Master of Science / Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health / Edgar Chambers IV / Cooking is part of almost everyone’s daily life. During cooking, recipes are usually used as a guide for home cooks to help them take decisions and get a tasty and appealing food product. Recipes have a great impact on consumers’ behavior and decision making at the kitchen. However, building a recipe requires understanding of the potential user, including explaining to him/her, in layman’s terms, the best way to prepare the food product. Nevertheless, what is the best way to communicate to consumers through a recipe? A qualitative sensory technique that allows collecting data regarding people’s motivations and actions during cooking is required in order to retrieve this information. The technique needs to allow data collection about the motivations, and the actions inspired by these. Recipes can use these motivations and actions to communicate to recipe users. This research proposes the use of the Think Aloud method, a technique that has not been used on sensory research, as a technique that can meet these goals. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate different recipe styles for the preparation of doughs by understanding and using people’s descriptions, techniques and preparation terms through the application of the Think Aloud technique. Two qualitative studies were performed with wheat dough preparers (n=43) recruited in Manhattan, KS and corn dough preparers (n=50) recruited in Guadalupe, Costa Rica. During the interviews, participants verbalized the process of preparing the doughs, as well as their decision-making process through the Think Aloud technique. Results showed that participants provided enough data by thinking aloud. It was observed that the use of the Think Aloud method allowed them to be aware of texture characteristics in the dough. The ready doughs were mainly described as not sticky, soft and pliable. The most common techniques used to make the doughs included stirring, pushing/pressing/squeezing, and incorporate all together. Five recipes were written based on these descriptions. Three of the recipes included a step-by-step numbered format with a different amount of detail: not detailed, very detailed, and detailed recipe. The other two formats, both based on the detailed recipe, included a paragraph form recipe and a recipe with images. Wheat and corn recipes were validated in two online surveys (per study, n=300) where respondents evaluated the easiness, likeability, likelihood of using the recipe, helpfulness of the format, and amount of information. Overall, respondents considered the recipe with images easier and more helpful. The very detailed recipe was considered more difficult, less helpful and was liked less than the other recipes. Understanding and identifying the words and techniques people use at the kitchen represent a useful tool that can be used to communicate to other preparers how to make a food product. The Think Aloud technique represents a useful technique to collect information regarding consumers’ actions and motivations. The data collected through the application of the technique allowed building different recipe styles to communicate to consumers how to prepare a food product.

abstract: Through a two study simulation design with different design conditions (sample size at level 1 (L1) was set to 3, level 2 (L2) sample size ranged from 10 to 75, level 3 (L3) sample size ranged from 30 to 150, intraclass correlation (ICC) ranging from 0.10 to 0.50, model complexity ranging from one predictor to three predictors), this study intends to provide general guidelines about adequate sample sizes at three levels under varying ICC conditions for a viable three level HLM analysis (e.g., reasonably unbiased and accurate parameter estimates). In this study, the data generating parameters for the were obtained using a large-scale longitudinal data set from North Carolina, provided by the National Center on Assessment and Accountability for Special Education (NCAASE). I discuss ranges of sample sizes that are inadequate or adequate for convergence, absolute bias, relative bias, root mean squared error (RMSE), and coverage of individual parameter estimates. The current study, with the help of a detailed two-part simulation design for various sample sizes, model complexity and ICCs, provides various options of adequate sample sizes under different conditions. This study emphasizes that adequate sample sizes at either L1, L2, and L3 can be adjusted according to different interests in parameter estimates, different ranges of acceptable absolute bias, relative bias, root mean squared error, and coverage. Under different model complexity and varying ICC conditions, this study aims to help researchers identify L1, L2, and L3 sample size or both as the source of variation in absolute bias, relative bias, RMSE, or coverage proportions for a certain parameter estimate. This assists researchers in making better decisions for selecting adequate sample sizes in a three-level HLM analysis. A limitation of the study was the use of only a single distribution for the dependent and explanatory variables, different types of distributions and their effects might result in different sample size recommendations. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Educational Psychology 2016

