Darbe atlikta teorinė pedagogo profesinių kompetencijų, pedagogo profesinio kryptingumo analizė. Anketinės apklausos metodu buvo atliktas tyrimas, kurio tikslas – atskleisti specialiųjų pedagogų kompetencijų ir profesinės motyvacijos ypatumus. Interviu metodu buvo siekiama papildyti gautus tyrimo rezultatus, atskleidžiant mokyklos vadovų požiūrį į specialiųjų pedagogų motyvavimą, jo formas bei svarbiausias profesines kompetencijas, jų tobulinimo galimybes. Tyrime dalyvavo 77 specialieji pedagogai, dirbantys bendrojo lavinimo mokyklose. Taip pat 14 bendrojo lavinimo mokyklų vadovų (pavaduotojų ugdymui). Empirinėje dalyje nagrinėjama specialiųjų pedagogų nuomonė apie jų profesinės veiklos ypatumus ir kompetencijas, profesinės veiklos motyvavimą. Taip pat bendrojo lavinimo mokyklų vadovų nuomonė apie specialiųjų pedagogų profesinės motyvacijos ypatumus ir kompetencijas. Svarbiausios empirinio tyrimo išvados: 1. Tyrimo duomenimis dauguma specialiųjų pedagogų svarbiausiomis profesinėmis kompetencijomis laiko gebėjimą bendrauti ir bendradarbiauti specialistų ir tėvų komandoje, taip pat dalintis žiniomis ir patirtimi. Daugiau nei septintadalis specialiųjų pedagogų teigia, kad svarbiausia yra gebėti parengti individualaus ugdymosi programą, padėti specialiųjų ugdymosi poreikių vaikams mokytis. Tiek pat pedagogų teigė, kad svarbiausia yra suprantamai teikti mokomąją medžiagą bet kurių specialiųjų ugdymosi poreikių turinčiam vaikui. 2. Daugiau nei pusė specialiųjų pedagogų, dirbančių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Summary In the paper, we have done theoretical analysis of professional expertise and professional single-mindedness of a pedagogue. By the method of questionnaire, there has been done the research, which aim was to reveal peculiarities of expertise and professional motivation of special pedagogues. By the method of interview, we tried to supplement the obtained results of the research by revealing attitude of headmasters towards motivation of special pedagogues, its forms and main professional competencies and possibilities of their development. 77 special pedagogues working in comprehensive schools and also 14 headmasters (assistant managers for education affairs) of comprehensive schools participated in the research. In the empirical part, we analysed the opinion of pedagogues about peculiarities of their professional activity and expertise, and motivation of the professional activity. There is also the analysis of the opinion of headmasters of comprehensive schools about the peculiarities of special pedagogues’ professional motivation and expertise. Main Conclusions of the Empirical Research: 1. Under the research data, the majority of special pedagogues ability to communicate and collaborate in a team of specialists and parents and also to share knowledge and experience consider to be the main professional expertise. More than one seventh part of the special pedagogues state that the most important thing is to be able to prepare a scheme of individual learning, and... [to full text]

L'enseignement-apprentissage du lire-écrire demeure une question chaude du point de vue de sa pertinence sociale, comme du point de vue scientifique et pédagogique. Les débats sur la lecture et son apprentissage constituent encore aujourd'hui un sujet d'actualité, aussi bien pour l'opinion publique que pour l'institution et la recherche scientifique d'autant que malgré les avancées conceptuelles dans le domaine de la littératie, 10 à 15% d'élèves sont toujours en difficultés de lecture à l'entrée au collège. Si l'on connaît mieux les démarches d'apprentissage, on en sait peu sur les pratiques professionnelles des enseignants, notamment avec des élèves en difficulté. La compréhension des pratiques professionnelles de professeurs des écoles en situation d'enseignement/apprentissage initial du lire-écrire constitue l'objet de notre recherche. Elle s'inscrit dans le