Objetiva-se traçar um panorama do turismo estrangeiro independente e econômico, denominado backpacker, a nível mundial e nacionalmente, apresentando sua representatividade e taxa de crescimento no período de 1996 a 2000. Comparam-se as origens e os destinos tanto no turismo convencional quanto no turismo backpacker, compreendendo que há diferenças significativas entre os mesmos. Abordam-se os aspectos que possibilitam determinar o perfil desse segmento de turistas estrangeiros, como faixa etária, sexo, renda, nível educacional e origem, assim como as características das viagens que os backpackers estrangeiros empreendem pelo Brasil como duração, roteiro, meios de locomoção e principais atividades desenvolvidas. Provoca-se discussão sobre o tratamento dispensado pelos órgãos governamentais que estabelecem as diretrizes do turismo nacional a esse segmento de turistas estrangeiros, haja vista que o Brasil oferece condições apropriadas para atrair os backpackers e sua visita propiciaria aspectos econômicos, sociais e ambientais de nosso interesse: incentivaria a abertura de pequenos empreendimentos de capital nacional, as receitas geradas por esse público seriam de valor considerável, o intercâmbio sociocultural entre turista-comunidade seria ampliado, dar-se-ia maior valor aos artefatos produzidos localmente e a maior conscientização dos turistas às questões ambientais seria benéfica / The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of independent and budget-minded tourists from abroad, denominated backpackers, travelling around the world and in Brazil, presenting its level of representation and growth in the period from 1996 to 2000. A comparison about the origin and destination of the conventional and backpacking tourist is demonstrated, highlighting the significant differences between both. Profile of this foreign tourist market segment, comprising age, gender, income, education level and nationality, is demonstrated, as well as the characteristics of backpackers\' travelling around Brazil, referent their stay, itinerary, transportation and major activities. A discussion concerning government institutions directives for determining national targets in the tourism area as for this foreign tourist segment is demonstrated, whereby Brazil offers appropriate conditions to attract backpackers. Their visits is shown to favour economic, social and environmental issues, encouraging the opening of small businesses, income generation stimulated by these tourists, enhancing a large social and cultural interchange between the tourist and the community, adding value to products made in Brazil and raising the consciousness of tourists about environmental matters which are beneficial to everyone

Esta pesquisa aborda a trajetória da gravadora Festa, criada na década de 1950, no Rio de Janeiro, pelo jornalista paulista Irineu Garcia (1920-1984), que teve como sócio nos dois primeiros anos o livreiro e editor carioca Carlos Ribeiro (1908-1993). A título de recorte, a dissertação trata do período compreendido entre 1955 e 1971, quando o selo fonográfico, sob a coordenação de Garcia, gravou dezenas de discos de literatura (poesia, prosa, teatro), música erudita e popular. A partir de extensa pesquisa em arquivos públicos e particulares, bem como em periódicos publicados entre os anos de 1940 e 1990, além da realização de diversas entrevistas, o trabalho busca organizar a história da gravadora de forma panorâmica, com o intuito, inclusive, de possibilitar outras investigações de aspectos pontuais sobre este objeto. Procurou-se também inserir a narrativa dentro do contexto histórico daquele momento, quando emergia uma indústria cultural no país. Por fim, reuniu-se em um anexo capas, contracapas e/ou informações acerca de 97 produções fonográficas realizadas pela gravadora no período contemplado pelo estudo. / The present research recovers the trajectory of the Festa record company, launched in Rio de Janeiro during the 1950s by São Paulo-born journalist Irineu Garcia (1920-1984) and the editor and bookseller carioca Carlos Ribeiro (1908-1993), his business partner during the first couple of years. It focuses on the period between 1955 and 1971 when the phonographic label, under Garcia\'s leadership, recorded dozens of literature discs (poetry, prose, theater), popular and classical music. After extensive data recollection from public and private archives as well as from publications released from 1940 to 1980 and many interviews, the present work broadly organizes the history of Festa with the intention of providing for other research works that could take on specific aspects of the object. It also places the narrative in the historical context of the emergence of a cultural industry in the country. Finally, the research includes an Annex with covers, back covers and general information on 97 phonographic productions by the record company in the studied time frame.