成語的使用有助高層次的語文認知學習和應用，無論在閱讀與寫作各方面都是重要的基礎訓練，然而目前台灣大部份的成語教學、學習平台或軟體多數提供靜態的資料查詢或教學資源，缺少以學生練習為主的環境。 　　本研究之目的為發展一個以本體論為基礎的中文成語練習系統。首先從文獻中分析成語多元訊息內容以建構成語知識本體、歸納學生運用成語造句時常見的病句偏誤原因並設計電腦可行之診斷機制，再以系統發展法建構一個以本體論為基礎的中文成語練習系統，系統可提供線上成語教材、可以自動產製是非、選擇、配合題型之測驗題目，並可以用情境式造句–在既定情境下實際利用成、詞語組合成一完整句子–的方式來練習成語，而系統可以判斷答題結果或造句是否合理，再針對成語使用盲點給予即時回饋，突破現有成語線上練習僅能從預先設定好的題庫中出題的限制，並提供情境式運用成語造句的環境。 　　系統效能及滿意度評估方面，本研究以準實驗設計進行，結果發現利用本研究之系統輔助教學的學生學習成效顯著高於使用傳統教學的學生，尤其對中、低能力程度學生具有顯著學習成效。在實際成語造句方面，以本研究之系統輔助教學之學生成語語法、語義使用正確性也較傳統教學學生顯著為高。學生也覺得本研究之系統是易用及有用的，並感到滿意。另外，在系統的可行性方面，受訪教師皆認為本研究之系統可以應用於學生自學成語。 / Using idioms would benefit a higher level of language perception, learning and application. It is also a kind of important but basic training in both reading and writing. However, presently, most platforms or software of Chinese idiom teaching and learning only offer static data inquiry or teaching resources, lack the environment of relying mainly on the fact that students practice. The purpose of this research is to develop the “ontology-based Chinese idiom practice system”. At first, we probed into the meta-data of Chinese idioms from any kind of studies and references to building and forming the ontology of the Chinese idiom, and summed up the wrong sentence with Chinese idioms to analyze the reasons of missing to design the feasible diagnosis mechanism of the computer. And then, we used above-mentioned ideas to develop the ontology-based Chinese idiom practice system. The system can offer the on-line teaching material of Chinese idioms, can automatically produce true-false, multiple-choice, and matching questions to examine, can offer a platform that users can actually practice sentence-making with Chinese idioms under a provided situation utilizing situational words and idioms. The system can also judge question sheet result or diagnose user-making sentences to be reasonable and can give feedback aiming at the blind spot immediately. This research can break through the restriction that the questions of existing on-line testing of Chinese idioms are always selected from the setting up question bank and can offer the situational environment that uses idioms to make sentences. Using quasi-experimental design, one class was assigned to experimental group using the system of this research assisted learning and the other class, the control group, using traditional teaching method. Related results demonstrated the performance of the experimental group was higher than the control group, especially it made better effect to the students of middle and low abilities in the experimental group. In making actual sentences with Chinese idiom, the number of correctness of Chinese idiom grammar and meaning using of the experimental group was higher than the control group. The students of the experimental group thought the system of this research is apt to use and useful, and feel satisfied. In addition, the teachers using the system actually thought the system of this research is practicable when the students study Chinese idiom by themselves.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of 10 minutes of daily exposure for 10 weeks to a Chinese Music Curriculum and its effect on generating positive cultural attitudes towards the Chinese people, improving tonal discrimination skills, singing accuracy of tonal patterns, and accuracy of singing Chinese lyrics for third-, fourth-, and fifth-grade students, compared to a comparison group not receiving the Chinese Music Curriculum. In an elementary school in Miami-Dade County, Florida, 6 third-, fourth-, and fifth-grade classes were chosen and randomly assigned to either an intervention or a comparison group. A Chinese Music Curriculum was developed for the intervention group and implemented by classroom teachers. Meanwhile, the comparison group received normal academic instruction and a weekly music class by a music specialist. Pre- and post-tests were administered to both the intervention and comparison groups: (1) Children's Attitudes toward Chinese (CATC), (2) Intermediate Measures of Music Audiation-Tonal (IMMA, Gordon, 1982), and (3) Tonal Pattern Performance Measure (TPPM). The Chinese Song Performance Measure (CSPM) was administered to the intervention group only in order to measure students' abilities for accurately singing the Chinese lyrics of a simple Chinese song, "Little Rat." Data were subjected to a mixed Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) statistical analysis, item analysis, and Pearson Product-Moment correlation. The results demonstrated that the CATC survey was a reliable and valid measure to assess children's attitudes toward Chinese people. The overall effect of the Chinese Music Curriculum was significant in combination of the three outcome measures: CATC, IMMA, and TPPM. The follow-up individual examination revealed that children's attitudes toward Chinese people and tonal pattern singing accuracy were significantly improved, but tonal discrimination skills did not improve. Grade was found to influence children's singing accuracy of tonal patterns with fifth graders outperforming the third and fourth graders. All participants in the intervention group were able to sing a Chinese song with over 70% accuracy of the Chinese lyrics.

