Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: International trade has increased tremendously in the last few decades. When parties to a contract find themselves in different countries and each has its own legal background, specific problems originate in connection with formation of the contract, its execution, the breach thereof and so forth. The predominant theme of this work is the question of how a diversity of legal rules should be approached in an international context. The focus is on contract formation, and the rules of offer and acceptance are therefore examined. As a result of diverse legal cultures, different legal systems often have contradicting rules pertaining to contract formation, which can lead to a variety of problems if the contracting parties are not aware of the inconsistencies. According to international private law's choice of law-rules, such a contract should be governed by the rules of the legal system with which it has the closest connection. Connecting factors can be for instance the domicile of particular persons at various times, the situs of property, or the place where a juristic act was performed. One specific legal system will therefore rule the contract. There is however another possibility: that of a uniform substantive law. This involves the unification of different legal rules into one set of rules to be applied to contracts which are concluded in an international context. Taking into account that many of the rules and doctrines applicable to contract law have a common philosophical origin, the necessity of a convergence of these rules may be questioned. However, most of the rules ended up being different in different legal systems, and parties to an international transaction will probably not have the same idea about questions such as the possibility to revoke an offer before acceptance, or the precise moment of formation of the contract. A comparative study of the rules of offer and acceptance illustrates this point. International efforts to unify the law in this regard are explored, in order to assess the possibility of a uniform substantive law of contracts. Some of the international instruments seem to be able to find a middle way between conflicting rules, although it may not always be the best way to solve the problem. It is argued that harmony is not necessarily advanced by a codification of existing rules, and that a common legal culture which can lead to the incremental development of harmonious legal principles may be an alternative solution for the problem of incompatible national legal systems in an international context. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Internasionale handel het die afgelope paar dekades geweldig toegeneem. Wanneer kontraktante hulle in verskillende lande bevind, elke party met sy eie regsagtergrond, ontstaan eiesoortige probleme in verband met kontraksluiting, die uitvoering daarvan, kontrakbreuk, en dies meer. Die oorheersende tema van hierdie werk is die vraag na die hantering van 'n verskeidenheid regsreëls betrokke in 'n internasionale konteks. Die fokus is op kontraksluiting, en die reëls aangaande aanbod en aanname word derhalwe ondersoek. As gevolg van die bestaan van uiteenlopende regskulture het verskillende regstelsels dikwels teenstrydige reëls met betrekking tot kontraksluiting. Dit kan natuurlik problematies wees, veral indien die partye tot die kontrak nie bewus is van die teenstrydighede nie. Ooreenkomstig die choice of law-reëls van internasionale privaatreg, word so 'n kontrak beheers deur die regstelsel waarmee dit die nouste verbintenis het. Faktore wat dui op so 'n band kan byvoorbeeld die domisilie van bepaalde persone op verskillende tye, die situs van eiendom, of die plek waar 'n regshandeling verrig is wees. Een spesifieke regstelsel sal dus van toepassing wees op die kontrak. Daar is egter ook 'n ander moontlikheid: dié van 'n eenvormige substantiewe reg. Dit behels die vereniging van verskillende regsreëls ten einde een stel reëls daar te stel wat toegepas word op internasionale kontrakte. lndien in ag geneem word dat heelparty reëls en leerstukke in die kontraktereg 'n gemeenskaplike filosofiese oorsprong het, is die noodsaaklikheid van 'n vereniging van die reëls nie 'n gegewe nie. Die meeste van dié reëls het egter verskillend uitgekristalliseer in verskillende regstelsels, en partye tot 'n internasionale transaksie sal heel waarskynlik nie dieselfde opinie hê oor kwessies soos die moontlikheid om 'n aanbod voor aanname daarvan te herroep, of die presiese oomblik van totstandkoming van 'n kontrak nie. 'n Vergelykende studie van die reëls van aanbod en aanname illustreer die punt. Internasionale pogings om die reg in die verband te verenig word ondersoek, ten einde die moontlikheid van 'n eenvormige substantiewe reg van toepassing op kontrakte te beoordeel. Sekere van die internasionale instrumente blyk 'n middeweg tussen uiteenlopende reëls te vind, alhoewel dit nie noodwendig die beste manier is om die probleem voorhande op te los nie. Daar word geargumenteer dat harmonie nie noodwendig bevorder word deur 'n kodifikasie van bestaande reëls nie, en dat 'n gemeenskaplike regskultuur wat tot die geleidelike ontwikkeling van eenvormige regsbeginsels kan lei, 'n alternatiewe oplossing vir die probleem van onversoenbare nasionale regstelsels in 'n internasionale konteks kan wees.

