Magistro darbas analizuoja įžymiųjų Frankfurto atstovų – Foucault ir Habermaso diskusiją, detaliau gilinamasi į komunikacinio veiksmo teorijos ir genealogijos metodų aiškinimą ir jų taikomumą. Nors apie šią diskusiją jau buvo plačiai analizuota ir apsvarstyta viešojoje akademinėje bendruomenėje, tačiau šio darbo išskirtinumas yra tai, kad gilinamasi į transgresijos perspektyvos atveriamus dekonstrukcijos ir rekonstrukcijos motyvų kryptingumų atskleidimus. Svarbu išsiaiškinti, ar socialinių formų destabilizacija įtakoja dekonstrukciją, ar rekonstrukcija nesudaro priežastinių ryšių santykių hierarchijos, vedančios link vienos krypties orientyro (vienpusiškumo)? Remiantis transgresijos sąvokos koncepcija, nurodančia įvykių nesugrįžtamo motyvo prielaidą ir panašių įvykių pakartotinumo galimumo motyvą. Apibendrinant pastaruosius pastebėjimus, galime teigti, kad rekonstrukcija ir dekonstrukcija atlieka svarbų vaidmenį socialiniuose moksluose atsirandantiems emerdžiškumams. Siekiant plačiau analizuoti komunikacinio veiksmo teorijos ir genealogijos metodų pateiktis, kuriamos koreliacijos, išryškinusios emerdžentiškumo motyvo skvarbių pretenzijų pasireiškimą. Magistrinis darbas siekia praturtinti klasikinės socialinės metodologijos keliamų klasifikavimo standartų nugulusius reikalavimus naujomis stiliaus atpažinimo galimybėmis, sutelkiančias lygiavertę lygiavimosi pretenziją į meninio stiliaus paraiškos svarumo pateiktį. / This masterʼs thesis analyses the debate of the famous Frankfurt representatives Foucault and Habermas, while examining in more detail the interpretation of the theory of communicative action and genealogy methods and their applicability. Although this debate has already been widely analyzed and discussed in the public academic community, however, the uniqueness of this paper is the analyzing of the disclosures of the purposefulness of the motifs of the deconstruction and reconstruction, revealed by the transgression perspective. It is important to find out, whether the deconstruction or reconstruction, which are influenced by the destabilization of social forms, do not constitute the hierarchy of causative relations, leading to the one – way target. Based on the notion of the transgression concept, indicating the hypothesis of the motif of the irreversibility of events and the motif of the possibility of the repeatedness of similar events. Summarizing the recent observations, it can be stated about the importance of the reconstruction and deconstruction in social sciences, while originating emergentisms. In order to analyze in more detail the method presentations of the theory of communicative actions and genealogy, the correlations are created, in order to emphasize the penetrating pretensions of the emergentism motif. This master‘s thesis aims to enrich the standard overlying classification requirements, raised by the classical social methodology, with the new... [to full text]

O uso e abuso de drogas constituem fenômeno complexo com conseqüências adversas na saúde individual, familiar e na comunidade. A literatura científica ressalta que, para cada alcoolista, existe uma família disfuncional e, pelos menos, uma mulher com problemas físicos e psicológicos relacionados com o adicto. O objetivo do estudo foi explorar o mundo da vida de mulheres, de uma comunidade suburbana no Estado de Querétaro, México, cujos companheiros são dependentes de álcool. Foi realizado estudo qualitativo à luz da Teoria da Ação Comunicativa de Habermas. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se a técnica de entrevista semiestruturada temática e de observação participante e a análise dos dados seguiram os pressupostos do método da hermenêutica dialética. Foram entrevistadas 14 mulheres. Os resultados são apresentados considerando os três âmbitos do mundo da vida. Mundo social: o consumo de álcool é identificado como um comportamento não desejado, porém, esperado entre os homens e, atualmente, inclui jovens do sexo feminino, e é visto como um ato normal já que todo mundo faz. Mundo subjetivo: identificaram-se estados de ânimo negativos como depressão, baixa autoestima, culpa e medo, o que as leva a se sentirem como objetos. Mundo objetivo: identificou-se violência intrafamiliar, comportamentos de controle por parte dos companheiros, sintomas de doença física e mental, tanto no companheiro quanto nas participantes, e justificam a sua permanência com o companheiro porque devem ser um exemplo para os filhos apesar do dano físico e da dor. Na interação dos mundos ressaltam: a percepção