本研究旨在探究將語言功能教學納入華語教學中之可行性，並選取華語稱謂語作為研究之對象。為達成研究目的，本研究以問卷調查方式以及訪談做為研究工具，有效問卷共計24份，透過問卷調取語料及配合訪談，進一步分析華語母語者在不同情境下對於稱謂語的擇用是否有規律可循。問卷調查以場合正式性、熟悉程度、階級、輩分與性別五項社會因素為主，檢測此五項社會因素個別如何宰制其對華語稱謂語的擇用，當其交乘時又會如何相互牽制與競爭。 　　經過研究實施與資料分析，在35個稱謂語中，只有7種形式使用頻率較高，包括「（名字　你）」、「您」、「職稱（｛你，您｝）」、「姓氏＋職稱（｛你，您｝）」、「（姓氏）職稱（｛你，您｝）」、「姓氏＋先生（｛你，您｝）」、「全名＋你」。在社會變相方面，發現性別對稱謂語的擇用不具顯著影響力。因此就場合正式性、熟悉程度、階級與輩分四項社會因素進行分析，歸結研究結果如下：（一）受試者在公開場合與私底下之首選均為併式「（名字　你）」。研究結果顯示場合正式性的高低對首選的指稱形式的選擇並無直接影響。換言之，場合正式性對於稱謂語不具識別性。（二）在很熟、不大熟與不認識三種情形下，「名字」或「你」使用頻率均很高，凸顯現在社會價值體系的走向仍偏向協和關係，且其已超越權勢的強度。因此，當需要標示社會差距時會使用「職稱」。換言之，熟悉程度對於稱謂語的擇用具影響力，並依此分列為兩大系統，以「名字」與「你」指稱熟悉度高的對象，以「職稱」指稱熟悉度低的對象。（三）指涉對象為上司時多選用有「職稱」者；指涉同事與下屬則偏向使用「（名字　你）」；「您」則少用於指涉下屬。另外，原先假設「階級」可分為上司、同事與下屬三種程度，然根據調查結果可重新切割為「上司」以及「非上司」（即同事與下屬）兩階即可。（四）在對象輩分高於自己的情況下傾向以「職稱」標示雙方社會距離，而在面對平輩或是晚輩時則不適用。選用「您」的情形在面對長輩或是平輩時較為頻繁，對晚輩則不使用。「名字」以及「你」的稱謂指涉則不分輩分高低，顯示這兩種語言形式基本上不受到輩分高低的控制。（五）綜合以上，發現四項社會因素個別對稱謂語之影響力的優先順序為：｛熟悉程度，階級｝＞輩分＞場合正式性；交乘考量時，對稱謂語之影響力的優先順序為：熟悉程度＞階級＞輩分＞場合正式性。無論是對於單獨或複合的稱謂形式，熟悉程度與階級的宰制均較強，影響力皆較大；而輩分與場合正式性的宰制較弱，影響力不明顯，可見與聽話者之間的關係才是主宰稱謂語擇用的主因。 　　最後本研究根據上述研究結果，對華語教學提出相關建議，並提出語言功能教學在華語教學實務上的應用與設計，希望能夠培養學習者建立對語言功能的意識與認識以及語言結構的使用能力，提升華語學習者的學習成效，達成語碼形式的正確性與使用之適切性兼具的成功溝通。

本論文觀察台灣年輕人說閩南語的國語口音，建立語料庫作為分析基礎，並根據優選理論中的浮動制約模型（Floating Constraint, Reynolds 1994）分析語料。 本文語料主要分為兩大組：A組及B組。除AB兩組均保留雙唇濁塞聲母 /b/之外，A組的國語口音較明顯，亦即軟顎濁塞聲母 /g/ 較常丟失、齒齦清塞音韻尾 /t/ 較常丟失、雙唇及軟顎清塞音韻尾 /p, k/ 常丟失或發為 /t/。B組的國語口音較不明顯，亦即較常保留上述輔音。 本文針對AB兩組的聲母及韻尾語料數據，各提出一組浮動制約。相較於A組，B組在聲母的浮動制約多了一個信實制約MAX-PLACE、在韻尾部分也多了另一個信實制約MAX-CONSONANT(CODA)。因此B組的信實制約有較多機會浮動至高層，也導致較多信實的輸出值。由此可見，兩組差異之關鍵在於浮動而非固定的制約，因此認為浮動制約模型適合用於處理此種語言變異現象。 / This thesis establishes a corpus of Taiwan youngsters’ Mandarin-accented pronunciation of Taiwanese voiced stop onsets /b/ and /g/ and voiceless stop codas /p, t, k/. The Floating Constraint model (Reynolds 1994) within the Optimality Theory framework is adopted to analyze the corpus data. The corpus includes two groups: Group A and Group B. Both groups retain the voiced bilabial stop onset /b/. Group A has higher percentages of omitting /g/ onset and /t/ coda, and codas /p/ and /k/ are often altered to /t/ or omitted. On the other hand, Group B tends to preserve those sounds. For each group, a set of floating constraints is proposed to account for their onset and coda data. The differences between Group A and Group B lie essentially in the number of floating faithfulness constraints. The Group B grammar allows one more floating constraint MAX-PLACE for onsets, and one more floating constraint MAX-CONSONANT(CODA) for codas. I have shown that the Mandarin accent is better accounted for in terms of the “floating” constraints, but not the “fixed” constraints.

