The diploma´s thesis subject is the construction and technological project of Finish of the construction of the Zdice elementary school grounds. It is a new building. The specifikation is compiled for the monolithic and masonry construction.

Subject matter of the master´s thesis is about Prag subway extension from Dejvice to the Motol, with a specific building construction technology of the construction pit and ramp .The study deals with the financial, technological and tempoval aspekt of the construction process. The work is bassed on the project for implementation.

The diploma thesis entitled "Analysis of ancillary costs of budget" deals with ancillary costs with a focus on the cost of site equipment. The aim of this work was to analyze the-se costs and subsequent evaluation of incidental costs and with a more detailed focus on the cost of site equipment. The first part of the work focuses on the analysis of the con-struction budget, a detailed description of secondary budget costs and construction site equipment. The second part deals with the analysis of ancillary costs of the construction budget. The emphasis here is on the cost of site equipment. For each type of cost, an ana-lysis was performed using percentage cost rates.

Transport- och byggindustrin är en bidragande orsak till klimatkläget på grund av den betydande mängd växthusgaser som produceras. Att byta till elfordon är en metod för att minska de skadliga effekterna av klimatförändringarna. Under byggandet av nya vägar bidrar användningen av konventionella byggfordon som drivs av fossila bränslen till utsläppen av växthusgaser över hela världen. Följaktligen är behovet stort av att elektrifiera transport – samt konstruktionssekotorn. Som ett resultat har storleken på en potentiell mikronät som konstrueras med linjär optimering för att möta en statisk energiefterfrågan på en hypotetisk byggplats bedömts i denna studie. Det statiska energibehovet tillhandahölls från en fallstudie som syftade till att utvärdera en helt elektrifierad fordonsflotta för vägkonstruktionsindustrin.  Studien utgörs av två delar. Den första delen undersöker installationskapaciteterna för komponenterna i det potentiella mikronätet, medan den andra delen bedömer påverkan av den maximala anslutningskapaciteten till elnätet. En optimeringsmodell konstruerades genom att använda Python Optimization Modeling Objects (PYOMO). Antaganden och begränsningar för utformningen av mikronätet baseras på riktlinjer från Ramboll och Trafikverket.  Optimeringsmodellen gav en lösning som överensstämmer med energisystemets moderna kapacitet. Dock ansågs installationskapaciteterna för mikronätets komponenter vara opraktiska för den konceptuella byggplatsen. Metoden betonade behovet av verkliga data om belastningen som genereras av elektriska byggfordon (ECVs) samt data om anslutningen till elnätet. / The transportation and construction industry produces a sizable amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs), which significantly contribute to the worldwide problem of climate change. A strategy for reducing the adverse impacts of climate change on the environment is to switch to an electric vehicle fleet. The use of traditional construction vehicles powered by fossil fuels during road construction contributes to global GHG emissions. Consequently, electrification is required in this sector. As a result, the size of a potential microgrid constructed with linear optimization to meet a static energy demand of a hypothetical construction site is assessed in this thesis. The static energy demand was provided from a case study objected to evaluating a fully electrified construction vehicle fleet.  There are two parts to this thesis. The installation capacities of the potential microgrid's component parts are examined in the first section, and the impact of the maximum connection capacity to the electrical grid is assessed in the second. An optimization model was designed by utilizing Python Optimization Modeling Objects (PYOMO). Assumptions and delimitations considering the design of the microgrid are based on guidelines from Ramboll and the Swedish Transport Administration (STA).  The optimization model yielded a solution that aligns with state-of-the-art energy system capacities. However, the installation capacities of the microgrid components were found to be impractical for the conceptual construction site. The methodology stressed the need for real-world data on load generated by Electric Construction Vehicles (ECVs) and data regarding electrical grid connection.