da falta de redes de apoio institucionais para enfrentarem o alcoolismo do companheiro, criar os filhos visto como uma expectativa para o futuro e é sentido como um logro pessoal, jurar como uma ação do companheiro que lhes permita manter um controle relativo do consumo e, sob essa perspectiva, com melhor qualidade de vida, embora, também, seja utilizado como argumento para pedir perdão depois de uma ação violenta e, não se deixar, no momento que algumas delas conseguiram estabelecer limites ao marido. Considerações finais: a introjeção de padrões e normas sociais e culturais, em relação ao tema do álcool, não permite que as mulheres o visualizem como um problema, entretanto, essas normas atuam como mecanismos de proteção quando assumem o papel de mãe e esposa. É importante ressaltar a manifestação de ciúmes dos companheiros que, pelo consumo crônico de álcool, pode estar associada à paranóia alcoólica e, portanto, necessitam atenção. Finalmente, as mulheres transferem o tema de consumo de álcool do companheiro ao uso de álcool e drogas dos filhos. De acordo com Habermas, a situação torna-se relevante para elas e seria o momento de intervir para modificar padrões de comportamento a médio e longo prazo. Portanto, o reconhecimento dessa visão, sobre o tema do álcool e a compreensão dos sentidos que conferem ao seu mundo da vida, é ponto de partida básico para elaborar propostas de participação comunitária para o controle do alcoolismo. / Drugs use and abuse constitutes a complex phenomenon with adverse consequences for individual, family and community health. Scientific literature highlights that, for every alcoholic, there is a dysfunctional family or at least a wife with physical or psychological problems related to her life with the addict. This research aimed to explore the life world of women living with an alcoholic partner in a suburban community located in the State of Querétaro, Mexico. A qualitative study was carried out in the light of J. Habermas\' Theory of Communicative Action. Thematic semistructured interview and participant observation were used for data collection. Data analysis was based on the premises of the dialectical hermeneutical method. Fourteen women were interviewed and the results are presented for each of the three spheres in the life world. Social world: alcohol consumption is an unwanted but expected behavior among men and has no been integrated among young women. It is seen as normal because everybody does it. Subjective world: negative mood states were identified, such as depression, low self-esteem, guilt and fear, which makes them feel like objects. Objective world: intra-family violence was identified, as well as control behaviors by the husband and symptoms of physical and mental disease in both partners. They justify that they maintain the relationship because they need to be an example for their children despite the physical harm and pain. The following stands out in the interaction among the worlds: the perception of a lack of institutional support networks to face their partner\'s alcoholism; keep their children going as an expectation for the future and with a sense of personal success; swearing as an action by their husband that keeps his consumption under relative control and, from the women\'s perspective, maintains a better quality of life, although it is also used as an argument to apologize after a violent action: and not let themselves go, when some of them managed to set limits on their husband. Final considerations: The introjection of social and cultural patterns and standards with respect to alcohol does not allow them to consider it as a problem. However, these same standards have served as protection mechanisms in women, when they assume the roles of mother and wife. It should be mentioned that, due to the chronic alcohol consumption conditions, their husband\'s jealousy can be associated with alcohol paranoia and, therefore, demand care. On the other hand, the women transfer the theme of their husband\'s alcohol use to alcohol and drugs use in their children, which is why, according to Habermas, at this moment, the situation becomes relevant to them and this would be the right time for interventions, in the attempt to modify some behavioral patterns in the medium and long term. Finally, the acknowledgement of this other view on the theme of alcohol and the understanding of the meanings they attribute to their life world is a basic starting point to elaborate Community participation proposals with a view to controlling alcoholism.

