Housing has always been an urgent question in modern times: how to provide for increasing demand and quickly changing patterns of living. One of the main issues with it is that the very people who will buy, rent and use housing have mostly have little or no say in the design— or how they would like the house to change over time. One of the most audacious experiments in modern housing, the Swedish Million Programme, is over 50 years old; these estates are ageing and have become misaligned with modern ways of living, rendering them susceptible to segregated neighbourhoods and neglect, and out of date in terms of energy use. While a new housing shortage looms, the renovations to million program buildings could potentially provide some insights into the housing problem. The ageing infrastructure of the million programme is an opportunity to reconsider the way we think of housing today. The million programme was scientifically designed and constructed with state-of-the-art methods in the 60s and 70s, and was an example to the world. Today, the buildings are not up to environmental standards and need refurbishment to improve thermal performance. Also: the particular family sizes that the estates were designed for some decades ago, do not exist in the same proportions today. There is not as much diversity in sizes and types of apartments as are required for today’s different and unpredictable demographic changes. This project proposes a system of extensions to the facades of the buildings that challenge the existing plans and allows newer typologies to be remade from the old buildings. This would necessarily require the participation, conversation and negotiation of the residents, as well as facilitating agencies like the Kommun, Housing companies, Tenants’ Associations, Manufacturers, Construction companies and so on. Residents have been the most marginalised group of all the parties who come together to make housing; I contend that this is one of the fundamental issues of all housing that are designed with little adaptability and hence are dated with a fixed lifespan, after which changing lives begin to make them redundant. However, a user-driven process and designs that afford adaptation according to changing needs may allow housing to have an inherently longer life, and affect the social cohesion and sense of place of the city as well. The method is to test architectural strategies to a building of the million programme
in Umeå, to bring out potentials and possibilities of participation in such a context. The main strategy is a Support and Infill model of incremental addition: the design of fixed infrastructure and of potential changes that may be added onto it. Speculating possible configurations of addition may provide some insight about the benefits and pitfalls of such and similar systems of refurbishment, and of participation. Perhaps a built environment that is able to change more easily to accommodate people’s changing lives and needs over time produces more energetic, active and livable cities that are more resilient to change and unpredictability that is characteristic of our world today.

This is a qualitative study made to find out individuals experience of life in the residential Kronoparken in Karlstad. The study is a part of a municipality supported project aiming to find points of improvement and work for the area's development. This study is a first step to hear in what way the residents themselves describe their neighborhood and their lives. A total of thirteen people participated in focus groups with semi-structured interviews as data collection and the study was based on an availability sample which in this case meant that citizens of the residential Kronoparken were asked to participate. Data were analyzed through thematic analysis and in the analysis three themes appeared that summed up what the participants talk about and emphasized most: a divided area, anticipation and valuation as well as a comfortable and healthy every day living. The participants describe the area as geographically and ethnically divided. No matter what part of the area the individuals lives in they experienced the people in other areas to have more fellowship. However, the results point out that it might not be any large individual matter in terms of wellbeing or building identity, there seem to be other parameters in life that are equally important or even more important than to feel attached to other parts of ones residential area. The results suggest that individuals base their identity on many different things, where comfort and sense of participation in the residential area is only one of several parameters. Moreover, the participants talk much about the area's reputation, which gives people the expectation of the area before they move there and also gives rise to different values of the area when they have moved and started a life there. The participants testify to the rumor mill which seems to have much do with the press and the results suggest that it might require a certain type of people to neglict bad rumors and invest in something that many other people automatically reject. The last theme is about the experience of a comfortable and healthy living in Kronoparken. The participants finds it easy to get around within the area by walking or cycling, which is considered positive and rhymes with earlier research on the link between fresh air, daily exercise and wellbeing.

The purpose of this study is to examine two different housing areas in Hudiksvall. Håstahöjden/Håstaskogen is one of the areas from the ”miljonprogrammet” and was built during the last years of the 60’s. The other housing area is Kattvikskajen, located by the sea and is intended to be a new part of the city. The focus is on whether and how a child perspective has been considered in the planning of these two urban areas and how they have been publicly received by the press over time. The study is based on textual analysis, using discourse analysis on public documents, newspaper articles and dialogues with tenants in the Håstahöjden/Håstaskogen area. The conclusion of this study shows that when Håstahöjden/Håstaskogen was built there was a clear focus on developing the housing to safeguard a child’s perspective. This is clearly shown in the design of the buildings. There was a room especially for the children, for their activities and games in each house. The outdoor design included several seats for social life, playgrounds, and areas close to nature with opportunities for the children to take part in physical activities. The narrative in examined newspaper articles during the first ten years mostly concerned criminal activities. Next to them were reports on children and how they spent their spare time. From the discourse point of view there is a stigmatizing that can be experienced differently depending on the outside or the inside perspective. Kattvikskajen’s area in the harbour is much smaller, it is supposed to be a close link to the centre of the city and lacks the close nature. The advantage is the nearness to the city, the transport system and the sea. The future tenants are believed to be new people with new ideas capable of bringing new ideas into the industry and economy and who appreciate the possibilities of commuting. Quality programmes show the intentions of taking the child’s perspective in designing activity parks for different ages and a park with opportunities of playing. The close location of the housing area to the sea and the railway make it doubtful whether it is suitable for small children or even designed for small children. Older children and especially the young people will most certainly find the area attractive. Owing to the location, the architectonic expression that implies a partly private area turns the whole building area into an area that is excluding for small children.