Abstract   This study analyses the translation of a technical guidebook in the subject field of hydropower generation. The aim is to identify and apply functional translation theories when translating general technical terms, industry terms and contract terms. The theoretical basis for the study consists of Eugene Nida’s and Vinay & Darbelnet’s models for translation as well as theories on terminology by Rune Ingo and Therésa Cabré. During the translation process, technical terms were identified and subsequently translated using one or more of the theories described. The result was then analysed and discussed. Although the study is not comprehensive enough to draw significant conclusions, the result indicates that in order to render the best possible translation of technical terms, a combination of theories and methods are best applied; direct translation regarding systematized terminology similar to general technical terms and oblique translation, or dynamic equivalence, regarding industry terms and contract terms. The results further suggest that structural analysis is of great value in order to determine the correct level of the term. In addition, the translator’s experience and knowledge of the subject field as well as readiness to consult parallel texts seem to be vital to the outcome of the translation.

The problem of this study is to compile a list of professional terms, with their definitions, and a bibliography of reading material for the beginning teacher in special education.

The venture capital (VC) contract prescribing various deal terms and conditions is considered vitally important to the VC investment process and should provide incentives for the entrepreneur whilst managing the venture capitalists (VCs) financial risk. This aspect of venture capital has not been extensively studied in South Africa especially amongst public sector funding agencies which have become an important source for early-stage VC funding. The objective of this study was to determine whether public sector VC investment terms in South Africa have been effective in supporting entrepreneurs and managing risk. The effectiveness of government‟s VC intervention was gauged through assessing various perceptions of entrepreneurs and public sector VCs on typical deal terms and conditions put in place between them. The perception study focused on 14 terms or provisions in relation to its frequency of use, importance to stakeholders, effectiveness in managing risk, rationale for inclusion and acceptance by entrepreneurs. The research found that VCs and entrepreneurs alike generally agree on the typical terms that should be included in the VC contract. Most of the terms which entrepreneurs considered to be important for the enterprise were also frequently used in VC contracts suggesting that the terms were generally effective in supporting entrepreneurs. Nevertheless, the research points towards a greater need for VCs to use incentivising terms such as the clawback provision in their contracts since the terms most frequently used were perceived to be effective in managing investment risk. Copyright / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Use of commercial terms in consumer contracts Abstract The topic of this thesis is the use of commercial terms in consumer contracts. The issue is relevant, as it falls within the scope of the protection of consumers, which is one of the most recent trends in private law. The main aim of the thesis is to analyse the legal regulation of the use of commercial terms in consumer contracts and evaluate the possibility of negotiating contractual penalties in commercial terms in consumer contracts. This thesis is divided into four chapters. First chapter concentrates on the sources of legislation, which can be divided into private and public. The constitutional foundations of consumer protection are briefly subjected to an analysis, as consumer protection does not fall only within the sub-constitutional level. Neither Constitution nor the Charter explicitly work with the term consumer protection, but it results from a conflict of autonomy of will and the principle of equality. In this chapter, attention is also paid to the development of consumer protection and the impact of European Union law on this issue. In the second chapter of this thesis, attention is paid to the analysis of basic terms such as consumer, entrepreneur or consumer contract and attention to the issues that may arise during their interpretation...

Blended finance (“BF”) is a form of structuring finance which involves using foreign aid to leverage commercial funding to a project. The topic is generally under researched, despite its increased importance in development finance and as a tool in attaining the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. This research set out to investigate if BF was being applied in a justified manner in private sector renewable energy (“RE”) projects in Sub-Saharan Africa (“SSA”). The first two sub-questions looked at the criteria considered when qualifying projects for BF, and the factors influencing terms offered. The final sub-question was to seek operational evidence of appropriate BF usage. Data was collected through a series of semi-structured interviews with Donors, Development Finance Institutions (“DFIs”) and research institutions and analyzed using an inductive thematic approach. A descriptive case study was used to answer the final sub-question, and involved interviews with key individuals involved with the BF approval process in the selected project. The results suggest that BF is being applied in a justified manner. Sub-question one found that there is a difference in the criteria considered by Donors and DFIs when offering BF. Donor principles appear to be broader, due to their limited engagement on individual projects and delegated investment authority to DFIs. Having a development rationale and economic case for the use of BF was a prominent theme with DFIs and Donors. Factors influencing the BF terms offered to projects were difficult to extract due to the sensitive nature of the topic. Four factors did emerge, with minimizing concessionality being an overarching theme. For the final sub-question, the Mocuba Solar project was used as a case study and provided much needed evidence on the detailed processes followed in assessing the projects need for BF and how terms were derived. This research sheds light on the project level use of BF in the SSA RE IPP context and identifies areas where improvements can be made. Having more BF case studies and an agreed definition of BF for reporting purposes were recommendations to ensure BF is applied effectively.