O uso e abuso de drogas constituem fenômeno complexo com conseqüências adversas na saúde individual, familiar e na comunidade. A literatura científica ressalta que, para cada alcoolista, existe uma família disfuncional e, pelos menos, uma mulher com problemas físicos e psicológicos relacionados com o adicto. O objetivo do estudo foi explorar o mundo da vida de mulheres, de uma comunidade suburbana no Estado de Querétaro, México, cujos companheiros são dependentes de álcool. Foi realizado estudo qualitativo à luz da Teoria da Ação Comunicativa de Habermas. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se a técnica de entrevista semiestruturada temática e de observação participante e a análise dos dados seguiram os pressupostos do método da hermenêutica dialética. Foram entrevistadas 14 mulheres. Os resultados são apresentados considerando os três âmbitos do mundo da vida. Mundo social: o consumo de álcool é identificado como um comportamento não desejado, porém, esperado entre os homens e, atualmente, inclui jovens do sexo feminino, e é visto como um ato normal já que todo mundo faz. Mundo subjetivo: identificaram-se estados de ânimo negativos como depressão, baixa autoestima, culpa e medo, o que as leva a se sentirem como objetos. Mundo objetivo: identificou-se violência intrafamiliar, comportamentos de controle por parte dos companheiros, sintomas de doença física e mental, tanto no companheiro quanto nas participantes, e justificam a sua permanência com o companheiro porque devem ser um exemplo para os filhos apesar do dano físico e da dor. Na interação dos mundos ressaltam: a percepção da falta de redes de apoio institucionais para enfrentarem o alcoolismo do companheiro, criar os filhos visto como uma expectativa para o futuro e é sentido como um logro pessoal, jurar como uma ação do companheiro que lhes permita manter um controle relativo do consumo e, sob essa perspectiva, com melhor qualidade de vida, embora, também, seja utilizado como argumento para pedir perdão depois de uma ação violenta e, não se deixar, no momento que algumas delas conseguiram estabelecer limites ao marido. Considerações finais: a introjeção de padrões e normas sociais e culturais, em relação ao tema do álcool, não permite que as mulheres o visualizem como um problema, entretanto, essas normas atuam como mecanismos de proteção quando assumem o papel de mãe e esposa. É importante ressaltar a manifestação de ciúmes dos companheiros que, pelo consumo crônico de álcool, pode estar associada à paranóia alcoólica e, portanto, necessitam atenção. Finalmente, as mulheres transferem o tema de consumo de álcool do companheiro ao uso de álcool e drogas dos filhos. De acordo com Habermas, a situação torna-se relevante para elas e seria o momento de intervir para modificar padrões de comportamento a médio e longo prazo. Portanto, o reconhecimento dessa visão, sobre o tema do álcool e a compreensão dos sentidos que conferem ao seu mundo da vida, é ponto de partida básico para elaborar propostas de participação comunitária para o controle do alcoolismo. / Drugs use and abuse constitutes a complex phenomenon with adverse consequences for individual, family and community health. Scientific literature highlights that, for every alcoholic, there is a dysfunctional family or at least a wife with physical or psychological problems related to her life with the addict. This research aimed to explore the life world of women living with an alcoholic partner in a suburban community located in the State of Querétaro, Mexico. A qualitative study was carried out in the light of J. Habermas\' Theory of Communicative Action. Thematic semistructured interview and participant observation were used for data collection. Data analysis was based on the premises of the dialectical hermeneutical method. Fourteen women were interviewed and the results are presented for each of the three spheres in the life world. Social world: alcohol consumption is an unwanted but expected behavior among men and has no been integrated among young women. It is seen as normal because everybody does it. Subjective world: negative mood states were identified, such as depression, low self-esteem, guilt and fear, which makes them feel like objects. Objective world: intra-family violence was identified, as well as control behaviors by the husband and symptoms of physical and mental disease in both partners. They justify that they maintain the relationship because they need to be an example for their children despite the physical harm and pain. The following stands out in the interaction among the worlds: the perception of a lack of institutional support networks to face their partner\'s alcoholism; keep their children going as an expectation for the future and with a sense of personal success; swearing as an action by their husband that keeps his consumption under relative control and, from the women\'s perspective, maintains a better quality of life, although it is also used as an argument to apologize after a violent action: and not let themselves go, when some of them managed to set limits on their husband. Final considerations: The introjection of social and cultural patterns and standards with respect to alcohol does not allow them to consider it as a problem. However, these same standards have served as protection mechanisms in women, when they assume the roles of mother and wife. It should be mentioned that, due to the chronic alcohol consumption conditions, their husband\'s jealousy can be associated with alcohol paranoia and, therefore, demand care. On the other hand, the women transfer the theme of their husband\'s alcohol use to alcohol and drugs use in their children, which is why, according to Habermas, at this moment, the situation becomes relevant to them and this would be the right time for interventions, in the attempt to modify some behavioral patterns in the medium and long term. Finally, the acknowledgement of this other view on the theme of alcohol and the understanding of the meanings they attribute to their life world is a basic starting point to elaborate Community participation proposals with a view to controlling alcoholism.