Purpose: The purpose of the degree project was to investigating fire protection work during construction at various companies and proposing improvement proposals to reduce the risk of fire at construction sites. Method: The method on which the thesis project was based on was a literature study, interviews and document analysis. The literature study has been carried out to gain in-depth knowledge regarding the fire protection during the construction phase. The interview study was conducted at different construction companies to get an idea of ​​how the different companies handle fire safety at construction sites. The document analysis has been carried out with the help of various companies requirements documents, which form the basis for the fire protection work at the construction sites. Results: The results present the companies fire protection work during construction. Prior to the start of construction, a fire protection description is projected that covers how to build to prevent fire safety, it also covers the how parts of the workplace should be designed. The fire protection that proved to exist mostly consists of two mutually independent escape routes with clearly visible escape signs, a dedicated collection point and strategically placed hand-held fire extinguishers that should be within a range of 25 meters. Hot work, electrical causes and arson have emerged as a recurring shortage and cause of most fires occurring at construction sites. There is room for improvement by, among other things, spending more time in planning, introducing a practice on fire and evacuation alarms and creating the company's fire protection description in connection with the production of the A-drawings. Conclusions: In conclusion, there are opportunities for improvement, but unfortunately nothing has been implemented in practice.

Introduction: The purpose of this report is to study the possibility of building a safetytraining park in Jönköping County. The construction safety training park is a physicaltraining facility that provides an opportunity for workers in the construction industry tocarry out various training and practice safety. To build the park, the study will focus oncompanies who have an interest in this type of facility. The main aim of the park is toreduce accidents on construction sites by increasing the awareness of the employeesabout the danger that can happen. Method: This study is a case study with both quantitative and qualitative data. Thechosen data collection methods are survey interviews, and observation. The survey wasanswered by 42 individuals. Interviews were arranged with several people with deferentroll in the construction industry. Two interviews were conducted online, and the restwere conducted on the construction site. Finally, an observation in was made in theconstruction safety training park in Stockholm, Arlanda to take a closer look at howsuch a park works. Results: The study shows that the construction industry has certain safety deficiencies.The shortcomings could be solved by having a construction safety training park and theresult shows extensive interest from companies to have a construction safety trainingpark in Jönköping County. This park will help the construction companies to avoiddamage and get the workflow going, which in turn leads to increased profits for thecompanies. Analysis: The analysis methods used in this case are quantitative and qualitative. Thedata collection is presented in figures and tables to simplify for the reader. Analysis ofthe studied data shows the need of this type of training safety park in constructionindustry, due to the high number of injures that have occurred the last few years.Discussion: The main discussion in this case was about increasing reliability. Therecould be higher reliability if the number of respondents is increased. / Introduktion: Syftet med denna rapport är att studera möjligheten för att bygga enbyggsäkerhetspark i Jönköpings län. Byggsäkerhetsparken är en fysiskträningsanläggning som ger möjlighet för människor inom bygg ochanläggningsbranschen att utföra olika utbildningar och praktisera säkerhet. För attbygga parken kommer studien att fokusera på vilka företag som har intresse av den härtypen av anläggningar. Huvudsyftet med parken är att minska olyckor påbyggarbetsplatser genom att öka medvetenheten hos medarbetaren om olyckor som kaninträffa. Metod: Denna studie är en fallstudie med både kvantitativa och kvalitativa data. Devalda datainsamlingsmetoderna är en enkät, intervjuer och en observation.Enkäten besvarades av 42 personer. Intervjuer arrangerades med flera personer medolika roller inom byggbranschen. Två intervjuer utfördes online och resten utfördes påbyggarbetsplatsen. Slutligen gjordes en observation i byggbranschens säkerhetspark iStockholm Arlanda för att titta närmare på hur en sådan park fungerar. Resultat: Studien visar att byggbranschen har vissa säkerhetsbrister. Bristerna skullekunna lösas genom att ha en byggsäkerhetspark och resultatet visar på ett stort intressefrån företag att ha en byggsäkerhetspark i Jönköping Län. Denna park ska hjälpabyggföretagen att undvika skador och få igång arbetsflödet vilket i sin tur leder till ökadvinst för företagen. Analys: Analysmetoderna som används i detta fall är kvantitativa och kvalitativa.Datainsamlingen presenteras i figurer och tabeller för att förenkla för läsaren. Analysav studerade data visar på behovet av denna typ av säkerhetspark i byggbranschen, pågrund av det höga antalet skador som inträffat under de senaste åren.Diskussion: Huvuddiskussionen i detta fall handlade om att öka reliabiliteten. Detskulle kunna bli högre reliabilitet ifall antalet respondenter utökas.

