No meio da Arquitetura e Construção com Terra, aspectos positivos relacionados à diminuição da degradação ao meio ambiente e à promoção de resultados benéficos ao desempenho das edificações são bastante difundidos entre seus simpatizantes e especialistas. No entanto, um tema que parece ser pouco explorado é o canteiro de produção desta arquitetura e as condições de atuação dos trabalhadores. O trabalho frequentemente é pesado, a quantidade de esforço físico necessária para a execução das diversas tarefas é alta, podendo ser excessiva e até degradante se as condições de operação no canteiro não estiverem devidamente equacionadas. Dada a altíssima frequência das situações de intensa exploração no setor da construção civil no Brasil e considerando o caráter fortemente artesanal da construção com terra, faz-se necessário conhecer como ocorre a produção desta arquitetura e se a mecanização parcial destes canteiros repercute em melhores condições de trabalho aos operários envolvidos. A partir de informações coletadas em entrevistas com trabalhadores, engenheiros e arquitetos envolvidos nos canteiros de produção da arquitetura e construção com terra, visitas a canteiros de produção desta arquitetura, além de informação complementar apresentada sobre estes canteiros na bibliografia especializada, é construída uma avaliação estruturada por uma análise qualitativa e crítica fundamentada na teoria crítica da arquitetura. A evolução do canteiro de obras passa pelo remanejamento e pela eliminação de algumas tarefas. A mecanização parcial permite que operários possam se deslocar, ou ser deslocados, a ocupações menos degradantes. No entanto, a inclusão de máquinas não ocorre primordialmente por este motivo, ela passa a ser considerada pois, ao confrontar o custo da mão de obra com o investimento em maquinário, este último começa a se revelar como financeiramente viável no Brasil. Portanto, a mecanização parcial que ocorre até agora não pretende ir além de um aumento na produtividade. Mesmo com a incorporação de algumas máquinas, parte dos trabalhadores seguem realizando outras tarefas bastante pesadas, muitas delas exaustivamente repetitivas. / Among Earthen Architectures supporters and experts, positive aspects related to low environmental degradation and to the promotion of better results to the building performance are well known. However, a subject that seems to be little explored is the construction site of this architecture and the conditions of operation of workers. The labor is often heavy and a high amount of physical exertion is required. If operating conditions at the construction site are not adequately addressed, the demands may be excessive and even degrading. Given the high frequency of intense exploration in the construction sector in Brazil, also considering the strong artisanal character of earthen construction, it is necessary to know how production takes place in this architecture and if the partial mechanization of these sites improves working conditions. Based on information collected in interviews with workers, engineers and architects involved in earth construction production sites, visits to these architecture building sites, in addition to supplementary information provided by the relevant literature, this paper will present an evaluation structured by a critical and qualitative analysis. This review will be based on the Critical Theory of Architecture. The evolution of the construction site occurs by the relocation and the elimination of some tasks. The partial mechanization allows workers to move, or to be moved, to less degrading jobs. However, in Brazil this is not the reason of the inclusion of machines in the processes, the major purpose is to increase productivity. Even with the incorporation of some machinery, the workers continue performing degrading jobs caused by high physical exertion required or exhaustively repetitive tasks.