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aline de Vasconcelos Silva.pdf: 1331419 bytes, checksum: 0e89ab8f2d9d48dd1e1b7999e08b406c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Central objective of this research is an analysis of speeches of João Goulart, articulated between September 07, 1961 and March 31, 1964 (time when he was the President of the Republic), searching to extract its conceptual specificities, propositions and bounds, within of the historical process which he represented, indicating the existing organic bond between the propositions and appeals of such speech and the moment of intense political movements and debates on country directions of the Brazilian history. Starting by the entirety of the speech collection, we identify the main topics discussed, around which Goulart's most relevant propositions defended at the time of his government. Such themes are grouped among three axes: economic emancipation and basic reforms, with an emphasis on land reform; independent policy for international relations between Brazil and United States and Brazil and Latin America; and unstableness of legal order / O objetivo central desta pesquisa é a análise dos discursos de João Goulart, pronunciados entre 07 de setembro de 1961 e 31 de março de 1964 (período em que ocupou a Presidência da República), buscando extrair suas especificidades conceituais, suas proposições e seus limites, dentro do processo histórico em que está inserido, explicitando o vínculo orgânico existente entre as propostas e os apelos de tal discurso e um momento da história brasileira marcado por intensas movimentações políticas e debates sobre os rumos do país. Partindo da totalidade dos discursos reunidos, identificamos os principais temas abordados, em torno dos quais são articuladas as propostas mais relevantes defendidas por Goulart em seu governo. Tais temas estão agrupados em três eixos: emancipação econômica e reformas de base, com destaque para a reforma agrária; política externa independente nas relações exteriores entre Brasil e Estados Unidos e entre Brasil e América Latina; e instabilidade da ordem legal

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ligia Cristina Nishioka.pdf: 631501 bytes, checksum: c360337e50d317fc7e5b336fab093630 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-18 / As attitudes and experiences facilitate the purchasing decision process and consumer, brands also assume a very important role for the consumer to decide between the many options available, both for goods and for services. It happens that, in recent years, it has been noticed that brands concept go beyond products and services. Individuals and organizations can also be viewed as a brand. Anyone who is trying to build his career may consider creating your own brand. As manufacturing companies or service providers, the independent professionals also seek to excel in the market and differentiate themselves from other competitors. Therefore, the professional, in order to manage and consolidate his name in the field of work could get efficient results using the same tools used by companies. Accordingly, this paper aims to determine whether physicians, as an independent professionals example, adopt the brand identity tools to his name in order to design professionally. We opted for a qualitative approach with one single case study for physicians profession, in order to understand how these professionals think and act on the matter. From the results, it is concluded that medical professionals do not adopt the brand identity tools to his name to design professionally, and signaled a high degree of resistance to such use / Assim como atitudes e experiências facilitam o processo decisório de compra e consumo, as marcas também assumem uma função muito importante para que o consumidor possa decidir entre as múltiplas opções existentes, tanto para bens quanto para serviços. Ocorre que, nos últimos anos, tem-se notado que as marcas vão além de produtos e serviços. Pessoas e organizações também podem ser vistas como marcas. Qualquer pessoa que esteja tentando construir sua carreira pode pensar em criar sua própria marca. A exemplo de empresas produtoras ou prestadoras de serviços, os profissionais liberais também buscam se destacar no mercado e se diferenciar dos demais competidores. Portanto, o referido profissional, visando gerir e consolidar o seu nome no campo de trabalho, poderia obter resultados eficientes utilizando as mesmas ferramentas adotadas por empresas. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo tem como objetivo verificar se os médicos, como exemplo de um dos profissionais liberais, adotam as ferramentas de definição de identidade de marca ao seu nome visando projetar-se profissionalmente. Optou-se por um uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa com estudo de caso único cujo objeto é a categoria médica, com a finalidade de compreender como esses profissionais pensam e agem sobre o assunto. A partir dos resultados, conclui-se que profissionais médicos não adotam as ferramentas de definição de identidade de marca ao seu nome para projetar-se profissionalmente, bem como sinalizaram um alto grau de resistência para essa utilização