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《漢俄合璧韻編》是十九世紀末俄羅斯漢學研究的重要里程碑。該詞典由巴拉第主筆、柏百福增補，前後費時十餘年，1888年於北京同文館出版。《韻編》廣泛收集口語與書面材料的字詞，書中記錄的漢字皆附有以俄文字母拼寫的漢語讀音。本論文即以俄文拼音為基本語料進行語音分析。《韻編》全書以俄文字母排序、以漢語的韻母分組。同一組內的漢字，有相同的聲母和韻母拼音，但沒有形式上的聲調標記；根據歸納結果，隱約依照「陰平、上、去、陽平」的聲調順序分組。本論文將《韻編》的俄文拼音調整為漢語音韻的格式之後，配合相關漢語音韻材料進行音位分析，試圖呈現《韻編》所記錄的語言；並且透過跨材料的比較，整理出本字典音系的語音特點和歷史意義。 　 　　一、平面音系分析。從時空背景和音韻特點來看，《韻編》所記錄的語言，應屬清末的官話。以下呈現漢語音位分析的結果。 聲母：　　p　pʰ　m　f　v　　t　tʰ　n　l　　k　kʰ　x　 　　　　　ts　tsʰ　s　　tʂ　tʂʰ　ʂ　ʐ　　ø 韻母：開　a　aj　aŋ　an　ɨw　ɨ　ɨŋ　ɨn　ə　ɨj　ɚ 　　　齊　jɨ　jɨŋ　jɨn　jə　jɨw　ja　jaj　jaŋ　jan　jaw 　　　合　wə　wɨ　wa　waj　waŋ　wan　wɨj　wɨŋ　wɨn 　　　撮　jwan　jwə　jwɨ　jwɨŋ　jwɨn 其中，有幾個韻母音位（如/jwə/）對應到兩組俄文拼音，只是因為聽感不同而有不同的拼音記錄，沒有系統上的對立。在聲韻配合方面，比較顯著的特色為：唇音不與合口呼、撮口呼韻母相配（除了合口呼單元音韻母）；軟齶音不與齊齒呼韻母相配；捲舌音不與撮口呼、齊齒呼韻母相配（除了齊齒呼單元音韻母）。 　 　　二、歷史比較。本論文將《韻編》音系與中古漢語和《中原音韻》比較，並與其他近現代外國對音材料比較。《韻編》與中古漢語的比較，有幾點特色。1.濁音聲母清化，平聲送氣、仄聲不送氣；2.知、莊、章系聲母多讀為捲舌音；3.不區分尖團音；4.沒有中古的入聲韻尾（塞音韻尾），而併入陰聲韻尾；5.陽聲韻尾則只有軟齶鼻音和齒齦鼻音兩類；6.[io]類韻母來自中古江、宕攝入聲韻。《韻編》與《中原音韻》的比較，比較明顯的是[m]韻尾讀為[n]韻尾，且《韻編》可以呼應若干條《中原音韻》的詞彙讀音註解。《韻編》與其他外國材料比較，不論俄、法、德、葡、英、美，經過音節比對，該時期官話在音韻系統上是相當一致的，沒有巨大的結構上的改變。不過就讀音變體而言，從清末至今，部分讀音漸趨弱化、消失，如韻母[io]弱化而與[üe]併合，但這類讀音的弱化或消失，並不影響整體音位系統。 / One of the most outstanding achievements of Russian Sinology during 19th century was “Chinese-Russian Dictionary” published in 1888. It was compiled by P. I. Kafarov and finished by P. S. Popov. A large number of Chinese characters, words and phrases were collected in this Dictionary, and Russian alphabets were supplementary to each written character for showing Chinese pronunciation. It is the Russian-Chinese transliteration that becomes our basic corpus. 　 　　In the Dictionary, the principle of listing order was by sequence of Russian alphabets, and principle of grouping was by Chinese finals (rhyme). In a group, every character had the same Russian transliteration. However, there was no marker of tone, which is important to distinguish meanings in Chinese language. To solve the problem, the editor or author indistinctly arranged the characters as Yin-ping (陰平 “dark level”), Shang (上 “rising”), Qu (去 “departing”) and Yang-ping (陽平 “light level”) four kinds of tones. After revising the Russian-Chinese transliteration to phonology form, phonetics analysis is possible. We would like to show the language recorded by this Dictionary, and summarize the feature of this language by comparing with different phonetic documents. 　 