in the novel’s traditionally individual and familial framework, these authors simultaneously expand the novel’s temporal scope and humanize vast scientific timescales. Further, as these novels illustrate characters’ psychological responses to overwhelming scientific timescales, they reposition deep time in relation to private temporal experience. This study employs an interdisciplinary approach to acknowledge the mutually reciprocal relationship between science and literature in the nineteenth century, and draws on temporality studies, history of science theory, and literary criticism to situate its argument in relation to current critical discussions. I also consider the work of scientists such as Charles Lyell, Charles Darwin, and William Thomson in order to contextualize my novels’ scientific references. By studying nineteenth-century British novels in relation to scientific temporalities, this dissertation recovers an overlooked component of the history of deep time that has had significant and lasting cultural influence given the enduring popularity and wide readership of these texts.

This thesis explores how newly arrived students experience conditions for learning and inclusion in their lived transitions within the Swedish school system. The thesis deploys an ethnographic approach combining interviews with participant observation. The data comprise interviews with 22 students at three points in time and three cycles of participant observation over the course of 15 months (in three municipalities of different sizes). Deploying the concept of post-migration ecology, Study I maps the structural conditions that the educational landscape offers newly arrived students after migration to Sweden. The findings point to the emergence of a parallel school system through which the newly arrived students’ individual needs risk being overlooked. Study II uses a sociocultural perspective to compare the pedagogical and social resources offered in introductory and regular classes, concluding that introductory classes are characterised by weak challenges and strong support, whereas the opposite is true for regular classes. From a critical phenomenological perspective, Study III focuses on the individual students’ embodied experiences of being out of line in school (in a Swedish monolingual school setting). Paradoxically, the separate introductory class in this setting apparently offers a sense of inclusion, whereas the regular class is related to student experiences of exclusion. Study IV analyses temporal aspects of the students' lived transition to upper secondary school. Drawing on a phenomenology of blockage, it documents how extended periods in introductory programmes create a disjunction between the students' imagined and lived school careers. In brief, through analyses that encompass organisational and structural conditions, as well as lived experience, this thesis shows that the lived transitions of newly arrived students can be understood as instances of parallel school lives, a discontinued past and a postponed future. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.</p> / Newly arrived children and learning - a cross-disciplinary study on the learning conditions for newly arrived children in Swedish schools