L'analyse de données d'expression montre qu'il est avantageux d'analyser les processus biologiques en termes de modules plutôt que simplement considérer les gènes un par un. Dans ce projet nous avons conduit une analyse non supervisée des données d'expression de gènes de plusieurs cohortes de tumeurs urothéliales en appliquant la méthode d'Analyse en Composantes Indépendantes. Plusieurs études ont démontré les meilleures performances de l'ACI par rapport à l'ACP et les méthodes de clustering, pour obtenir une décomposition plus réaliste des données d'expression en patterns d'expression pertinents et associés avec le phénotype d'intérêt.Les tumeurs urothéliales apparaissent et évoluent selon deux voies distinctes dont la probabilité de progression en cancer musculo-invasif diffère radicalement. Excepté la mutation de FGFR3 dans le groupe le moins agressif, les processus moléculaires sous-jacents n'ont pas été complètement identifiés. Le principal objectif de cette thèse était dédié aux interprétations biologiques des différentes composantes indépendantes pour aider à confirmer et étendre la liste des processus biologiques connus pour être impliqués dans le cancer de vessie.Chaque composante indépendante est caractérisée par une liste de projections de gènes et de contributions pondérées d'échantillons tumoraux . En combinant expertise biologique et comparaison des listes de gènes à des voies existantes et en étudiant conjointement l'association des composantes aux annotations cliniques et moléculaires, nous avons pu différencier les CIscausées par des facteurs techniques, tels que le prélèvement chirurgical de celles ayant des interprétations biologiques pertinentes. De plus, parmi les signaux pertinents biologiquement, cette analyse nous a permis de différencier les signaux provenant du stroma, comme la réponse immunitaire médiée par les lymphocytesB&T, de ceux produits par les tumeurs elles-mêmes, comme les signaux reliés à la prolifération ou à la différenciation. La classification des tumeurs selon leurs contributions à certaines CIs a pu être étroitement associée à des annotations anatomo-cliniques, et a mis en évidence de nouveaux sous-types de tumeur spotentiels, qui suggèrent l'existence de voies de progression supplémentaires dans le cancer de vessie. De façon similaire, l'étude des contributions de groupes de tumeurs basés sur des annotations cliniques ou moléculaires a montré différents niveaux de contamination par le stroma entre les tumeurs mutées et nonmutées pour FGFR3. La reproductibilité des composantes a été étudiée en utilisant des graphes de corrélation. La majeure partie des CIs interprétées a été validée sur trois jeux de données indépendants, et plusieurs d'entre elles ont aussi détectées dans un jeu de données de lignées cellulaires.Une deuxième étude sur le rétinoblastome a montré que nous pouvions tirer partie de l'ACI dans des contextes variés. Le rétinoblastome est initié par la perte des deux alléles du gène suppresseur de tumeur RB1. D'autres évènements génomiques non identifiés sont nécessaires à la progression de la maladie. Nous avons observé une association entre âge des patients et altérations génomiques. Les patients jeunes présentant moins d'altérations que les patients âgés, ces derniers présentant des gains du 1q et des pertes du 16q. Cette séparation des tumeurs selon l'âge est également observée sur les données d'expression, notamment en appliquant l'ACI dont l'une des composantes discrimine les patients selon leur âge. Ces résultats suggèrent l'existence de deux voies de progression dans le rétinoblastome. L'analyse des données à haut débit fournit de nombreuses listes de gènes. Afin de les interpréter, une possibilité est d'extraire les dernières publications groupées par sujets prédéfinis (fonction, localisation,...). / Practice of gene expression data analysis shows that it is advantageous to analyze biologicalprocesses in terms of modules rather than simply consider gene one by one. In this project, we conducted anunsupervised analysis of the gene expression data of several cohorts of urothelial tumors, applying theIndependent Component Analysis method. Several studies demonstrated the outperformance of ICA overPCA and clustering-based methods in obtaining a more realistic decomposition of the expression data intoconsistent patterns of coexpressed genes associated with the studied phenotypes[1, 2, 3, 4].Urothelial tumors arise and evolve through two distinct pathways which radically differ on their probabilityof progression to muscle invasion. Except the mutation of FGFR3 in the less aggressive group, theunderlying molecular processes have not been completely identified. The first and main objective of the PhDthesis was dedicated to the biological interpretation of the different independent components to help toconfirm and extend the list of biological processes known to be involved in bladder cancer.Each independent component (IC) is characterized by a list of gene projections on the one hand and weightedcontributions of tumor samples on the other hand. By combining biological expertise and comparison of theassociated list of genes to known pathways, and jointly studying the association of the components tomolecular and clinical annotations, we have been able to differentiate components that were caused bytechnical factors, such as surgical sampling, from those having consistent biological interpretationin terms of tumor biology. Moreover, among the biologically meaningful signals, this analysis allowed us todifferentiate the signals from stroma of the tumor, like immune response mediated by B- and T-lymphocytes,from the signals produced by the tumors themselves, like signals related to proliferation, or differentiation.The clustering