1. Phonetic analysis on the Dictionary. 　 　　Considering time, space and phonology feature of the Dictionary, we could claim that the language was Mandarin of late-Qing Dynasty. Here are the achievements of phonetic analysis. Initial: 20 initials grouping by place of articulation. 　　p　pʰ　m　f　v　　t　tʰ　n　l　　k　kʰ　x　 　　ts　tsʰ　s　　tʂ　tʂʰ　ʂ　ʐ　　ø Final: 35 finals grouping by jie-yin (介音 “medial; head of rhyme”), in order: kai-kou (開口“open mouth”) with no medial marker, qichi (齊齒“even teeth”) with medial marker /j/, hekou (合口“closed mouth”) with medial marker /w/ and cuokou (撮口“round mouth”) with medial marker /jw/. 　　a　aj　aŋ　an　ɨw　ɨ　ɨŋ　ɨn　ə　ɨj　ɚ 　　jɨ　jɨŋ　jɨn　jə　jɨw　ja　jaj　jaŋ　jan　jaw 　　wə　wɨ　wa　waj　waŋ　wan　wɨj　wɨŋ　wɨn 　　jwan　jwə　jwɨ　jwɨŋ　jwɨn A few of Chinese phonemes of rhymes like /jwə/ matched two Russian spellings. That was just the matter of listening difference and did not influence the phoneme system. Here are some remarkable features about the combination of initial and final. For example, labial consonants did not combine with “closed mouth” and “round mouth” rhyme, except monophthong of “closed mouth” rhyme; velar consonant did not combine with “even teeth” and “round mouth” rhyme, except monophthong of “even teeth” rhyme. 　 2. Historical comparison. 　 　　The Dictionary is compared with mid-ancient Chinese system and Mandarin document “Zhong-yuan Yin-yun”. Here are some remarkable features. First, total voiced initial consonants became devoiced, aspirate as level tone (平聲), while unaspirate as oblique tone (仄聲). Second, retroflex consonants were from Zhi (知), Zhuang (莊), Zhang (章) series in the mid-ancient Chinese. Third, there was no difference between sharp and rounded sounds (尖團音). Fourth, checked tone (entering tone) and its ending consonant were lost. Fifth, nasal endings were only [-n] and [-ŋ], while mid-ancient ending [-m] was lost. Sixth, rhyme [io] was from entering tone of Dang (宕), Jiang (江) rhyme group. Besides, we take some foreign documents in comparison. Our conclusion is that the structure of syllable and language system did not immensely change in that period. We can see that [io] rhyme became weak. Whether [io] rhyme existed or not did not influence the phoneme system.