Byggbranschen står inför en ständig teknisk utveckling, en förändring där branschen ofta halkar efter. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur byggbranschen kan digitaliseras, med hänsyn till en vidareutveckling av dagens APD-planer i 2D till digitaliserade tredimensionella ritningar. Genom intervjuer och referenser till tidigare studier belyser arbetet både utmaningar och fördelar med att implementera denna 3D-teknik. För att besvara rapportens frågeställning används kvalitativa intervjuer, där elva personer från åtta olika företag med expertis inom ämnet intervjuas för att ge en mångsidig syn på marknaden. Med hjälp av en förbestämd lista med teman genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer för att säkerställa relevanta svar. För att ytterligare förstå processen av framtagande av APD-planer i 3D skapades en egen modell med hjälp av programmet SketchUp. Resultaten visar att det program som används mest till framtagande av tvådimensionella APD-planer är Bluebeam, medan SketchUp är det främsta vid 3D-modellering. Studien visar att den främsta fördelen med APD-planer i 3D är den visuella aspekten vid komplexa projekt för att tydligt beskriva byggarbetsplatsen. Trots att intresset för denna utveckling finns, saknas ofta resurser och initiativ för att ta steget dit. Slutligen visar studien att visualisering av byggarbetsplatsen i 3D ger entreprenören en större möjlighet att upptäcka hinder och krockar i förväg och kan på så sätt se till att det inte sker. Byggbranschen är traditionellt inriktad på att läsa 2D-ritningar och halkar ofta efter i den tekniska utvecklingen. Trots detta finns det ett klart intresse för APD-planer i 3D, men främst som ett komplement till dagens tvådimensionella APD-planer. / The construction industry is facing continuous technological advancements, a change where the industry often falls behind. This study aims to investigate how the construction industry can be digitalized, considering further development of the current construction site layout plans in 2D into more digitalized three-dimensional drawings. Through interviews and references to previous studies, the work highlights both challenges and advantages of implementing this 3D technology. To answer the report’s research questions, qualitative interviews are used, where eleven individuals from eight different companies with expertise in the subject are interviewed to provide a diverse perspective on the market. Semi-structured interviews were conducted using a predetermined list of themes to ensure relevant answers. To further understand the process of developing constructions site layout plans in 3D, a custom model was created using the program SketchUp. The results show that the program most used for creating two-dimensional construction site layout plans is Bluebeam, while SketchUp is the primary tool for 3D modeling. The study demonstrates that the main advantage of construction site layout plans in 3D is the visual aspect in complex projects to clearly describe the construction site. Despite the interest in this development, resources and initiatives to make the transition are often lacking. Finally, the study shows that visualizing the construction site in 3D gives the entrepreneur an opportunity to detect obstacles and clashes in advance and can thus ensure that they do not occur. The construction industry is traditionally focused on reading 2D drawings and often falls behind in technological advancements. Nevertheless, there is a clear interest in construction site layout plans in 3D, primarily as a complement to today’s two-dimensional plans.