of the tumor samples according to their contributions on some ICs can be closely associated toanatomo-clinical annotations, and highlighted new potential subtypes of tumors which suggest existence ofadditional pathways of bladder cancer progression. Similarly, the study of the contributions of preestablishedgroups of tumors based on clinical or molecular criteria showed different levels of stromacontamination between FGFR3 non-mutated and mutated tumors. The reproducibility of the components wasinvestigated using correlation graphs. The major part of the interpreted ICs was validated on threeindependent bladder cancer datasets, and several of them were also identified in an urothelial cancer celllines data set.A second study about retinoblastoma gave us the occasion to show that we can take advantage ofICA in various contexts. Retinoblastoma is initiated by the loss of both alleles of the RB1 tumor suppressorgene. Although necessary for initiation, other genomic events, that remain to be identified, are needed for theprogression of the disease [5]. We observed, as it was previously described [6], an association between age ofthe patients and levels of genomic aberrations, the younger patients having fewer alterations than the olderpatients, which generally present gain of 1q and loss of 16q. We showed that this tendency of the tumors tobe clustered into two groups of age can also be observed on the expression data by applying ICA whose oneof the component was highly correlated to the age of the patients. These results suggest the existence of twopathways of progression in retinoblastoma.The analysis of high throughput data provides many lists of genes. To interpret them, a possibility isto study the latest related publications grouped by pre-defined group of topics (function, cellular location...).To that aim, in a third study, we introduced a web-based Java application tool named GeneValorization whichgives a clear and handful overview of the bibliography corresponding to one particular gene list [7].

As Instituições Fiscais Independentes (ou Conselhos Fiscais - CFs) e as Regras Fiscais (RFs) são modelos de instituições que ganharam relevância teórica e política após a constatação de que os governos raramente conseguem comportar-se como planejadores centrais. Ou seja, são incapazes de conduzir a política fiscal de modo a atender o socialmente ótimo no longo prazo. Em geral, a existência de incentivos políticos distorcidos em conjunto com racionalidade limitada dos eleitores e governantes gera déficits excessivos - o chamado viés deficitário da política fiscal - os quais reduzem gradativamente o bem-estar social. A crise fiscal europeia de 2008-2009, em especial, expôs com dramaticidade inédita a profundidade desse viés deficitário na região. Diante da insuficiência dos mecanismos usuais de mercado em corrigir problema, os organismos internacionais e formuladores de política passaram a recomendar veementemente a adoção de CFs, no intuito de reforçar a aplicabilidade das RFs e realinhar os incentivos na direção da disciplina fiscal. Alguns anos após a implementação dessas instituições, estudos quantitativos buscaram avaliar o impacto de sua atuação na trajetória do resultado primário estrutural, principal medida de ativismo fiscal do governo. Os resultados mostraram-se ambíguos e sujeitos a importantes críticas quanto ao controle da endogeneidade. A presente tese busca colaborar com a literatura de reformas institucionais ao abarcar de forma ampla o problema da endogeneidade nessa questão, tanto na investigação de suas origens como no emprego de desenvolvimentos recentes da teoria econométrica para atenuar suas distorções nas estimativas. No primeiro capítulo, definimos o conceito de CF e apresentamos um panorama geral dessas instituições no mundo. Ademais, também expomos as diversas teorias, mormente no campo da economia política, que buscam justificar a presença do viés deficitário da política fiscal, bem como algumas propostas de melhorias do quadro de incentivos através de reformas institucionais, de forma e minimizar esse viés. O segundo capítulo busca investigar avaliar as condições fiscais que antecederam a grande leva de reformas que na última década deram origem aos CFs. Encontramos evidência de que a implementação do CF é precedida por um recuo de aproximadamente 2,59 p.p. do resultado primário efetivo no segundo ano anterior ao tratamento, relativamente aos países não adotantes ou ainda sem adoção no período. No ano da adoção e no anterior, essa diferença deixa de ser significante. Tais achados apontam para uma segunda fonte de endogeneidade nas mensurações da efetividade dos CFs, na qual os países fiscalmente instáveis reagiriam com mais vigor ao advento de crises nas contas públicas, inclusive com a promoção de reformas institucionais. Na literatura institucional, o tipo de endogeneidade mais comumente assinalado é o de causalidade reversa, em que, contrariamente ao tipo anterior, são os países mais austeros que tendem a exibir maior probabilidade de realização de reformas. No terceiro capítulo, a efetividade dos CFs em alterar a trajetória do resultado estrutural é avaliada por meio da metodologia do controle sintético, numa tentativa de controle mais rigoroso da endogeneidade, de nosso conhecimento inédita