The following research overview lifts the opportunities and challenges that come with the usage of field trips, in the school subject religion. Using national and international research, we wanted to give an overview of how field trips are used and what they can bring to students regarding knowledge and personal development. The research gathered came mainly from the sources DIVA, EBSCOhost, Swepub, and our previous student literature. While gathering the research for this overview, we saw that there were some names that kept appearing in our searches. While looking for the opportunities we found plenty of challenges as well, researchers such as Lena Roos wrote more about the opportunities while giving knowledge about the challenges. Kindermann and Riegel opened the door towards the challenges throughout their gathered work, but still highlights the opportunities that come along with field trips. Halvarson Britton researched more about how students might feel before, during, and after a field trip as well as how field trips can add to the theoretical classroom work. Going into this, we discovered that the opportunities complemented the challenges and the other way around. This became our stance in the following work as well as lifting how religion is viewed in real life versus how it is viewed from a schoolbook perspective. The research we found revealed how using field trips as a tool can be a good complementary resource to the already existing classroom education as well as allowing the students to come face to face with the religion they have learnt about in the classroom. Regarding the challenges, we discovered that field trips can bring some difficulties, such as students' emotional journey throughout the trip as well as the economic and time-consuming factors are some main points to think about. Although there are both opportunities and challenges with using field trips, they all agreed that it allows the students to meet the religion and not only learn about the religion but also learn from the religion. The conclusion of this, is that field trips are a great tool to meet the religion, thus making education more living rather than theoretical learning. Through all of this, we were able to reach a conclusion that explored both sides critically. How both the opportunities and the challenges that come with field trips can work with each other and how it can benefit students. In the end, we were left with some further questions that can be researched about and how field trips still remain a question if it is a necessity or a nonessential part of education.

The late Cambrian-early Ordovician transition contains several trilobite extinctions. The first of these extinctions (the end-Marjuman) is thought to coincide with the Steptoean Positive Carbon Isotope Excursion or SPICE, a large and rapid excursion in the marine carbon isotope record. This excursion, which is expressed in sedimentary successions globally, is thought to represent a large perturbation to the carbon cycle during this time. Additionally, a limited amount of carbon isotope data from the Deadwood Formation in the Black Hills of South Dakota suggests the possibility of a small negative ẟ¹³C excursion near the extinction and preceding the SPICE. Previous high-resolution biostratigraphy has identified an expanded record of extinction event within the Nolichucky Formation of the Southern Appalachians making it an excellent candidate for the study of the precise relationship between the extinction and changes in the carbon cycle. This investigation confirms the onset of the SPICE occurs at the extinction boundary however no negative ẟ¹³C excursion occurs at the extinction boundary. Further there is no systematic relationship between local facies changes and ẟ¹³C or the extinction interval across the basin, which suggests that global environmental changes were responsible for both the ẟ¹³C record and the extinction event. / Master of Science

The purpose of the investigation was two fold: first, to analyze the school excursion as a teaching and learning aid; and second, to develop a suggested school-excursion program for the social studies in the junior high schools of Dallas, base upon the findings and evaluations reported by educational observers and by experienced users of excursions.

<p>This report is the result of the course, Environment and Development in the South, at University of Södertörn in Stockholm, Sweden. The report is about “new tourism” especially community-based tourism (CBT) and socio-cultural aspects relating to tourism. It is based on a literature study and a three weeks field course in Babati district in Northern Tanzania. The aim of this study is to describe how host peoples (communities) get affected especially, socio-culturally, by tourism. The aim is also to describe new tourism (especially CBT). A case-study of a Swedish student excursion to Babati is used as an example of how it affects a community (especially socio-cultural aspects) and if it qualifies as CBT.</p><p>The theory of the study is based on sustainable development (especially socio-cultural aspects) supported by the rules of World Tourism Organization (WTO) and United Nation Environmental Program (UNEP). The theory is connected to the principles of CBT and used in the analysis to judge if the Swedish student excursion qualifies as CBT.</p><p>The results show that the Swedish student excursion is in line with important principles of CBT, and therefore also in line with sustainable local development in some way. The major advantage with the excursion is the cross-cultural learning and the major problem is jealousness of benefit sharing according to the interviews done.</p>