Before signing a contract, it is important to read and understand the terms in order to know what is being agreed to. However, it has been shown that this is not done to the same extent online. Even though users accept the terms of use for online services, the terms are rarely read, meaning that the user has no idea of what is agreed to. When it comes to social media sites, these have some sort of service for distribution of content, such as photographs. As these are considered creative works, they are most certainly protected by copyright. This means that copyright protection comes in question. As services are accessible from different nations, these need to comply with different kinds of legislation regulating the protection of copyright. The purpose of this study is to investigate the terms of use for specific online services available on the Internet for distribution of digital content and analyse the legal conditions in order to establish congruence with European and US copyright law. The sites legally gain rights to the content that is uploaded by the users. However, there seems to be some unclarity regarding the terms that potentially results in use of the sites that is not accepted. Further, there seem to be possible problems in protecting the moral rights of the authors due to the extent of the licences that is granted to some of the sites.

L’objectif principal de ce travail est de vérifier si le statut de la culture à la télévision nationale pourrait être un indicateur sur la mise en place d’un processus démocratique au Maroc. La réforme de l’audiovisuel constitue un prétexte pour observer la portée des discours réformistes, surtout quand ils sont annoncés par des régimes autoritaires. Comme nous voulons aborder un aspect spécifique d’une politique sectorielle, il serait utile de l’intégrer dans le climat global où elle évolue. En s’intéressant au passé colonial du pays, nous comprendrons les fondements du régime marocain ainsi que les relations qu’il entretient avec les différentes composantes du paysage politique.Les relations entre la monarchie et la religion, la politique et les médias, et le peuple marocain, contribueront à exposer la problématique du nouveau rôle que les réformes jouent dans la réaffirmation des régimes autoritaires. Les élections de 2011 ont permis l’accès des islamistes au gouvernement. L’élaboration des cahiers des charges de l’audiovisuel public par le ministère de tutelle provoquera un affrontement avec les vrais détenteurs de pouvoir sur ce domaine. Grâce aux conditions de la mise en application de ces textes, nous verrons comment les enjeux politiques influencent les décisions des différents acteurs, car nous souhaitons participer à poser un regard différent sur les démarches de modernisation d’un pays comme le Maroc. / This paper primarily seeks to verify whether the status of culture on Moroccan national television could be an indicator of the implementation of a democratic process in Morocco. Audiovisual reform is a pretext for observing the scope of reformist discourse, especially when such discourse is delivered by authoritarian regimes. As we intend to examine a specific aspect of policy in a given sector, it would be interesting to place it in the broader context in which it evolves. We shall take a close look at the country's colonial past to better understand the foundations of the Moroccan regime and the relations that it nurtures with the various stakeholders in the political landscape.We will use the relations between the monarchy and religion, politics and the media, and the Moroccan people to present the problematic of how authoritarian regimes now use reforms as a new way of reasserting their authority. The 2011 elections brought Islamists into the government. In the audiovisual sector, we can expect a confrontation between the true holders of power in this field and the ministry in charge of the sector when it comes to drafting the terms of reference for public radios and televisions. We shall examine how political stakes influence the decisions of the various professionals through the conditions for implementing these texts; for we wish to participate in viewing from a different angle, the modernization processes of a country such as Morocco.