Det som idag sammanfattas som miljonprogrammet har sitt ursprung under en tioårsperiod (cirka 1965-1975), då riksdagen beslutade att man med uppbyggnad av en miljon nya bostäder skulle bota den bostadsbrist som var. Beslutet fick ett positivt bemötande och man började bygga bostäder, främst i ytterområdena. Detta beslut skulle senare bli hårt debatterat då kritikerna antog att det skulle leda till en ökad segregation och sedermera nya, mer omfattande samhällsproblem. I dagens samhälle har miljonprogramsfastigheterna ofta ett dåligt rykte då skötseln av fastigheterna tillsammans med dess ålder föranlett eftersatta fastigheter. Eftersattheten i fastigheterna har nu lett till att många fastighetsägare står inför omfattande renoveringar för att kunna erbjuda sina hyresgäster beboeliga lägenheter. HSB Stockholm har arbetat och arbetar fortfarande med upprustning av miljonprogramsfastigheter i Rinkeby. Projekten innefattar en totalrenovering av hela fastigheten. Efter att ha genomfört renoveringen i några av fastigheterna upplever man inte att lönsamheten blivit så bra som man önskat. Det är i den sistnämnda meningen den här uppsatsen tar sin början, varför når man inte sitt avkastningskrav? Arbetet gör en djupdykning i den rättsvetenskap som behandlar upprustning av hyresbostäder och hyreshöjningar. Vidare konfronteras HSBs upprustningsstrategier med jämförbara fastighetsbolags metoder för att finna en vägledning i hur man på ett ekonomiskt hållbart sätt bör utföra upprustningsarbeten. Efter att ha kopplat samman det teoretiska (juridiken) med det praktiska så har jag kommit fram till en slutsats. Slutsatsen är att när praxis i sina bedömningar inte lägger någon större vikt i förarbetenas utsagor så föranleder detta problem då det är svårt att få till en direkt jämförelse vid bruksvärdesprövningar. En direkt jämförelse var något som HSB ville få till då man såg det som ett led i att kunna höja hyran efter renoveringarna i Rinkeby. Ytterligare en slutsats som kommit ur den allmänna debatten och intervjun är att man i vissa områden måste lägga större vikt i den sociala vinsten och inte endast tänka på det ekonomiska utfallet. / What today summarized as million program originated during a ten year period (about 1965-1975), the parliament then decided that with the construction of one million new homes they could cure the housing shortage that was. The decision was accepted positively and they started to build, mainly in outlying areas. This decision would later be heavily debated as critics assumed that it would lead to increased segregation and later on to new wider social problems. In today´s society, the million properties often hade a bad reputation when the management of the properties along with its age led neglected properties. Neglected units in the buildings now have led to that many property owners now are faced with extensive renovations in order to offer their tenants livable apartments. HSB Stockholm has worked and is still working on the renovation of million properties in Rinkeby. The projects include a complete renovation of the entire property. After having completed the renovation of som of the properties they are now facing the fact that the profitability was not as good as they have assumed. It is in the last sentence this essay begins, why are not HSB reaching their required rate of return? The essay delves into the legal science that deals with the rehabilitation of rental housing and rent increases. Furthermore HSBs rehabilitation strategies will be confronted with other comparable property companies methods, so we can find a guide on how to in a economically sustainable way manner this upgrading work. After having connected the theoretical (the law) to the practical, i have come to a conclusion. The conclusion is that when the practice in their assessments don´t take the legislative history statements into account, we have a problem. Because it is difficult to directly compare the apartments. A direct comparison was something HSB wanted beacuse they saw a way to increase the rents after the renovation. Another conclusion that emerged from the public debate and the interview is that some areas need more attention in the social profit, and not only in the economic outcome.

This is a study about how to improve the building envelope from a group of housing belonging to The Million Programme, a housing programme implanted in the Sweden around 70’s. Massive buildings made of concrete, which were constructed really fast because of the pressing time Schedule and were not developed as they should. This renovation study is explained with examples and drawings and it basically shows how to add thermal insulation on the most conflictive points of the building envelope. It is done in order to improve climatic conditions inside housing, trying to make thermal bridges disappear and reducing energy loss.