Orientador: Lizete Maria Orquiza de Carvalho / Banca: Eldon Henrique Mühl / Banca: Luciana Maria Lunardi Campos / Banca: Alberto Villani / Banca: Ana Maria de Andrade Caldeira / Resumo: O propósito deste trabalho é discutir as políticas de formação docente, especialmente aquelas que se relacionam mais diretamente aos professores de Ciências da região de Jequié, Bahia, a partir das seguintes questões: como se entrelaçam as políticas públicas de formação docente e as histórias formativas de professores de Ciências que ali vivem e trabalham? Como são construídas as políticas de formação e qual o papel dos professores neste contexto? Como é possível uma formação emancipatória que considere os professores sujeitos capazes de participar ativamente da vida política, inclusive no que concerne à sua formação? Para tanto, serve-se da teoria social de Habermas como principal referencial teórico-metodológico. Os dados foram constituídos por meio de levantamento bibliográfico (legislação, documentos e estudos acadêmicos) e de campo (histórias de formação, obtidas por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com quinze professores de Ciências). A apresentação e a discussão dos dados ocorreram em três momentos: i) numa ótica mais ampla, com a apresentação das ações estatais relativas ao assunto nos níveis nacional e estadual; ii) numa focalização mais precisa, no entrelaçamento das histórias de formação dos docentes entrevistados com as ações estatais correspondentes, enfatizando as ações de nível local e iii) transpassando esses dois enfoques, uma análise mais aprofundada da construção das políticas de formação docente a partir dos conceitos de sistema, mundo da vida e esfera pública. Como resultado, obteve-se um quadro geral das políticas de formação docente nas últimas décadas, o enredamento destas políticas com as histórias pessoais dos entrevistados, bem como uma análise interpretativa de como os docentes têm participado da construção das políticas referentes à sua própria formação e de como... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The purpose of this study is to discuss the teacher training policies - especially those related to the Science teachers from Jequié City, state of Bahia, Brazil - from the following questions: how do the teacher training public policies and the personal educational history of the Science, teachers who live and work in the city entangle? How are training policies built and how are teachers contextualized in this process? How possible can be an emancipative training which sees teachers as individuals capable of participating actively in politics, including in issues concerning their own training? For this purpose, the Haberma's social theory is employed as the leading theoretical and methodological benchmark. The data were formed by means of bibliographical survey (legislation, documents and academic studies) and field survey (training history, obtained from semistructured interviews performed with 15 Science teachers). The data presentation and discussion had three different aspects: i) a broader view, showing the state actions related to the topic, at national and state levels; ii) a more precise focus, the interweaving of the training of the teachers interviewed with the corresponding state actions - with emphasis on local actions and iii) beyond these two aspects, a deeper analysis on the construction of the teacher training policies from the concepts of "system", "lifeworld" and "public sphere". As a result, a general view of the teacher training policies over the last decades was achieved, as well as the interweaving of these policies with the personal history of the interviewees and an interpretative analysis on how the teachers have been participating in the construction of these policies, concerning their own training - and how such policies could be implemented more democratically. It is understood that the training - based on the instrumental rationality of the Science teachers... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:15:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elisangela Pena Munhoz.pdf: 787641 bytes, checksum: cbfc23d5279a8a3e5dcb6caef84aaa73 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-30 / This research explores the mediator's role conflict to the Habermas´s Theory of communicative action. The matter has gained repercussion with justice access movement in Brazil. The Right structured by the laws, by theory and by an established practice procedurally welcomed the mediation. However, this is a practice that runs the formalities of the legal context. The opportunity for this research is the complex task of conducting a dialogue to transform a conflict situation without the support of the coercive and decision-making power of a sentence. Researchers and activist urges for the initiative of mediation in face of the need for adjustments of the instrumental form and technique that has traditionally been established by law, but that does not meet the specific