Les chantiers de construction contiennent plusieurs installations. Celles-ci sont susceptibles d’être endommagées par des incidents liés aux risques naturels ou technologiques comme les incendies, les explosions, les ondes de souffles, etc. Ces incidents peuvent avoir des conséquences néfastes sur l’ensemble du processus de construction, ce qui pourrait entrainer des accidents graves ayant un impact majeur sur la productivité des employés, le temps global du projet, sa qualité et son budget. Par conséquent les gestionnaires et les planificateurs du projet doivent adopter et développer des approches novatrices capables de faire face aux risques naturels potentiels, de minimiser leurs conséquences et de faciliter l’évacuation du site en cas de danger. Une de ces approches consiste à optimiser l’aménagement des chantiers de construction. En général, la réduction des dommages résultants de risques naturels ou technologiques est encore un défi scientifique.Dans cette thèse, deux modèles (déterministe et probabiliste) sont développés pour minimiser les risques au sein d’un chantier. La méthode adoptée pour le développement de ces deux modèles consiste en :• La modélisation des éléments du chantier, par exemple : le générateur électrique, les bureaux et les entrepôts de matériaux, sont modélisés en 2D, pour agir en tant que source d’aléa et/ou cible vulnérable potentielle.• La modélisation de l’aléa : elle montre l’interaction des aléas entre les composants du chantier.• La modélisation de la vulnérabilité : elle représente la faiblesse potentielle des cibles sur l’aléa généré par chaque source.• La définition de la fonction d’utilité : elle vise à offrir une disposition optimisée avec un minimum de risque total sur le chantier. L’algorithme à évolution différentielle est adopté pour exécuter le processus d’optimisation.D’une part, dans le modèle déterministe, nous utilisons le principe de la syntaxe spatiale pour étudier l’impact des configurations spatiales dans l’évaluation du risque sur le chantier. Par conséquent, comme le processus d’évacuation est pris en compte dans l’estimation du risque, le risque réel est amplifié en utilisant le facteur de pénalité appelé « profondeur moyenne ». L’algorithme de Dijkstra est appliqué sur un modèle déterministe afin de trouver les chemins les plus sûrs (chemins de moindre risque) pour évacuer les sites à partir de chaque position sur le chantier vers les lieux sûrs afin de diminuer les pertes humaines et matérielles.D’autre part, le modèle probabiliste suppose que le risque est composé de la défaillance individuelle de chaque installation sur le chantier de construction. La simulation numérique est utilisée pour trouver la distribution de probabilités des défaillances pour l’ensemble du site.Les fonctionnalités d’un SIG (Système d’Information Géographique) ont été utilisées pour présenter les données sous forme de cartes, pour produire des cartes spatiales de risque sur le chantier de construction, pour mettre en œuvre l’algorithme de Dijkastra et pour l’analyse du coût le plus faible.A titre indicatif, les modèles proposés sont utilisés dans un cas d’étude comprenant plusieurs installations. Dans le modèle déterministe, toutes ces installations agissent comme des sources d’aléa et des cibles vulnérables, en même temps, dans le modèle probabiliste, quelques-unes de ces installations agissent comme des sources d’aléa et toutes comme des cibles vulnérables. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les modèles proposés sont efficaces en raison de leur capacité à générer une disposition optimale du site avec un environnement de travail plus sûr. En outre, les modèles obtenus sont capables de mettre en évidence les zones les plus risquées d’un chantier, de générer les chemins d’évacuation les moins risqués, ce qui permettra de minimiser les blessures graves et les victimes en cas d’urgence / Construction sites contain several supporting facilities that are required to complete construction activities. These facilities are susceptible to damage due to the occurrence of natural or technological hazards such as fire, explosion, blast wave, and so on. These may cause adverse consequences for the whole construction process, which in turn lead to fatal accidents that have a major impact on worker and employee productivity, project completion time, project quality and project budget. Therefore, project planners must adopt and develop innovative approaches able to face the occurrence of potential hazards, minimize their consequences, and facilitate the evacuation of the site in case of their occurrence. One of these approaches is optimizing construction site layout. In general, generating construction site layout able minimizing risk resulting from natural or technological hazards is still a scientific challenge.In the present research, two proposed model (deterministic and probabilistic) are developed to minimize the risks within a construction site. The common methodology adopted to develop these two models consists of:• Modeling construction site components, for instance; electric generator, offices and material storages, in a 2D layout, to act as either hazardous source or potential target or both at the same time.• Modeling hazard: it shows the hazard interaction among site components and the attenuation of hazard.• Modeling vulnerability: it represents the potential weakness of whole targets to the hazard generated from each source.• Defining the utility function: it aims to afford an optimized site layout with minimum total risk in the construction site. The differential evolution algorithm is adopted to run optimization process.Particularly, in the deterministic model, we use space syntax principle in order to realize the impact of space configurations in evaluating the risk in the construction site. Therefore, as the evacuation process is considered in estimating the risk, the actual risk is amplified by utilizing penalty factor called mean depth. Furthermore, Dijkstra’s algorithm is run on deterministic model to find the safest paths (least risk paths) for evacuating sites from any position on the construction site towards the safe places in order to diminish losses and fatalities. On the other hand, the framework utilized to develop a probabilistic model assumed that the risk is combined of the individual failure of each facility within a construction site. Moreover, the numerical simulation is performed to find the probabilistic distribution of failure for the whole site.Geographic information system (GIS) capabilities were exploited, in this research, to present data in maps format, generate the spatial risk map in the construction site, and implement the Dijkstra’s algorithm and least-cost path analysis.For illustration purposes, the proposed models are employed in a case study consisting of several facilities. In the deterministic model, all of these facilities act as hazardous sources and potential targets, at the same time, while, in a probabilistic model, only three of these facilities act as fire hazardous sources, whereas, all of them are potential targets. The results revealed that the proposed models are efficient due to their capability of generating site layout with the safer work environment. In addition, the model is capable of highlighting the riskiest areas within a construction site. Moreover, the proposed models are able to generate paths through least-risk zones, which will minimize the serious injuries and victims in cases of emergencies