Le choix de partenaire est souvent considéré comme étant le résultat d’une simple interaction, mais, en nature, l’environnement social dans lequel les animaux communiquent correspond généralement à un réseau d’émetteurs et de récepteurs. La présence de congénères, de rivaux, et même de prédateurs durant le choix de partenaire peut avoir plusieurs répercussions sur ce choix. Être observé par une audience composée de congénères de même sexe peut pousser certaines espèces à modifier le niveau d’expression de leurs préférences, et même à modifier ces préférences pour réduire la compétition ou éviter d’être imitées. La préférence de plusieurs femelles diamant mandarin pour deux mâles a été mesurée en absence et en présence d’une audience femelle pour déterminer si la présence de rivales a des effets sur le choix de partenaire des femelles. De plus, afin de déterminer si ces effets varient en fonction de la qualité des femelles focales et audience, la condition de plusieurs femelles a été altérée en diminuant leur capacité à voler. Selon les résultats, les femelles diminuent leur niveau de sélectivité suite à l’ajout d’une audience femelle, et l’intensité des interactions mâle-femelle dépend de la condition des femelles focales. Les femelles ajustent leur comportement surtout pour éviter d’être imitées et non en fonction de leur condition. Cependant, ces deux mécanismes peuvent affecter les femelles simultanément. / Mate choice is often considered as the result of a simple interaction, but, in the wild, the social environment in which animals communicate generally corresponds to a network of several signallers and receivers. The presence of conspecifics, rivals, and even predators during mate choice can have many repercussions on that choice. Being observed by an audience of same-sex conspecifics can drive some species to alter the level of expression of their preferences, and even to modify those preferences to reduce competition or avoid being copied. The preference of several zebra finch females for two males was measured without and with a female audience to determine if the presence of an audience alters female mate choice. Moreover, to determine if these effects vary according to focal and audience females’ condition, the condition of several females was altered by diminishing their flying ability. According to the results, females lower their level of selectivity following the addition of an audience, and the intensity of male-female interactions depends on the focal females’ condition. Our findings suggest that females mainly adjust their behavior to avoid being copied and not according to their condition. However, these two mechanisms might have affected the females’ mating preferences simultaneously.