In this paper we explore the slice-ribbon conjecture for some families of pretzel knots. Donaldson's diagonalization theorem provides a powerful obstruction to sliceness via the union of the double branched cover W of B⁴ over a slicing disk and a plumbing manifold P([capital gamma]). Donaldson's theorem classifies all slice 4-strand pretzel knots up to mutation. The correction term is another 3-manifold invariant defined by Ozsváth and Szabó. For a slice knot K the number of vanishing correction terms of Y[subscript K] is at least the square root of the order of H₁(Y[subscript K];Z). Donaldson's theorem and the correction term argument together give a strong condition for 5-strand pretzel knots to be slice. However, neither Donaldson's theorem nor the correction terms can distinguish 4-strand and 5-strand slice pretzel knots from their mutants. A version of the twisted Alexander polynomial proposed by Paul Kirk and Charles Livingston provides a feasible way to distinguish those 5-strand slice pretzel knots and their mutants; however the twisted Alexander polynomial fails on 4-strand slice pretzel knots. / text

Tyrimo tikslas – ištirti savarankišką mokinių mokymąsi skatinančius veiksnius mokykloje, akcentuojant mokytojų požiūrį. Darbe siekiama atsakyti į probleminį tyrimo klausimą: kokie veiksniai mokytojų požiūriu skatina savarankišką mokinių mokymąsi mokykloje? Tyrimo objektas – mokinių savarankiškas mokymasis. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Apžvelgti mokymosi teorijų sampratas bei išskirti šių teorijų pagrindinius parametrus. 2. Palyginti tradicinį ir šiuolaikinį mokymą(si). 3. Išskirti savarankišką mokinių mokymąsi skatinančius veiksnius. 4. Atskleisti mokytojo vaidmenį ir veiksnius, skatinančius mokinių savarankišką mokymąsi mokykloje. Duomenų rinkimo metodai: mokslo šaltinių apžvalga ir analizė, mokslinės literatūros analizė, pusiau struktūrizuotas interviu. Duomenų analizės metodas: kokybinė turinio analizė. Magistro darbas susideda iš dviejų dalių. Pirmojoje dalyje apžvelgiama mokymosi teorijų samprata ir pagrindiniai parametrai, tradicinis ir šiuolaikinis mokymas ir mokymasis, savarankiško mokinių mokymąsi skatinančių veiksnių teoriniai aspektai. Antrojoje dalyje yra analizuojami rezultatai, gauti atlikus kokybinį tyrimą. Galiausiai pateikiamos išvados ir rekomendacijos. Tyrimo rezultatai patvirtina atliktas teorines įžvalgas. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad mokytojai yra atviri kaitai ir naujovėms bei jų pritaikymui savo darbe. Jie yra pasirengę seminarų, projektų metu, dalijantis gerąja patirtimi mokytis ugdyti mokinį... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the paper - to investigate independent factors contributing to student learning in school, focusing on teacher's attitudes. The paper seeks to answer basic question of research: which factors encourages teachers to independent learning of students in school? Research object - independent student learning. Tasks of research: 1. Review the concept theories of learning and exclude basic parameters. 2. Compare traditional and modern teaching and learning. 3. Distinguish independent student learning promoting factors. 4. Reveal the teacher's role and factors that promote students' self learning in school. Methods of research – literary, documents, legislation's analysis, semi-structured interview method and the content analysis. Master's paper consists of two parts. The first part reviews learning theories and the concept of key parameters, traditional and modern teaching and learning, self-promoting factors on student learning theoretical aspects. The second part analyzes the results from a qualitative study. Finally, conclusions and recommendations. The results confirm the accomplished theoretical insights. Survey results have shown that teachers are open to changes and innovations as well as adjusting them at work. Teachers prepare during seminars and projects while sharing the best experience how to train a student as an independent personality. The roles of a teacher change in contemporary training process. A teacher of... [to full text]