Enligt Arbetsmiljöverket förekommer olyckor bland byggnadsarbetare dubbelt så ofta som hos andra arbetstagare. Under år 2015 hade byggindustrin över tre tusen arbetsolyckor som resulterat i sjukfrånvaro, något som motsvarade elva procent av Sveriges totala anmälda arbetsplatsolyckor med sjukfrånvaro. Med tanke på vad en arbetare inom byggnads- och anläggningsbranschen utsätter sig för i det dagliga arbetet är det uppenbart att fokus måste riktas mot säkerheten. Denna studie har utförts på byggavdelningen för underhållsarbete på BillerudKorsnäs Gävle Bruk, där ett förbättringsbehov i det befintliga arbetsmiljöarbetet i upprättandet av arbetsmiljöplaner har konstaterats. Syfte och mål med studien är att skapa ett förslag till en mall för arbetsmiljöplan som är användarvänlig och inkluderar de 13 arbeten med särskild risk som omnämns i AFS 1999:3. En förhoppning är att mallen kommer att bidra till ett förenklande av befintliga rutiner i arbetsmiljöarbetet för byggnadsarbetare och leda till ökad säkerhet på arbetsplatsen samt färre arbetsolyckor. För att få bättre förståelse för hur byggnadsarbetare på BillerudKorsnäs Gävle Bruk ser på arbetsmiljöarbetet och risker på arbetsplatsen har semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomförts, som tillsammans med statistik över olycksfall och tillbud utgjort studiens resultat. Utöver det har en litteraturgranskning genomförts för att ge en överblick över tidigare studier inom området. Vikten i att genomföra riskbedömningar bekräftades genom intervjuerna och blir tydlig eftersom förutsättningarna i det dagliga arbetet inom byggbranschen varierar i stor utsträckning. Varje arbetssituation och risk är unik, det går därför inte att riskinventera endast de 13 arbeten med särskild risk. Intervjuerna har bekräftat ett behov av en förenkling och förbättring i processen med att upprätta arbetsmiljöplaner. En mall för arbetsmiljöplaner har skapats och ska omfatta hur arbetsmiljöarbetet ska bedrivas såsom generell information om arbetet samt en riskbedömning. / According to the Swedish Work Environment Authority (Arbetsmiljöverket), accidents among construction workers occur twice as often as other workers. In 2015 the construction industry had over three thousand work accidents resulting in sick leave, which corresponded to eleven percent of Swedens total reported work accidents with sick leave. Considering what a worker in the building and construction industry expose themselves to in their daily work, it is obvious that focus must be towards safety. This study has been carried out on the building department for maintenance work at BillerudKorsnäs Gävle Bruk. At the company, there is a need for improving the establishment of safety and health plans within the existing working environment work. The aim and objective of the study is to create a draft template for the safety and health plan that is user friendly and includes the 13 works with special risks according to AFS 1999:3. Hopefully the template will contribute to a simplification of existing procedures in the construction working environment planning, lead to increased safety on site and fewer work accidents. To receive a better understanding of the viewpoint of BillerudKorsnäs Gävle Bruks construction workers regarding working environment and risks on site, semi-structured interviews were conducted and together with statistics on accidents and incidents, served as the studies results. In addition, a literature review has been conducted to provide an overview of previous studies in the field. The importance in carrying out risk assessments has been confirmed through interviews and becomes more evident as the conditions in the daily construction work varies in large proportion. Every work situation and risk is unique, therefore a risk assessment can not only consist of the 13 works with special risks. The interviews have confirmed the need for a simplification and improvement in the process of establishing a safety and health plan. A template for the safety and health plan should include how the work environment shall be conducted such as general information about the work and a risk assessment.

No meio da Arquitetura e Construção com Terra, aspectos positivos relacionados à diminuição da degradação ao meio ambiente e à promoção de resultados benéficos ao desempenho das edificações são bastante difundidos entre seus simpatizantes e especialistas. No entanto, um tema que parece ser pouco explorado é o canteiro de produção desta arquitetura e as condições de atuação dos trabalhadores. O trabalho frequentemente é pesado, a quantidade de esforço físico necessária para a execução das diversas tarefas é alta, podendo ser excessiva e até degradante se as condições de operação no canteiro não estiverem devidamente equacionadas. Dada a altíssima frequência das situações de intensa exploração no setor da construção civil no Brasil e considerando o caráter fortemente artesanal da construção com terra, faz-se necessário conhecer como ocorre a produção desta arquitetura e se a mecanização parcial destes canteiros repercute em melhores condições de trabalho aos operários envolvidos. A partir de informações coletadas em entrevistas com