cadre et les questions théoriques développés dans le courant de la didactique professionnelle dont l'objectif principal est d'analyser le travail en vue de la formation et articule les questions théoriques de ce courant avec les concepts de la didactique disciplinaire autour de la notion centrale de situation (professionnelle et didactique), le processus de secondarisation des savoirs étant au cœur de la réflexion. Pour concrétiser cette intention d'intelligibilité des pratiques, nous avons fait le choix d'une méthodologie basée sur l'observation directe et indirecte de situations d'enseignement-apprentissage menées par des experts, des maîtres-formateurs, et par des novices confrontés à la gestion de l'hétérogénéité des élèves et des niveaux scolaires. Nos résultats viennent renforcer les connaissances d'une grammaire générique des pratiques didactiques de l'entrée dans l'écrit par l'identification de structures conceptuelles de situations et de modèles opératifs. Ils permettent aussi de mieux saisir les conflits de métier, les dilemmes, de pointer des éléments d'une professionnalité potentiellement explicatifs des différences d'efficacité/équité tout en questionnant les discours centrés sur la différenciation pédagogique et l'individualisation. Loin de formuler des « bonnes pratiques », ce travail contribue à enrichir la palette des gestes professionnels utiles à un développement professionnel des enseignants et invite à repenser la formation professionnelle des enseignants à partir d'une compréhension des situations intégrant les savoirs nécessaires pour agir et les savoirs nécessaires à l'analyse de l'activité. / Teaching and learning how to read and write remains a burning question from the point of view of its social relevance as from the scientific and educational point of view. Debates on reading and its apprenticeship constitute even today a topical issue for the public opinion as well as for the institution and the scientific research. In spite of conceptual development in the field of literacy, 10 to 15% of pupils still have difficulties in reading when entering secondary school. If we are more informed about procedures of apprenticeship we know little about professional practices, especially with children in difficulties. Therefore the object of our research deals with the understanding of professional practices of initial schoolteachers regarding how to teach to read and write. It is set in the frame and field of professional didactics which develop theoretical issues about the analysis of teacher training and it is combined with the concepts of disciplinary didactics in order to define the key notion of professional and didactic situation, the process of “secondarization” of knowledge being at the core of our thought. To make this intention of intelligibility of practices concrete we opted for a methodology based on direct and indirect observation of teaching/learning situations led by experts, mentors and initial teacher trainees faced to the managing of students' heterogeneity and various levels. Our results add up to the knowledge of a generic grammar of didactic practices in the field of beginning literacy through the identification of conceptual structures of situations and operative patterns. They also allow to better understand conflicts and dilemmas in the profession, to point out the potentially explicit elements of a professional expertise as far as differences of efficiency/equity are concerned while questioning discourse focused on pedagogical differentiation and individualization. Far from suggesting “good practices”, this work contributes to enrich the range of professional gestures which could be useful to the professional development of schoolteachers and to rethink teacher training and teacher competence from an understanding of situations which integrate the knowledge required for action along with the one necessary to analyze activity.