Context: It has been suggested that muscle fatigue can lead to injury, however, research investigating this phenomenon in functional ankle instability (FAI) subjects is lacking. Aim: The purpose of this thesis was to research postural sway and muscular latency in FAI subjects and healthy controls, both before and immediately after localised and globalised fatigue protocols. Subjects: All subjects used in this project were males, between the ages of 18 and 25 years, and participated in regular (&gt;2 x week) aerobic exercise. Subjects were categorised into healthy subjects, or subjects with a history of FAI using the FAI questionnaire. Methods: Neuromuscular control was analysed in FAI subjects and healthy controls through measures of muscular latency and postural sway. These measures were repeated both before and immediately after localised and globalised fatigue protocols. Results: The induction of localised and globalised fatigue had no effect on muscle latency in the FAI or healthy subjects. However, postural sway was significantly increased in the FAI subjects, following localised and globalised fatigue, with globalised fatigue also significantly increasing postural sway in the healthy subjects. The globalised football-specific fatigue protocol caused the greatest deficits in the FAI subjects, but also the healthy controls. Conclusions: In terms of muscle latency individuals that participate in sports, as well as sports clinicians and coaches, should not be concerned about the theorised relationship between the onset of fatigue and an increased injury risk at the ankle. However, in terms of postural sway the globalised football-specific fatigue protocol caused the greatest deficits. This highlights that the fatigued individual may be at greater risk of musculoskeletal injury during prolonged exercise that involves multiple joints, such as a football match.

The aim of the thesis is the examination of respiratory and postural changes on examined group of children after adenoidectomy and evaluation, whether it is recommended in post- operative phase to indicate respiratory physiotherapy for the examined children. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the anatomy, etiology and symptomatology, which accompanies adenoid hypertrophy. Furthermore, there is a description of the kinesiology examination and complete methodology of respiratory physiotherapy and more. In the practical part of the thesis there is a statistic analysis of the examination of 20 children after adenoidectomy and control group investigation. Examination content is the thoracic respiratory excursion (breathing amplitude) and orientational examination of lungs function (PEF, FEV 0,5, FEV 0,75 and FEV1) using digital Peak Flow Meter. The part of the thesis i also kinesiology analysis and questionnaire filled up before adenoidectomy and 3 weeks after operation.

The thesis analyses data from both qualitative and quantitative research on the positives and negatives of field education with tablets. An indispensable part is an assessment of the premise that education with tablets affects the attitudes of pupils to geography (whether positively or negatively) and to natural sciences in general. The thesis further summarises important ideas of students and teachers in primary and secondary schools. The conclusion evaluates whether the current emphasis of the media on the inclusion of tablets into education is justified.

The presented diploma thesis has an educational character and tries to find a way how to teach geology more attractive at primary schools. It includes authorial proposals for field trip routes and school experiments that can be implemented in lessons or within other educational school activity during school year. The field trips are built to be carried out in the geological park of Bohemian Paradise because of its natural wealth giving many possibilities to be used in teaching geology and other related fields of natural sciences. The experiments are designed to be realized during school lessons, therefore they are meant to be as little as possible time consuming and also the necessary material is supposed to be easily available. A theoretical part of the diploma thesis contains a summary of available natural datasets about the geological park of Bohemian Paradise, a review of the educational principles for organising of the field trips, creating worksheets, experiments and games in teaching process. The principles of creating concept maps are also included. An integral part of the thesis is authorial research with students and teachers via questionnaire survey proving that experiments and field trips are an indispensable component of teaching process and appropriate motivational tools at primary...

The aim of dissertation is to elaboration model of komplex school excursion for interactive students work with usage natural places of Czech karst. Next point is creating a set of learning excercises in practical application knowledges from natural branches and for confirm keys competenses of students middle schools. An educational potential of a choosen area was evaulated on the bases of aims mentioned earlier, a model of complex school excursion using conservation area Czech karst was developed and tested The excursion takes place in the village Svatý Jan pod Skalouand it uses set of worksheets. - version for season autumn and spring. An evaluation folloving the excursion is done as a form of a student conference. Particular educational aims were applied during the excursion. Evaluation of the worksheets follows and designs of changes of teaching tasks in the worksheets are proposed. Results of dissertation are processed concept of complex school excursion with methodical material and with set of worhsheets version for season spring, autumn, and winter. Based on the evaulation of the komplex school excursion in conservation area Czech karst, results of worksheets and results from the conference, it is possible to deduce, that the addition of excursion as a teaching form is benefitial to students....