trabalhadores, engenheiros e arquitetos envolvidos nos canteiros de produção da arquitetura e construção com terra, visitas a canteiros de produção desta arquitetura, além de informação complementar apresentada sobre estes canteiros na bibliografia especializada, é construída uma avaliação estruturada por uma análise qualitativa e crítica fundamentada na teoria crítica da arquitetura. A evolução do canteiro de obras passa pelo remanejamento e pela eliminação de algumas tarefas. A mecanização parcial permite que operários possam se deslocar, ou ser deslocados, a ocupações menos degradantes. No entanto, a inclusão de máquinas não ocorre primordialmente por este motivo, ela passa a ser considerada pois, ao confrontar o custo da mão de obra com o investimento em maquinário, este último começa a se revelar como financeiramente viável no Brasil. Portanto, a mecanização parcial que ocorre até agora não pretende ir além de um aumento na produtividade. Mesmo com a incorporação de algumas máquinas, parte dos trabalhadores seguem realizando outras tarefas bastante pesadas, muitas delas exaustivamente repetitivas. / Among Earthen Architectures supporters and experts, positive aspects related to low environmental degradation and to the promotion of better results to the building performance are well known. However, a subject that seems to be little explored is the construction site of this architecture and the conditions of operation of workers. The labor is often heavy and a high amount of physical exertion is required. If operating conditions at the construction site are not adequately addressed, the demands may be excessive and even degrading. Given the high frequency of intense exploration in the construction sector in Brazil, also considering the strong artisanal character of earthen construction, it is necessary to know how production takes place in this architecture and if the partial mechanization of these sites improves working conditions. Based on information collected in interviews with workers, engineers and architects involved in earth construction production sites, visits to these architecture building sites, in addition to supplementary information provided by the relevant literature, this paper will present an evaluation structured by a critical and qualitative analysis. This review will be based on the Critical Theory of Architecture. The evolution of the construction site occurs by the relocation and the elimination of some tasks. The partial mechanization allows workers to move, or to be moved, to less degrading jobs. However, in Brazil this is not the reason of the inclusion of machines in the processes, the major purpose is to increase productivity. Even with the incorporation of some machinery, the workers continue performing degrading jobs caused by high physical exertion required or exhaustively repetitive tasks.

Submitted by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-10-06T20:56:54Z No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação - Aline Valverde Arrotéia - 2013 (1).pdf: 19845597 bytes, checksum: a0771de1e645df07c152873e59f534e2 (MD5) Dissertação - Aline Valverde Arrotéia - 2013 (2).pdf: 17441990 bytes, checksum: b1f22aee78d803aedac8b5d5827fa31b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-10-06T20:57:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação - Aline Valverde Arrotéia - 2013 (1).pdf: 19845597 bytes, checksum: a0771de1e645df07c152873e59f534e2 (MD5) Dissertação - Aline Valverde Arrotéia - 2013 (2).pdf: 17441990 bytes, checksum: b1f22aee78d803aedac8b5d5827fa31b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-06T20:57:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação - Aline Valverde Arrotéia - 2013 (1).pdf: 19845597 bytes, checksum: a0771de1e645df07c152873e59f534e2 (MD5) Dissertação - Aline Valverde Arrotéia - 2013 (2).pdf: 17441990 bytes, checksum: b1f22aee78d803aedac8b5d5827fa31b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / During the last twenty years the construction field in Brazil has evolved significantly in response to its market growing and competitiveness. However this evolving path has faced many obstacles such as cultural barriers and the lack of efforts to achieve quality at the Brazilian construction site. As one of the causes of this facts the lack of integration between construction and the designing process generates waste, pathologies, work redone and improvised changes originated by incompatible projects which were taken by incapacitated personnel at an inconvenient moment. At the same time, the great amount of information generated on the designing or construction phases is lost due to the lack of an effective coordination of these activities. From this scenario Souza (2001), has developed two management methods in her doctorate thesis named Preparation for the Execution of Buildings (known as PEO) and the Pro-active Coordination (known as CPA), these methods are based on the application of the processes adopted by the French construction industry on Brazilian construction sites. These methodologies aim to establish the integration of the project phases by a set of actions and activities implemented by a system of meetings where the main objective