Plusieurs espèces s’alimentant en groupe ont un comportement correspondant au jeu producteur-chapardeur (P-C). Même si à l’origine ce jeu ne prenait pas en compte plusieurs éléments susceptibles d’être présents dans un groupe social, certaines études récentes suggèrent que des facteurs, notamment le niveau de défense des ressources et les liens sociaux, pourraient affecter ses prédictions. Notre étude avait pour but d’étudier les effets de ces facteurs en exposant des groupes de diamants mandarins à quatre traitements expérimentaux faisant varier la taille du groupe et le degré d’attachement des oiseaux. Notre étude est la première à montrer que le niveau de défense des ressources a un réel effet sur les fréquences d’utilisation des tactiques producteur et chapardeur. De fait, contrairement à ce qui est prédit dans le jeu P-C original, nous avons trouvé que la fréquence des chapardeurs n’augmente pas avec la taille du groupe dans un contexte favorisant la défense des ressources. Par ailleurs, nous n’avons pas trouvé d’effet significatif du lien social sur les fréquences d’utilisation des tactiques. Cependant, nos résultats suggèrent que les liens de couple changent le comportement individuel des sujets en ce qui a trait au chapardage et à l’agressivité : bien que le résultat soit non significatif, les individus chapardent davantage leur partenaire social que les autres membres du groupe, mais avec une agressivité plus faible. Les résultats obtenus sont prometteurs et ouvrent la voie à de nombreuses autres études sur l’effet des liens sociaux et la défense des ressources chez les espèces grégaires. / Many species foraging in groups show behaviours in agreement with the producer-scrounger (PS) game. Originally, the PS game did not consider many elements likely to be found within feeding groups. However, recent studies suggest that some factors, namely resource defendability and social attachment, could indeed influence the predictions of the PS game. Thus, to investigate the effects of resource defendability and social bonds, we exposed flocks of zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), a monogamous species, to four different treatments intended to vary: (1) group size and, (2) degree of attachment among birds in a group. For the first time, we show that resource defendability has a true impact on the use of the two foraging tactics in the PS game. As a matter of fact, contrary to what is predicted in the original PS game, we found that the frequency of scrounger tactic did not increase with group size when tested in an economically defendable feeding context. On the other hand, even though pair bonding changed the individual scrounging and aggressive behaviours of the birds, we found no significant influence of this factor on the tactic use. Although the result was not significant, we found that scrounging was more frequent between social pairs than between experimental pairs, but individuals initiated aggressions towards their social partner with a lesser intensity. Thus, our results are promising and they call for many more studies on the effects of social bonds and resource defendability in gregarious species.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

本篇論文是針對六位以台灣華語為母語的嬰幼兒，採長期觀察的方式，研究 台灣華語字彙產製的音韻變化性(phonological variability)，並詳細描述單音節詞和雙音節詞之中音節類型出現的頻率、變化性、以及代換模式。本研究同時要用Jakoson (1968)的音節標記理論來檢驗各種音節類型中的共通性。 本研究一共觀察了有六位年齡在十一個月至兩歲的嬰幼兒長達一年。以兩個 禮拜一次的頻率收集嬰幼兒和母親之間的自然對話，並利用錄製回來的影音檔做 譯寫和分析。 結果顯示小朋友的音韻變化是很常見的，且是有規則可循的。小朋友的音韻變異量的高峰(variability peak)會出現在當小朋友的音韻發展從一個階段進展到另一個階段的時候，而本篇論文顯示與當小朋友由單字期(one-word stage)進展到雙字期(two-word stage)以及字彙量有大幅上升的時期符合。華語音節習得的部分，結果顯示CV 是頻率最高、變化性最低，且最常被拿來替換的音節類型。CVG 也是頻率高的音節類型之一，但他的變化性也很高，主要是因為韻尾省略 (coda-dropping)的現象在小朋友的早期發展很常見的關係，所以CVG 雖然頻率高但是變化性也很高而且是最常被取代的音節類型之一。 最後，將所有的結果拿來檢驗Jakoson (1968)的音節標記理論，結果發現頻 率高以及變化性低的音節類型都是無標記(unmarked)的音節類型，相反的頻率低 以及變化性高的音節類型則都是有標記的(marked)音節類型，此外小朋友會用無 標記的音節類型來取代有標記的音節類型。 / The purpose of this study is to discuss the issue concerning phonological variability of children acquiring Taiwan Mandarin. Two aspects are including in the following: the phonological variability of words and the syllable types composed the words. The overall variability pattern, the frequency, variability rate, and substitution pattern of syllable type were analyzed. Six participants are investigated in the study, aged between 0;11 to 2;0. A longitudinal observation study is conducted by the author and the research team. The results showed that phonological variability is common in early phonological development. The increase in variability reflects the reorganization of phonological system, where children started to produce two-word utterances and the amount of different words was increased. As for the syllable type analysis, CV presented the highest in frequency, the lowest in variability rate, and also was used to replace other syllable type more often. CVG was one of the most frequently used syllable type; however, the variability rate of CVG was also high. The reason may due to the fact coda-dropping is a very common phenomenon in children’s development. The results in this study were examined in the markedness theory of syllable proposed by Jakobson (1968). The results showed that syllable types with higher frequency and lower variability rates were unmarked syllable types, while syllable types with lower frequency and higher variability rates were marked syllable types. Furthermore, children tended to use a more unmarked syllable to replace a more marked syllable.