My thesis project zooms in on Masmo to the southwest of Stockholm. Specifically a subway exit, built on Masmo Mountain during the 1960s, but never finished. The site features a very unique location on the border between the quite urban Million Programme era architecture of central Masmo, and the completely untouched forest in the nature reserve right next to it, Gömmaren. For 60 years, the Masmo Mountain has been discussed in Huddinge municipality as a potential site for future construction, yet nothing has ever been constructed. I think this might be because of the challenges the location poses regarding how to merge an urban site with one that is completely undeveloped. These topics are examples of what this thesis project seeks to explore: What qualities are there that are worthy of preserving when dealing with architecture in precious environments? Is it possible to improve certain qualities of a natural site that are neglected in its current state, such as accessibility, or do all additions aggravate the essence of nature and make the site less exquisite? What sacrifices are necessary to make in order to provide high quality environments for the inhabitants, and do they conflict with the interests of visitors, or could they possibly coincide?

The pace of development in modern society since the Industrial Revolution has beenunprecedented and it keeps proceeding in a more aggressive and accelerated phase. However, thisdevelopment is a highly energy demanded action which is resulting an increased exploitation ofnatural resources, and subsequently, an expanded pressure on our environment, which sometimesconflicts between proprietors. On the other hand, it also creates great opportunities fortechnological developments as well as new research fields. As one of the biggest energy consumers,it is a crucial task that building and real estate sector follow this development trend by inventingand practicing new methods and technologies in order to limit energy usage and increase energyefficiency for a contribution to sustainable development in the society.When considering improvement of energy efficiency of the buildings from the million homeprogramme, it is worth to carry out energy analysis before renovation works begins in order toobtain a holistic overview of the energy issues those buildings are struggling with. For dwellingsfrom almost 50 years ago, one of the biggest issues is the large energy usage for heating due to theheat loss to the ambience through the building’s envelope. More precisely, the heat losses throughroof, walls, windows, doors, ventilations and infiltrations. This thesis will focus on technologicalsolutions that can control the heat losses caused by convection and conduction through the externalwalls, windows and doors, which approximately stands for nearly 55% of the total heat loss for ahouse from the million home programme. Furthermore, with help of passive heating and coolingstrategies, improvement of both energy performance and indoor thermal comfort on the studiedlamellar house from the million home programme will be achieved.According to the simulation results, the installation of double glass façade on the outside of theexternal walls can reduce energy consumption, as well as keep indoor thermal comfort in desirableboundaries. In the simulated executive model, the delivered energy has been reduced to 95.3𝐾𝑊ℎ/𝑚2𝐴𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 from the basic model with 121.8 𝐾𝑊ℎ/𝑚2𝐴𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟. However,In the exclusive model the delivered energy has successfully declined to 71.1 𝐾𝑊ℎ/𝑚2𝐴𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 , which is under the maximum permitted value (85.0 𝐾𝑊ℎ/viii𝑚2𝐴𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟) in the Swedish building code. Both of models has maintained the occupancysatisfaction in adequate boundaries.

My thesis project zooms in on Masmo to the southwest of Stockholm. Specifically a subway exit, built on Masmo Mountain during the 1960s, but never finished. The site features a very unique location on the border between the quite urban Million Programme era architecture of central Masmo, and the completely untouched forest in the nature reserve right next to it, Gömmaren. For 60 years, the Masmo Mountain has been discussed in Huddinge municipality as a potential site for future construction, yet nothing has ever been constructed. I think this might be because of the challenges the location poses regarding how to merge an urban site with one that is completely undeveloped. These topics are examples of what this thesis project seeks to explore: What qualities are there that are worthy of preserving when dealing with architecture in precious environments? Is it possible to improve certain qualities of a natural site that are neglected in its current state, such as accessibility, or do all additions aggravate the essence of nature and make the site less exquisite? What sacrifices are necessary to make in order to provide high quality environments for the inhabitants, and do they conflict with the interests of visitors, or could they possibly coincide?