Every published introductory psychology textbook includes boldfaced terms throughout the chapters. These boldfaced terms are theoretically included to help students learn the material. Are they really beneficial for student learning? An experimental/control group designed study was conducted to answer this question. Volunteers were provided with a chapter excerpt. The experimental group received the excerpt with no boldfaced terms included (the bold type had been removed), whereas the control group received the excerpt as it normally appeared in the textbook, boldfaced terms included. Both groups were quizzed using a 10-item multiple-choice quiz. Statistical analyses showed that those who studied the excerpt with boldfaced terms included scored significantly higher, F(1, 180) = 5.68; p = .02; partial ç2= .03, with an effect size of .32. This study and the resulting conclusions provide support for the inclusion of boldfaced terms in textbooks to aid student study and learning.

The expansion of Swahili into the inner portion of Africa has routinely been explained by researchers in terms of social and economic reasons, taking into account activities of Arab traders, expansion of Islam and/or Christianity, colonisation, development of mining in Shaba region and other such factors. No explanation currently exists to my knowledge that considers the structural reasons for the expansion of Swahili, which this paper seeks to address. Concerning the power relationship between Swahili and local (mostly Bantu) languages, Swahili is thought to be on the upper level and local languages are on the lower level. This is true because Swahili is used as a lingua franca over a wide area of different languages. With respect to lexical transfer, for example, most researchers state that lexical transfer occurs from Swahili to local languages, while ignoring the influence of the local language on Swahili. However, examination of Swahili and local languages spoken together in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo suggests that the transfer is bidirectional, and the transfer from local languages to Swahili is noteworthy. In fact, Swahili adopts elements of local languages to adapt itself to the local situation, making the language familiar to local people. This paper demonstrates this by explaining the parallelism of the tense/aspect system and kinship terminology of Congo Swahili and local languages (Tembo in particular) which differ from Standard Swahili.

We are two students at Malmö Högskola, writing our final essay for obtain our teacher diplomas. On our partner schools, we have been facing but little information about how to invite the parents to collaborate with the school. Our thought is that the schoolwork is favorable to the pupils if both school and home are working together side by side. Therefore, we decided to dig deeper into this matter of how one particular school is working with parental collaboration, to be able to see if their method is useful.This particular school is offering studies in a course form so called family class. Here the pupils can get extra help from remedial teachers and their parents are also invited. At these lessons the parents are helping their child side by side with the teachers. We want to look further how this school actually works, whether this way of working is favorable or has a restraining influence on the pupil's education- with focus on a teacher´s perspective. The title “Parental collaboration- how to invite” is a result of our investigation of one school´s family classes. We have been interviewing teachers that are mentors for pupils in the family class, the pupils taking the course and also the responsible remedial teachers giving the course. The purpose of this research is to make a survey of theirs ideas about the school´s method and how the school operates in the relation between home and school. Our aim of making this survey is to point out the prosperity of terms in joint action, which are favorable to pupil´s education. We have been interviewing the mentors and the remedial teachers, but also handed out questionnaires to the students and their parents taking the family class course. The results from our survey has then been compared to a study done by Eriksson (2009), in order to see how the participants are perceiving this experience and what they think about this method. All the results that we have evaluated has then been presented and analyzed, for showing what terms that stand for prosperity in joint action. Finally, in our close-up we have developed our analyses further in an over-all discussion whether this method contributes something like gained collaboration between home and school - or not