Syfte: Platsbyggd byggnadsproduktion är en komplicerad process. En tillfällig fabrik, med nya materialupplag och nytt arbetsplatsområde upprättas vid varje enskilt projekt, vilket komplicerar processen ytterligare. Materialhanteringen utgör en stor besparingsmöjlighet i byggnadsprojekt och 40 % av tiden som förloras på en byggarbetsplats kan tillskrivas materialhantering. För att få bukt med slöseri kopplat till materialhantering krävs en väl bearbetad logistikplanering, fungerande kommunikation samt kunskapsbeaktning från tidigare genomförda projekt. Studiens mål är därför att identifiera förbättringsåtgärder gällande användning av materialrutor och gångstråk, samt skapa en kommunikationsmodell för arbetsplatsdispositionsplanen (APD-planen) som stödjer erfarenhetsåterföring. Metod: Studien har utfört fallstudier på två projekt inom NCC:s organisation. Kvalitativ datainsamling i form av litteraturstudie, intervjuer, dokumentanalys och observation har använts. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har utförts och innefattar sju respondenter med olika befattningar inom byggbranschen. Resultat: Studien har tagit fram faktorer som bör beaktas vid planeringen av materialrutor och gångstråk. Vidare visar resultatet att det krävs resurser och strukturerade processer för att erfarenhetsåterföring i byggnadsprojekt skall fungera. För att lyckas med användningen av materialrutor och gångstråk krävs god kommunikation av APD-planen. I studien har även en kommunikationsmodell av APDplanen som stödjer erfarenhetsåterföring tagits fram. Konsekvenser: Det är under inköps- och leveransplaneringen som förutsättningarna för materialrutor och gångstråk sätts, därför bör APD-planen vara mer i fokus under detta skede. En förutsättning för att användningen av materialrutor och gångstråk skall fungera är att det finns resurser som stödjer platsledningen vid planering och utförandet. Genom att använda sig av logistikresurser inom organisationen underlättas planering och hantering av material på byggarbetsplatsen och insamlade erfarenheter kan förmedlas mellan projekt. Ute i produktionen bör det finnas en ansvarig godsmottagare som är extra insatt i APD-planen och materialrutor, genom kontinuerlig kommunikation med platsledning och logistikresurs. Begränsningar: Eftersom arbetet endast omfattar studie av två byggnadsprojekt finns det en begränsning i vilka faktorer och resonemang som lyfts fram. Även om resultatet grundas från två byggnadsprojekt är de grundläggande processerna och händelseförloppen vid uppförande av byggnader likartade och resultatet kan därför tillämpas på liknande byggnadsprojekt. / Purpose: On-site construction is a complicated process. A temporary factory, with new zones for materials and workplace area must be established for each new project, which complicates the process further. Material management stands for a big saving opportunity in building projects and 40 % of the time lost on a construction site can be attributed to material management.  To overcome this waste connected to material management a well-processed logistics planning, god communication as well as experience feedback from previous projects is required. The aim for this thesis is therefore to identify improvement measure regarding the use of material-dedicated buffer zones and walking paths, and as well as create a model of communication that supports experience feedback. Method The thesis is a case study on two projects within the organization of NCC.  A qualitative data collection with literature review, interviews, document analysis and observation has been conducted. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted and includes seven respondents with different position within the construction industry. Findings: The thesis has produced factors that should be taken into consideration when material zones and walking paths are planned. The result shows that resources and structured processes are required if experience feedback should work during the construction project. To succeed with the use of material-dedicated buffer zones and walking paths, good communication of the construction site plan is needed. Furthermore, the thesis has resulted in a model of communication that supports experience feedback.   Implications: It’s during the purchase and delivery planning that the conditions for the material-dedicated buffer zones and walking paths are set, therefore the construction site planning should be involved more in this phase. A prerequisite for using dedicated material zones and walking paths are resources which supports the construction management with planning and performance. By using logistic resources within the organization facilitates planning and management of material at the construction site, enables that collected experience can be conveyed between projects. In the production there should be a responsible receiver of material deliveries, who is extra briefed in the constructions site plan and the material-dedicated buffer zones through continuous communication with the construction management and logistic resource. Limitations: Since the thesis only includes two building projects, there is a limitation of the factors and arguments that are treated. Although the result is based on two building projects the fundamental processes and course of events are similar and can therefore be applied on other building projects.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T17:57:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_monica_maria_pereira.pdf: 3317223 bytes, checksum: ef120e87a9e5878b6d147ef2048b2da6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-19 / A preocupação em preservar os recursos naturais, em reduzir os desperdícios nos canteiros de obras e minimizar custtos na construção civil tem despertado iinteresse de vários pesquisadores para uma ampla discussão sobre o controle do uso adequado das matérias-primas para geração dos materiais empregados na produção dos edifícios, bem como, dos resíduos gerados pelos elevados índices de perdas nas construções. Melhorar a produtividade e a qualidade é um fator de suma importânciia para a sobrevivência das empresas ligadas ao ramo da construção civil no atual ambientte competitivo. O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar as perdas envolvidas na produção dos blocos cerâmicos e de seu uso nas várias etapas do processo construtivo de obras em Recife,, visando apontar possibilidades de minimização do problema. Para atingir o objjetivo, foram selecionadas duas iindústtriias cerâmicas e três empresas construtoras para comporem o estudo de caso. Os dados foram coletados através de uma planilha e de um Check List durante as visitas realizadas junto às indústrias e empresas construtoras. As etapas analisadas nas indústrias dizem respeito à queima e expedição. Em relação às construtoras foram analisadas as etapas de recebimento, armazenamento, transporte e aplicação. Através da pesquisa verificou-se que as indústrias cerâmicas ainda possuem forte componente cultural, onde a mão-de-obra empregada uttiliza conhecimentos compartilhados a partir das experiências individuais, possuem tímidas iniciativas para a melhoria do processo produtivo, bem como das condições de trabalho e capacitação da sua mão-de-obra,, utilizando, ainda, práticas rudimentares na fabricação de produtos cerâmicos. Neste contexto, através do método de estudo de caso, para as obras pesquisadas, verificou-se que dependendo do nível de gerenciamento e planejamento e dos investimentos tecnológicos, há uma tendência de redução das perdas de materiais. Todavia, não se pode afirmar que uma obra certificada terá, necessariamente, redução de erros e desperdícios, uma vez que o objetivo primeiro é padroniizar requisitos técnicos em seus empreendimentos de modo a aumentar a satisfação do cliente