La topographie d'une surface se compose généralement de plusieurs échelles, depuis l'échelle macroscopique (sa géométrie physique), jusqu'aux échelles microscopiques ou atomiques appelées rugosité. L'évolution spatiale et géométrique de la rugosité fournit une description plus complète de la surface, et une interprétation physique de certains problèmes importants tels que le frottement et les mécanismes d'usure pendant le contact mécanique entre deux surfaces. La topographie d'une surface rugueuse est de nature aléatoire, ce qui traduit par des altitudes spatialement corrélées, appelées pics et vallées. La relation entre leurs densités de probabilité et leurs propriétés géométriques sont les aspects fondamentaux qui ont été développés dans cette thèse, en utilisant la théorie des champs aléatoires et la géométrie intégrale. Un modèle aléatoire approprié pour représenter une surface rugueuse a été mis en place et étudié au moyen des paramètres les plus significatifs, dont les changements influencent la géométrie des ensembles de niveaux (excursion sets) de cette surface. Les ensembles de niveaux ont été quantifiés par des fonctionnelles connues sous le nom de fonctionnelles de Minkowski, ou d'une manière équivalente sous le nom de volumes intrinsèques. Dans un premier temps, les volumes intrinsèques des ensembles de niveaux sont calculés analytiquement sur une classe de modèles mixtes, qui sont définis par la combinaison linéaire d'un champ aléatoire Gaussien et d'un champ de t-student (t-field), et ceux d'une classe de champs aléatoires asymétriques appelés skew-t. Ces volumes sont comparés et testés sur des surfaces produites par des simulations numériques. Dans un second temps, les modèles aléatoires proposés ont été appliqués sur des surfaces réelles acquises à partir d'une cupule d'UHMWPE (provenant d’une prothèse totale de hanche) avant et après les processus d'usure. Les résultats ont montré que le champ aléatoire skew-t est un modèle mieux approprié pour décrire la rugosité de surfaces usées, contrairement aux modèles adoptés dans la littérature. Une analyse statistique, basée sur le champ aléatoire skew-t, est ensuite proposée pour détecter les niveaux des pics/vallées de la surface usée et pour décrire le comportement et la fonctionnalité de la surface usée. / Surface topography is, generally, composed of many length scales starting from its physical geometry, to its microscopic or atomic scales known by roughness. The spatial and geometrical evolution of the roughness topography of engineering surfaces avail comprehensive understanding, and interpretation of many physical and engineering problems such as friction, and wear mechanisms during the mechanical contact between adjoined surfaces. Obviously, the topography of rough surfaces is of random nature. It is composed of irregular hills/valleys being spatially correlated. The relation between their densities and their geometric properties are the fundamental topics that have been developed, in this research study, using the theory of random fields and the integral geometry.An appropriate random field model of a rough surface has been defined by the most significant parameters, whose changes influence the geometry of its excursion. The excursion sets were quantified by functions known as intrinsic volumes. These functions have many physical interpretations, in practice. It is possible by deriving their analytical formula to estimate the parameters of the random field model being applied on the surface, and for statistical analysis investigation of its excursion sets. These subjects have been essentially considered in this thesis. Firstly, the intrinsic volumes of the excursion sets of a class of mixture models defined by the linear combination of Gaussian and t random fields, then for the skew-t random fields are derived analytically. They have been compared and tested on surfaces generated by simulations. In the second stage, these random fields have been applied to real surfaces measured from the UHMWPE component, involved in application of total hip implant, before and after wear simulation process. The primary results showed that the skew-t random field is more adequate, and flexible for modelling the topographic roughness. Following these arguments, a statistical analysis approach, based on the skew-t random field, is then proposed. It aims at estimating, hierarchically, the significant levels including the real hills/valleys among the uncertain measurements. The evolution of the mean area of the hills/valleys and their levels enabled describing the functional behaviour of the UHMWPE surface over wear time, and indicating the predominant wear mechanisms.