demands of mediation. The proposal is to institute the construction of the mediator's role in the field of communication, to experience in practice the benefits offered by the communicative action. Our goal is to review how the legal sciences perceive the role of mediator. Habermasians comprehend that the mediator works is to build a communicative situation; therefore the purpose is that it should be regarded as an interpreter of the conflicting parties. Elected as corpus three foreign models, the North American, Italian and Argentinian, to deconstruct them in order to understand its structures and treat critically its constituent aspects. The mediator´s is the dialogue´s leading figure, using an explanatory speech to clarify the points that are causing the conflict. He does not aim to solve the conflict, but it is willing to provide the mediated sides another chance to talk. Since the bridge between theory and praxis is established with the help of Eric Landowski´s semiotic regimes of interaction. Studies of the French semiotician and sociologist indicate that mediation relies on the human ability to aesthesia, the actant´s ability to perceive each other, for both to engaee each other in a collaborative construction. The conflict, with the contribution of Axel Honneth has revealed something to social own latent social interaction. Therefore it is needed to address the risks inherent in mediation. This exercise is done under three perspectives: the risks from the perspective of relationship, the mediator himself and the mediated. The research consists of three stages: in the first chapter, we treat the mediation under the historical and rational aspects, in parallel with the theory of modernity; in the second, we treat the theory of communicative action and the concept of access to justice; in the third, we rethink the role of mediator / Esta pesquisa examina o papel do mediador de conflitos à luz da Teoria do agir comunicativo de Habermas. Este tema ganhou repercussão com o movimento de acesso à justiça no Brasil. O direito muito bem estruturado pelas leis, pela teoria e por uma práxis procedimentalmente estabelecida acolheu a mediação. Porém, esta é uma prática que foge das formalidades do contexto jurídico. O ensejo para esta pesquisa é a complexa tarefa de conduzir um diálogo para transformar uma situação conflituosa sem o respaldo do poder coercitivo e decisório de uma sentença. Esta iniciativa urge para os pesquisadores e para os militantes da mediação em face da necessidade de adequações da forma instrumental e técnica que tradicionalmente foi estabelecida pelo direito, mas que não atende às demandas específicas da mediação. A proposta de fundar a construção do papel do mediador no campo da comunicação é experimentar na prática os benefícios propostos pelo agir comunicativo. Nosso objetivo é rever o modo como as ciências jurídicas percebem a função do mediador. Sob uma compreensão habermasiana, o mediador age para construir uma situação comunicativa; assim, propomos que ele deva ser considerado um intérprete dos mediados. Elegemos como corpus três modelos estrangeiros, o norte-americano, o italiano e o argentino, para desconstrui-los de modo a compreender suas estruturas e tratar criticamente seus aspectos constitutivos. Ao mediador, cabe protagonizar um diálogo, usando um discurso explicativo que esclareça os pontos conflituosos. Ele não objetiva solucionar o conflito, ele se dispõe a propiciar aos mediados uma nova chance de conversa. A ponte entre a teoria e a práxis é estabelecida com a ajuda dos regimes semióticos de interação de Eric Landowski. Os estudos do francês sinalizam que mediar depende da habilidade humana de estesia, a capacidade de perceber-se no outro actante, de envolver-se mutuamente em uma construção colaborativa. O conflito, com o aporte de Axel Honneth revela-se como algo latente à própria interação social; portanto, é preciso tratar dos riscos inerentes à mediação. Esse exercício é feito por três perspectivas: os riscos sob o ângulo da relação estabelecida, do próprio mediador e dos mediados. A pesquisa é composta por três etapas: no primeiro capítulo, tratamos da mediação sob os aspectos históricos e racionais, em paralelo com a teoria da modernidade; no segundo, tratamos da teoria da ação comunicativa e do conceito de acesso à justiça; no terceiro, repensamos o papel do mediador