Det globala energibehovet ökar ständigt och i takt med detta ökar även faran för global uppvärmning bortom en hanterbar nivå och därför stramas kraven åt gällande minskade utsläpp av växthusgaser. EU har som följd av detta enats om en uppsättning klimatmål som benämns 20/20/20-målen som syftar till att minska växthusgasutsläppen med 20 procent, jämfört med 1990 års nivåer, sänka energianvändningen med 20 procent, höja andelen förnybar energi samt höja andelen biobränsle i transportsektorn med 10 procent.  Sektorn bostäder och service står enligt energimyndigheten för nära 40 procent av Sveriges totala energianvändning och blir därför ett område som är mycket intressant när det gäller att implementera energieffektiviseringsåtgärder.  Det kommunala företaget AB Gavlegårdarna ska under perioden 2016-2018 renovera ett tiotal punkthus i stadsdelen Östra Sätra i Gävle. Husen är typiska miljonprogramshus och beroende på val av effektiviseringsåtgärder kommer behovet av köpt värme samt el att förändras, dvs deras lastprofiler på det energisystemet. Dessa förändringar kommer i föreliggande arbete att simuleras och studeras i simuleringsprogrammet IDA ICE (IDA Indoor Climate and Energy) version 4.6.2, där resultaten jämförs och valideras med befintlig statistik.  Husen som berörs av upprustningen är av typen punkthus som definieras som friliggande hus med trapphus i mitten med lägenheter runt om.  Punkthusen var vanliga på 1940 talet och byggdes då oftast med 4-5 våningar. Även om huskropparna står fritt är de oftast placerade i grupp för att skapa en områdeskänsla. De aktuella byggnaderna är i stort lika varandra där avsaknad av källarplan hos vissa av husen är den tydligaste skillnaden, i övrigt består konstruktionen av markplan plus 4 våningsplan och ett vindsutrymme. Hus med källarplan rymmer totalt 29 lägenheter medan de övriga rymmer 27. Energisystemmodellen validerades samt modifierades att passa de renoverade husen. Resultatet har sedan använts för att beräkna områdets lastprofil gällande fjärrvärme vilket kan ses i nedanstående figur. Diagrammet visar lastkurvan både före och efter de energieffektiviserande åtgärderna implementerats.  Med hjälp utav de erhållna effektkurvorna kan områdets totala energianvändning jämföras före och efter implementering av energieffektiviseringsåtgärder. Resultatet visar att värmebehovet sjunker med 1,39 GWh. Appliceras detta på kraftvärmeproduktionen resulterar minskningen i 0,55 GWh lägre elproduktion som måste importeras till systemet. Importeras elen från kolkondens kan detta ge upphov till ökade koldioxidutsläpp med 512 ton koldioxidekvivalenter per år jämfört med 2,13 ton CO2 ekvivalenter om elen tas från svensk elmix.

Nearly 50 years after the building of the first million programme neighbourhoods many Swedish municipalities faces an extensive restoration work in these neighbourhoods which during their relatively short lifetime have acted as a target for a large amount of criticism. Öster in Gävle is a million programme neighbourhood that has gone through an extensive restoration between 2001-2009 with the aim of improving the living environment. Improvements have been made in the outdoor environment, to the facades of the houses and the entrances’ of each building. The purpose of this study has been to investigate the effects of the renewal in the physical outdoor environment for those who live in the neighbourhood. Factors such as safety, comfort and use of the outdoor environment have been investigated through observations and an inventory of the outdoor environment together with a questionnaire study which was distributed among the citizens of Öster. This study shows that both safety and comfort are satisfactory among the residents unlike previous studies. Many residents reside in the outdoor environment at least once a week and the aesthetics of the area is widely appreciated. To develop the neighbourhood, further improvements that encourage spontaneous meetings in the outdoor environment can be made. Examples of such improvements could be more outdoor sitting areas. The renewal of the area can boost positive spirals for the sense of community in the area which can lead to an increased sense of safety and comfort among the residents. Continued studies could for example examine what effect the development of Gävle Strand east of Öster will have on the integration of the neighbourhood with the other parts of Gävle. / Nästan 50 år efter uppförandet av de första miljonprogramsområdena ställs många svenska kommuner inför omfattande upprustningsarbeten av dessa bostadsområden, som under sin relativt korta livstid varit föremål för mycket kritik. Öster i Gävle är ett miljonprogramsområde som under åren 2001-2009 genomgått en omfattande förnyelse för att förbättra boendemiljön. Förbättringar av utemiljön, husfasader och entréer är några exempel på åtgärder som utfördes under förnyelsen. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka effekterna av förnyelsen av den fysiska utemiljön för de boende på Öster. Genom observationer och en inventering av utemiljön i området tillsammans med en enkät som gått ut bland de boende på Öster har faktorer som trygghet, trivsel och utemiljöns användning undersökts. Studien visar att både tryggheten och trivseln bland de boende är god till skillnad från tidigare studier i området. Många vistas i utemiljön minst en gång i veckan och områdets estetik uppskattas. För att utveckla området föreslås ytterligare åtgärder som uppmuntrar till spontana möten i utemiljön som till exempel fler sittplatser. Förnyelsen i området kan skapa positiva spiraler för den sociala sammanhållningen i området vilket i sin tur ger en ökad känsla av trygghet och trivsel bland de boende. Fortsatta studier kan förslagsvis undersöka hur utvecklingen av Gävle Strand öster om Öster påverkar integrationen av stadsdelen med övriga Gävle.