Understanding physical configurations and how these can emerge from the underlying gauge theory is a fundamental problem in modern particle physics. This thesis investigates the study of these configurations primarily focussing on the need for gauge invariance in constructing the gauge invariant fields for any physical theory. We consider Wu’s approach to gauge invariance by identifying the gauge symmetry preserving conditions in quantum electrodynamics and demonstrate how Wu’s conditions for one-loop order calculations (under various regularisation schemes) leads to the maintenance of gauge invariance. The need for gauge invariance is stressed and the consequences discussed in terms of the Ward identities for which various examples and proofs are presented in this thesis. We next consider Zwanziger’s description of a mass term in Yang-Mills theory, where an expansion is introduced in terms of the quadratic and cubic powers of the field strength. Although Zwanziger introduced this expansion there is, however, no derivation or discussion about how it arises and how it may be extended to higher orders. We show how Zwanziger’s expansion in terms of the inverse covariant Laplacian can be derived and extended to higher orders. An explicit derivation is presented, for the first time, for the next to next to leading order term. The role of dressings and their factorisation lies at the heart of this analysis.

The thesis examines the direct reference theory of proper names and natural kind terms as expounded by Saul Kripke, Hilary Putnam and others and finds that it has not succeeded in replacing some kind of description theory of the reference of such terms - although it does concede that the traditional Fregean theory is not quite correct. It is argued that the direct reference theory is mistaken on several counts. First of all it is question-begging. Secondly, it is guilty of a 'use/mention' confusion. And thirdly, and most importantly, it fails to deal with the notion of understanding. The notion of understanding is crucial to the present thesis - specifically, what is understood by a proper name or natural kind term. It is concluded that sense (expressed in the form of descriptions) is at least necessary for reference, which makes a significant difference to Kripke's claim that there are necessary a posteriori truths as well as contingent a priori truths. It is also argued that sense could be sufficient for reference, if it is accepted that it is speakers who effect reference. In this sense, sense determines reference. The thesis therefore not only argues against the account of reference given by the direct reference theorists, it also gives an account of how proper names and natural kind terms actually do function in natural language. As far as the epistemology of necessity is concerned the thesis concludes that Kripke (along with many others) has not succeeded in establishing the existence of the necessary a posteriori nor the contingent a priori from the theory of direct reference. Whether such truths can be established by some other means, or in principle, is not the concern of the thesis; although the point is made that, if a certain view of sense is accepted, then questions of necessity and a priority seem inappropriate.

L’objectif principal de ce travail est de vérifier si le statut de la culture à la télévision nationale pourrait être un indicateur sur la mise en place d’un processus démocratique au Maroc. La réforme de l’audiovisuel constitue un prétexte pour observer la portée des discours réformistes, surtout quand ils sont annoncés par des régimes autoritaires. Comme nous voulons aborder un aspect spécifique d’une politique sectorielle, il serait utile de l’intégrer dans le climat global où elle évolue. En s’intéressant au passé colonial du pays, nous comprendrons les fondements du régime marocain ainsi que les relations qu’il entretient avec les différentes composantes du paysage politique.Les relations entre la monarchie et la religion, la politique et les médias, et le peuple marocain, contribueront à exposer la problématique du nouveau rôle que les réformes jouent dans la réaffirmation des régimes autoritaires. Les élections de 2011 ont permis l’accès des islamistes au gouvernement. L’élaboration des cahiers des charges de l’audiovisuel public par le ministère de tutelle provoquera un affrontement avec les vrais détenteurs de pouvoir sur ce domaine. Grâce aux conditions de la mise en application de ces textes, nous verrons comment les enjeux politiques influencent les décisions des différents acteurs, car nous souhaitons participer à poser un regard différent sur les démarches de modernisation d’un pays comme le Maroc. / This paper primarily seeks to verify whether the status of culture on Moroccan national television could be an indicator of the implementation of a democratic process in Morocco. Audiovisual reform is a pretext for observing the scope of reformist discourse, especially when such discourse is delivered by authoritarian regimes. As we intend to examine a specific aspect of policy in a given sector, it would be interesting to place it in the broader context in which it evolves. We shall take a close look at the country's colonial past to better understand the foundations of the Moroccan regime and the relations that it nurtures with the various stakeholders in the political landscape.We will use the relations between the monarchy and religion, politics and the media, and the Moroccan people to present the problematic of how authoritarian regimes now use reforms as a new way of reasserting their authority. The 2011 elections brought Islamists into the government. In the audiovisual sector, we can expect a confrontation between the true holders of power in this field and the ministry in charge of the sector when it comes to drafting the terms of reference for public radios and televisions. We shall examine how political stakes influence the decisions of the various professionals through the conditions for implementing these texts; for we wish to participate in viewing from a different angle, the modernization processes of a country such as Morocco.