During recent years there have been noticeable shortcomings in the human encounter of people seeking some form of health care in Sweden. This is something that affects professional education within ‘the welfare state’ and implies that human expectations, societal demands and questions about knowledge, basic values and competence have become pedagogically interesting. The basic aim of the dissertation is - to contribute to a practically, relevant and theoretical in-depth understanding of the learning and teaching of ethics in professional education. By taking nursing education as an example and focussing on the human encounter of the person seeking care, the dissertation aims - by analysis of the pedagogic practice and from a critical-theoretical perspective – to provide a foundation for such an understanding. The research perspective includes a social-philosophical point of departure with a focus on Mead’s interactional view of learning and Habermas’s critical theory of social communication. Methodologically an emphasis is placed on discourse analysis. The results demonstrate how the learning and teaching of ethics in human encounters can be understood as a question of communication of both knowledge and values. In the theoretical reconstruction that follows it is shown how pedagogic actions, learning and competence can be understood as communication of and in particular contextual discourses. The six discourses are: ‘the efficiency-related discourse’, ‘the expert-related discourse’, the ‘care-related discourse’, ‘the communicative-related discourse’, ‘the egocentric discourse’ and ‘the ethnocentric discourse’, all of which are mutually related to each other. The contextual discourses focus on different values. Those that are most conducive to creating pleasant human encounters are the communicative- and the care-related discourses, which also form the foundation for the pedagogic recommendation that makes up the concluding discussion of the dissertation. The recommendation concerns a pedagogical practice that affirms, pays attention to, safeguards and challenges and thus generates creativity, as well as the legitimacy of pluralism. To engage in stimulating pedagogical discussion means being committed, taking responsibility and practicing solidarity in the profession of education. Such a ‘deliberative pedagogy’ creates possibilities for people to develop solidarity of judgement in a society that increasingly demanding that. In conclusion, the recommendation for a new and challenging human encounter-ethical-pedagogy is intended to show that ‘ideals can be realistic’. Normative recommendations do not have to be abstract visions of the future, but can be looked upon as means of focussing on alternative actions, that despite the difficulties are possible to realise – here and now.

The road of development through e-government is covered with deep potholes and dead ends. This is because Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are adopted and e-government policies are developed with a blind focus on the ICT tools and with little reflection on the contribution of ICT to development (Heeks and Bailur, 2007, p. 243, Avgerou, 2009, p. 14). To assist with this reflection Information Systems (IS) researchers are increasingly calling for the development of local contextual theory or a framework in ICT for Development (ICT4D) (Avgerou, 2009, p. 14, Madon et al., 2007, Walsham, 2003, Walsham, 1997). This thesis responds to that call by investigating the role of e-government towards development within the South African context. The means of inquiry was a three year ethnographic immersion in a longitudinal research project. The aim of the longitudinal research project was to investigate how a specialised type of ICT (Group Support Systems) can enable interaction between government and citizens in attaining specific human rights. The research project centred on creating an awareness among the public in South Africa of a newly enacted Act, the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act No 3 of 2000 (PAJA). The rich data collected was analysed using Grounded Theory, resulting in a substantive theory that suggests that within the South African context e-government could contribute to development if it is used to facilitate policy implementation within the spirit of Ubuntu. The thesis delineates the journey up to the emergence of the substantive theory. The substantive theory has important implications for IS theory and IS practice. For IS theory, the substantive theory demonstrates that research on ICT4D in Africa could usefully be undertaken by following an action research strategy within a critical-interpretive paradigm. The substantive theory also suggests the importance of taking into account the contextual collaborative nature of African culture in the spirit of Ubuntu when conducting such research. For practice, the substantive theory proposes a potential framework where ICT could provide the collaborative environment or shared space in the spirit of Ubuntu for policy implementation towards development. Checked against implementation requirements on the South African policy on entrepreneurship, the substantive theory framework proves to be equally valuable. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Informatics / unrestricted