is to discuss the projects and the planning of the construction site seeking to obtain a better quality and better outcome on the productive process. These methodologies aim to bring expressive improvements on the productivity, as well as on the lowering of waste, on the settlement of goals, on planning actions in accordance with all the agents involved and mainly on the reduction of costs allied to higher quality standards. Thus is an objective of this research to implement the Preparation on the Execution of Buildings (PEO) seeking to understand the management of the designing process and its interface with the construction site. The methodology applied on the development of the analysis is classified as qualitative and it will be carried by the practical application of the research and the evaluation of its results. Thus, the study was divided into two stages, one of them intended for a pilot study of PEO in Company A, and the other to the implementation of PEO on the company B. This way, the method was developed from a system meetings entitled structured in three different stages: the release of PEO; the development of PEO and the completion of the intensive phase of PEO, which were performed over a period from two to three months. The data analysis was structured upon five main aspects which were evaluated during the implementation of the method on the studied companies. These aspects were: the actions taken during the PEO phase, the development of the actions and the participation of the agents; the internal structure of the companies analyzed; The management and design coordination and the contract form of the contractors, architects and engineers. The results obtained demonstrated the PEO method's effectiveness and viability while a booster on the improvement of project management. Therefore, it can be concluded that the PEO is feasible to be applied in building construction companies, since this method can contribute to the integration of the design phases and construction, as well as to the improvement of the communication between the agents involved in the building construction field. / Nos últimos 20 anos, o setor da construção civil no Brasil evoluiu significativamente em resposta ao crescimento da competitividade no mercado. Entretanto, nesse processo de evolução ainda têm sido encontradas barreiras culturais e organizacionais, e, sobretudo, dificuldades nos esforços à qualidade nos canteiros de obras brasileiros. Aliada a este quadro, a falta de integração entre as atividades de construir e projetar provoca uma série de desperdícios, patologias, retrabalhos e alterações improvisadas decorrentes de projetos não compatibilizados, ora por ausência de detalhes nos projetos, ora por decisões tomadas por pessoas não capacitadas em momentos inadequados. A partir dessa realidade, Souza (2001) desenvolveu dois métodos de gestão nomeados Preparação da Execução de Obras (PEO) e Coordenação Pró-Ativa (CPA) em sua tese de doutoramento, por meio da transposição desses métodos adotados na gestão da interface projeto-execução de obras na França para a realidade dos canteiros de obras brasileiros. Esses métodos visam à integração das etapas de projeto e obra a partir de um conjunto de ações e atividades realizadas por meio de reuniões sistematizadas voltadas à discussão do projeto, ao planejamento e à organização do futuro canteiro de obras, a fim de obter melhor qualidade e desempenho no processo produtivo. Dessa forma, este trabalho tem como objetivo geral implementar o método da preparação da execução de obras (PEO) a fim de avaliar a interface entre a gestão do processo de projeto e a execução do canteiro de obras. A metodologia adotada para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho é classificada como qualitativa, a qual foi realizada por meio de uma pesquisa-ação, e dividida em duas etapas diferentes, sendo uma destinada ao estudo piloto da PEO na empresa A, e a outra à implementação da PEO na empresa B. Deste modo, a aplicação do método foi desenvolvida a partir de um sistema de reuniões em três fases intituladas: lançamento da PEO; desenvolvimento da PEO e finalização da fase intensiva de PEO, as quais foram realizadas em um período entre dois e três meses. A análise de dados foi estruturada a partir de cinco aspectos principais, os quais foram avaliados durante a aplicação do método nas empresas estudadas, sendo eles: quanto às ações desenvolvidas na fase de PEO, quanto ao desenvolvimento das reuniões e a participação dos agentes; quanto à estrutura organizacional e departamental das empresas; quanto à gestão e a coordenação de projetos; e quanto ao formato de contratação dos projetistas e subempreiteiros. Os resultados obtidos com a realização deste trabalho comprovaram a eficácia do método da PEO e a sua viabilidade enquanto potencializador na melhoria da gestão da interface projeto-execução de obras. Portanto, pode-se concluir que a PEO é viável de ser aplicada em empresas de construção e incorporação de edifícios, uma vez que este método pode contribuir para a integração das etapas de projeto e execução, bem como na melhoria da comunicação e na interação entre os agentes envolvidos na produção de edifícios.