Purpose: The lack of digital competence in the industry of construction is a fact, which can obstruct the implementation of digital tools. The goal for the study is to chart the workers at the construction site’s digital competence through semi structured interviews with participants in an extension project, Alfa.  Method: The study was done through a case study with interviews as a primary source of data. The interviews are held at the construction site of the project alfa with an SME (small and medium-sized enterprise) as the general contractor.    Findings: The digital competence regarding the use of digital tools in building construction is, just as the experience to use them, low and several difficulties can be seen on the construction site. To be able to use the digital tools that is implemented on the construction site the construction workers need to have knowledge about for instance their own role and duties, how to navigate in the tools and what benefits that can come from the use of digital tools. Good communication between design and construction is important for the use of digital tools. More collaboration and greater understanding about the demands from construction can create an easier implementation and use of the digital tools in construction.  Implications: The digital skills of professional workers are generally low. Increased competence can be achieved through more training and information opportunities for professionals to take part in. Knowledge of the digital tools' structure and functions along with basic professional skills and computer experience contributes to a simplified use of digital tools. Through standards and guidelines for the use of digital tools in production, clearer strategies can be formed within companies and projects and result in simplified software development. By involving the contractors in the early planning stage, the demands and wishes of the professional workers can be lifted and simplify the use of the tools in the production.  Limitations: Due to the delimitations made, the study becomes narrower and more specific. The limitations make the study's results more concrete and can be used as guidelines and recommendations for future projects with similar conditions.  Keywords: construction, construction communication, obstacles, construction site workers, digital competence, building construction, digitalization

This Diploma thesis deals with preparation for the production hall in Trutnov. The thesis handles technological prescriptions of micropiles, piles, casing panels BRUCHA Paneel. Thesis provides an insight into the inspection and testing plan of micropiles, the situation concerning broader transportation relations with traffic routes, itemized budget with land area, timetable, draft of major machines and mechanisms. Furthermore, the thesis contains drawing formwork of external extension, layout plan, details of the wall casing.

This thesis deals with managing construction order in the construction company. The aim of thesis is to describe the process of preparation and execution of a construction. The theoretical part describes and explains basic concepts of project planning, then these concepts are applied to production of constructions. The practical part is based on my preparation of construction documentation on the construction project “Extension of production hall in Martin”.

The subject of this thesis is a preparation of documentation for the construction of the nursing home in Těmice. The work contains budget, schedule, financial plan, construction technological project, technological regulation for trussing construction, inspection and test plan, material resources plan, construction machinery and a safety plan.

This diploma thesis focuses on construction technology preparation of shopping center in Prague 9, Vysočany. The aim of this work was to choose an appropriate construction process. The thesis contains general information about construction with construction technology project, its financial and time consuming, facilities for construction and traffic situation in the surroundings of the construction, design of main machinery and mechanisms, technological regulation with control and test plan. The diploma thesis is focused on piles realization.

This thesis concerns preparation and organization of an additional building to an industrial hall belonging to SAND TEAM company in Holubice which specialises in material forming research.Thesis focusses on technological realization plan of the building object.Description of other construction objects is included.