Modern society frequently fails to achieve the goal of improved rationality and this is largely because the conditions for ideal speech do not prevail. We do not always permit everyone an equal opportunity to explain their point of view and the force of the best argument does not always prevail. Communication becomes more difficult when people cannot meet face to face, but it is also hindered when people cannot contact one another easily. There is, therefore, a trade-off between using computer-mediated media for communication and speaking to each other in person. Although meaning can never be shared to the extent that two individuals have precisely the same interpretation of a concept, and society is not based on individuals uniformly embracing identical views or values, in every day life consensus needs to be reached and truth claims, normative validity claims and aesthetic validity claims must be made, debated and eventually accepted or refuted. Collaboration on substantial tasks that require the development of concepts and reconstruction of meaning depends on effective communication. In the distributed social structures which have developed as a result of globalisation it is important that dispersed teams are able to work together. This includes collaborative learning in distance education. In the action research undertaken first year Informatics students could choose between doing team work face-to-face, or as dispersed teams communicating via e-mail or WebCT. The discussions were recorded and were analysed to identify the different types of communicative action engaged in. This was done to understand how this group collaborate so that success factors could be identified and proposals be made regarding education in the use of e-mail. It was found that the virtual (dispersed) teams studied did not succeed in collaborating. Communication ability is defined in this thesis as the skill that compensates for the inherent leanness of the medium used. A number of depictions of factors contributing to successful asynchronous collaboration are provided. Different classes of information and time, trust and communication ability assist in constructing meaning when text is communicated electronically. This led to suggestions regarding improving the communications ability of individuals. / Dissertation (PhD (Information Technology))--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Informatics / unrestricted

本論文主要任務為探討哈伯瑪斯（J?rgen Habermas, 1929-） 於《溝通行動理論》（Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns, 1981） 中生活世界概念與其普遍語用學之關聯

During the last decade, issues concerning ethics and values have been given much attention in debates on education as well as in society in general. The problems surrounding such issues are tied to current societal trends towards growing differentiation, individualisation, and increasingly fragmented value systems. Consequently, the core values of pre-schools and schools are currently stressed also as a basic ethical and democratic responsibility of teachers and other pedagogical personnel. The aim of this dissertation is to analytically reconstruct pedagogic discourses on issues related to core values and ethics. The research perspective includes a social-philosophical point of departure with a focus on Habermas’s theories of communicative action and discourse ethics. The methodology builds on critical discourse analysis. The results shed light on the ways in which teaching teams in pre-schools and schools at different levels discuss and attempt to reach agreement concerning a local document focussed on professional ethics. There are striking differences as to how ethically relevant concepts such as "starting from the childrens' / pupils' own capabilities," "sense of security," "responsibility," "respect," and "active participation" are talked about. In the theoretical reconstruction that follows, it is argued that the discussions can be understood as communication about and within particular types of contextual discourses. The five types of discourses formulated in the study are the following: "efficiency-oriented discourse," "normative tradition-oriented discourse," "care-oriented discourse," "communication-oriented discourse," and individual-oriented discourse," all of which are mutually related to each other. When the conversations are analysed from the perspective of critical discourse theory, a deeper understanding emerges of how childrens' learning about ethics and morals takes place in relation to the types of pedagogic discourse they encounter. Efficiency-oriented, normative tradition-oriented and individual-oriented discourse may lead to learning that counteracts the aims of schools as meeting-places for democracy. However, care-oriented discourse and communicative-oriented discourse both embody qualities that may increase the opportunities to work towards overarching educational goals such as democracy and solidarity. The results of the study show that the lofty ideals presented in educational directives and policy documents risk giving rise to exhaustion and feelings of guilt among pedagogues trying to live up to them when adequate resources are not available. The ability to make sound moral judgements may deteriorate due to increasingly stressful work situations where demands are not in line with the actual resources of everyday pedagogic contexts.