Le contrat d'assurance est souvent donné comme un exemple du contrat d'adhésion. En fait, le contrat a été auparavant ; élaboré, rédigé, imprimé par l'assureur. Quant à l'assuré, il ne fait par la suite qu'adhérer à un contrat préétabli dont il n'a pas discuté les conditions. Il est donc nécessaire de protéger cet assuré contre les clauses abusives figurant dans son contrat. La protection contre les clauses abusives du contrat d'assurance provient de plusieurs sources. La source principale est le droit de la consommation et plus précisément l'article L. 132-1 du Code de la consommation. Cet article ne protège que l'assuré consommateur ou non professionnel. Quant aux autres sources, elles se trouvent dans le droit commun des contrats et les droits spéciaux applicables au contrat d'assurance. Si dans l'état actuel des textes, ces sources ne parlent pas d'une protection contre les clauses abusives stricto sensu, une proposition formulée en vue d'une réforme du droit des contrats, pourrait insérer une telle protection. Dans notre étude, nous analysons les différentes sources de la protection, en droit positif et droit prospectif, puis nous essayerons de proposer un texte qui garantira, à nos yeux, la meilleure protection de l'assuré contre les clauses abusives. / Insurance contract is often given as an example of adhesion contract. In fact, Insurance contract was before, developed, written, and printed by the insurer. As for the insured, he eventually got involved in a pre-arranged contract that he did not discuss its conditions. It is therefore necessary to protect the insured against any unfair terms in the insurance contract. The protection against these unfair terms could originate from several sources. The main source could be the Consumer Law and more specifically Article L. 132-1 of the Consumer Code. This article protects only the insured consumer. The other sources are mentioned in the common law of contracts and special laws applicable to the insurance contract. If in the current texts, these sources do not mention any protection against the unfair terms stricto sensu, a formulated as a reform to the Contract Law could demonstrate the protection. In this study, we analyzed the different sources of protection, and then we tried to propose a text that will guarantee, from our point of view, the best protection for the insured against unfair terms.

Herein presented thesis focuses on a very complicated relationship between the Internet and selected law areas. Its aim is to emphasize the influence of information technologies on law; specifically it examines challenges which these technologies present to the copyright law and data protection. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first and the second chapter with respect to the comprehensiveness of the topic, which they describe, do not have ambitions to analyse the issue in detail; they rather present it in broader and more general context. On the other hand chapter three and four discuss specific data protection and social network issue much deeper. The conclusion of the paper is considered as a certain summary and demonstration of author's thoughts and opinions towards analyzed issue. The first chapter aimed to describe specific environment of the Internet including its origin and development. This chapter also deals with law aspects of the Internet while it presents various considerations that characterise the relationship between law and the Internet, their mutual interaction and challenges they have to face in this environment. The second chapter analyses historical transformations of copyright law and put them in context with growing significance that copyright law undoubtedly has...