até então na literatura. Os resultados encontrados indicam a inexistência de um efeito significativo dos CFs sobre aquela variável, em contraste com os obtidos em avaliações anteriores. O último capítulo da tese traça considerações a respeito da Instituição Fiscal Independente (IFI) brasileira, criada em 2016, à luz de recentes avaliações empíricas sobre o novo papel dessas instituições no contexto internacional. / The Independent Fiscal Institutions (or Fiscal Councils - FCs) and Fiscal Rules (FRs) have gained theoretical and political relevance after realizing that governments rarely manage to behave as central planners. That is, they are unable to conduct fiscal policy in order to meet the socially optimal in the long run. In general, the existence of distorted political incentives coupled with the limited rationality of voters and rulers generates excessive deficits - the so-called deficit bias of fiscal policy - which gradually reduce social welfare. The European fiscal crisis of 2008-2009, in particular, dramatically exposed the depth of this deficit bias in the region. Given the inadequacy of the usual market mechanisms to correct the problem, international organizations and policy makers began to strongly recommend the adoption of FCs in order to strengthen the applicability of FRs and realign incentives in the direction of fiscal discipline. Some years after the implementation of these institutions, quantitative studies sought to evaluate the impact of their performance on the trajectory of the primary structural result, the main measure of government fiscal activism. The results were ambiguous and subject to important criticisms regarding the control of endogeneity. The present thesis seeks to collaborate with the literature on institutional reforms by comprehensively covering the problem of endogeneity in this question, both in the investigation of its origins and in the use of recent developments in econometric theory to attenuate its distortions in the estimates. In the first chapter, we define the concept of CF and present an overview of these institutions in the world. In addition, we also present the various theories, especially in the field of political economy, which seek to justify the presence of the deficit bias of fiscal policy, as well as some proposals for improvements in the incentives framework through institutional reforms, in order to minimize this bias. The second chapter seeks to investigate the fiscal conditions that preceded the great series of reforms that in the last decade gave rise to the FCs. We found evidence that the implementation of FCs is preceded by a decrease of approximately 2.59 p.p. in the primary balance in the second year prior to treatment, in relation to non adoption or non-adopters in the period. In the year of adoption and in the previous year, this difference is no longer significant. These findings point to a second source of endogeneity in the measurement of CF effectiveness, in which fiscally unstable countries would react more vigorously to the advent of public account crises, including the promotion of institutional reforms. In the institutional literature, the type of endogeneity most commonly reported is that of reverse causality, in which, contrary to the previous type, the more austere countries tend to be more likely to carry out reforms. In the third chapter, the effectiveness of CFs in altering the trajectory of the structural balance is evaluated through the methodology of the synthetic control, in an attempt to control more strictly the endogeneity problem, of our knowledge a novelty in the literature. The results indicate that there is no significant effect of FCs on that variable, in contrast to those obtained in previous evaluations. The last chapter of the thesis outlines considerations regarding the Brazilian Independent Fiscal Institution (IFI), created in 2016, in the light of recent empirical assessments of the new role of these institutions in the international context.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

This thesis deals with factors which are important for making decisions in the game of poker. The goal is to find a way to improve players chances of success in this game. The first two chapters describe the rules of poker and the basics and presumptions of the game theory The following chapters analyze some mathematical models and assumptions for applying these models in the game. These models should find the optimal solution for individuals in decision making situations. It can be considered a static situation, where the behavior of each player is predetermined and the decision maker tries to find an appropriate strategy. It is also can be considered a dynamic situation, when all players react to each other, which heads to equilibrium solution. As a consequence of rising popularity of poker tournaments many strategy books have appeared, as well as analytic software. Nevertheless, it is and probably will remain impossible to solve all decision situations which can occur. A very important factor of success are some gamblers attitude, experience and mental skills. Mathematical knowledge, however, will become more and more important. This thesis will help to understand the basic of mathematic models and their application in poker game.

Dans le contexte de la convergence, où une seule « plate-forme » est capable de fournir toutes les formes de communications possible, se pose la question de la fusion des organismes de réglementation distincts qui régulent, d’une part la communication audiovisuelle, d’autre part les télécommunications. C’est ainsi que fut créée une nouvelle institution par la loi n° 8867 du 29 février 2008 relative à la gestion et à l’installation de la Korea Communications Commission (KCC) en remplacement les deux autorités de régulation préexistantes qui dirigeaient l’audiovisuel et la télécommunication. Parallèlement, en France, depuis 2007, suite au rapport du sénateur Bruno RETAILLEAU, les pouvoirs publics se sont positionnés en faveur d’une éventuelle fusion à terme entre le CSA et l'ARCEP, la fusion de ces deux autorités de régulation permettant la gestion de l’audiovisuel et de la télécommunication par une même autorité de régulation. Pour autant, un tel projet de réforme n’est pas encore à l’ordre du jour et laisse de nombreuses questions en suspend, questions que la fusion coréenne n’est justement pas parvenu à répondre. Entre un système coréen qui joue le jeu de la convergence, sans pour autant que soit garanti l’indépendance du régulateur vis-à-vis du pouvoir exécutif, et un système français, garantissant autant ce faire se peut cette indépendance, tout en maintenant une séparation de la régulation de la communication audiovisuelle et des télécommunications, on peut s’interroger sur l’opportunité de chacun des deux régimes et sur le modèle le plus performant pour assurer la régulation du secteur de la communication audiovisuelle, tout en préservant la liberté de la communication, liberté fondamentale essentielle pour nos démocraties / In this convergence environment, only the « plate-forme » could be supply all of the communication formats. We wonder a question about the organization meltdown of the regulation, in the one side, the audiovisual communication and in the other side, the telecoms sector. Thus, a new institution has been created by the 29th February 2008 law n°8867 in matter of the setting and the management of the Korea Communications Commission (KCC) in place of the two preexisting regulation authorities whom run the audiovisual communication and the telecoms. In the same time, since 2007 in France, in consequence of the Senator Bruno RETAILLEAU report, the authorities took one’s stand for a possible fusion between The CSA and the ARCEP. This meltdown shall allow managing the audiovisual communication and the telecoms by the same regulation authority. However, this reform proposal is not still in the agenda, and raises new issues those even the Korean merger was not able to answer. Both the Korean system which runs with the convergence without a guarantee of the regulation independence in front of the State power, and the French system who guaranteed as possible this independence by separating the audiovisual communication regulation from the telecoms. We wonder on the appropriateness of the two systems, and which is the best performing to run the audiovisual communication regulation, to guarantee the independence of communication and the fundamental liberties which rule our democracies

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Viajantes independentes de longa duraÃÃo â conhecidos como backpackers, notadamente, pela indÃstria turÃstica internacional e como mochileiros, no Brasil â podem ser caracterizados, em linhas gerais, em relaÃÃo à qualidade nÃo-institucionalizada de sua prÃtica (COHEN, 1972). Eles assumem a organizaÃÃo independente de sua viagem, evitando, assim, a compra de pacotes e demais mediaÃÃes prÃprias das agÃncias turÃsticas. Ao configurar independentemente seus deslocamentos, buscam mobilizar valores como autonomia e flexibilidade, o que os permite, por exemplo, trocar itinerÃrios, desfazer planos e extender sua mobilidade por longos perÃodos. Saber quem, concretamente, sÃo os sujeitos desses deslocamentos, que posiÃÃes sociais assumem em suas sociedades de origem, compreender por quais motivos desejam experimentar perÃodos tÃo alargados em trÃnsito, como atribuem sentido a essa forma especÃfica de viajar e como vivenciam o retorno a seus paÃses de origem, sÃo algumas das disposiÃÃes que conformam os objetivos deste trabalho. Mais claramente, a presente tese tem por objetivo apresentar uma etnografia de viagens independentes de longa duraÃÃo, considerando para tanto o movimento material, bem como as polÃticas de significado (CRESWELL, 2006), empreendidas por seus sujeitos. Por movimento material deve-se entender os deslocamentos fÃsicos dos viajantes, a maneira crua, como define Creswell (2006), de atingir um ponto partindo de outro. Jà no que concerne Ãs polÃticas de significado, tem-se como horizonte de reflexÃo tanto as representaÃÃes partilhadas pelos sujeitos no que se refere Ãs suas jornadas quanto a prÃtica das mesmas, a experiÃncia do movimento sendo incorporada e valorada individualmente. O que apresenta-se aqui, portanto, à uma pesquisa cuja construÃÃo teve como matÃria empÃrica privilegiada as situaÃÃes concretas de interaÃÃo, as configuraÃÃes de relaÃÃes de troca, de tensÃo, de conflito, e, igualmente, os momentos de invenÃÃo, de criaÃÃo e de elaboraÃÃo de discursos presentes em uma â alegada â maneira singular de viajar.