La grammaire, discipline indéfectiblement liée à l’écriture, semble reléguée au second plan depuis l’introduction de la notion de compétence de communication dans l’enseignement / apprentissage du français langue étrangère, à en croire un discours didactique répandu. Or, les pratiques des enseignants de français comme langue étrangère et seconde et les manuels de langue édités en France tendent à montrer une permanence des activités grammaticales. Ce paradoxe nous a conduite à nous interroger sur le discours grammatical d’ouvrages conçus dans un contexte spécifique d’enseignement du français, pour des apprenants partageant une même langue première. Nous avons procédé à l’étude de vingt-six (26) ouvrages de grammaires produits en Italie entre 1970 et 2011. L’analyse des classes grammaticales du point de vue de leurs dénominations mais aussi de leurs définitions ainsi que de la description/explication des faits de langue, effectuée par rapport à une description grammaticale dite « de référence » du français, a révélé des phénomènes de contextualisation diffus et constants tout au long de la période analysée. Une typologie des différentes formes a été dégagée, mettant en évidence quatre catégories de contextualisation, toutes fondées sur la langue première des apprenants et sa grammatisation spécifique. Une relation est établie entre cette forme d’adaptation du discours grammatical de référence du français et les savoirs d’expertise professionnelle des enseignants, ce qui amène à reconsidérer les liens que l’enseignement et la description des langues ont toujours entretenus dans le monde occidental. / According to common discourse in the field of didactics, grammar, considered as an intimate related discipline to writing practices, seems to be often overshadowed since the introduction of the concept of the communicative competence in French as a foreign language teaching and learning. Nevertheless, the practices of teachers of French as a foreign or second language and the handbooks for language learning published in France certify a continuous presence of grammar activities in this field. The present study, based on this contradictory situation, seeks to analyse the grammatical discourse of handbooks specifically conceived for learners of French as a foreign language who share a common first language. With this aim, we review twenty six (26) books of grammar edited in Italy between 1970 and 2011. The study begins by investigating the designation and definition of parts of speech and the description of language facts by comparing them to a reference description of French Grammar. We try to reveal how this description takes place through a constant and widespread, diffuse character throughout the analysed period. The study continues by establishing a typology of different forms based on four categories of contextualization, all derived from the learners’ first common language and its specific context grammatisation. Finally, in the perspective of reconsidering the long-lasting relationship between teaching and language description in the occidental world, we suggest possibilities for joining French grammatical reference discourse adaptation and teachers’ professional expertise knowledge.

What do executives do, and how do their actions impact on the company’s results? Questions such as these are constantly targeted in leadership research. Despite thousands of reports in the field, there is no consensus on what the concept of leadership entails. Nor can companies and organisations be said to have a clear idea of what executives actually do. Nevertheless, the investments in leadership development seem to indicate that executives are considered vital to the company’s results. The vague notions about what executive work entails, together with assumptions concerning their importance to the company or organisation, lend a certain magical aura to their work. In this study, executives are regarded as a professional category, and are consequently examined with a qualitative method whereby the professionals begin by reflecting in writing on their skills, and then take part in a group discussion on their skills based on their written reflections. This method, known as the dialogue seminar method, has been used on other professional categories with good results. Since executives have not previously been studied in terms of their skills, the results have been compared to leadership research. Leadership studies with a gender perspective have shown that gender impacts on the likelihood of obtaining and practising executive positions and skills. Therefore, the results of this study have also been analysed from a gender perspective. The skills of executives and other staff are described as the capacity to follow rules, i.e. interpreting rules and then applying them in concrete situations. A rule says nothing about how it should be followed, however. If the way in which a rule should be followed were to be described in a rule, another rule would be needed to describe how that rule should be followed, and so on, ad infinitum. Thus, rules must be interpreted as something that requires access to an “archive” of examples. One specific executive skill consists of developing co-workers’ rule-following skills. For executives, following the rules involves making decisions based on tacit knowledge. Tacit knowledge, in turn, is based on an inner vision of what is taking place right now in the organisation, and what is crucial to customers, employees, the organisation and the world at large. It also includes understanding people’s urges, thoughts, needs, wishes, and what they are saying. Tacit knowledge develops in the interplay between reflecting over examples and taking strategic action. Decision-making situations can often be unclear and contradictory. Therefore the executive’s skills must include the ability to handle uncertainty in three different ways. The first is by being honest about the fact that all decisions cannot be made, and that some decisions take time. The second is explaining to employees that an organisation cannot be entirely regulated by guidelines, and that judgement in the form of reflected experience is therefore a crucial element in all action. The third is coping with the fact that an executive position does not automatically entail being able to make the right decision. Thus, the executive must accommodate uncertainty in the world at large, the employees’ uncertainty, and his or her own uncertainty. Empirical analysis also highlights another aspect of executive skills. Executives need to be fast, not merely in the sense of having a high work capacity, but in the sense of never saying no or questioning deliveries. Above all, comparisons with leadership research reveal differences in the interpretation of empirical data. The way in which executives follow rules, for instance, is also described in research on leadership, but only as a phenomenon linked with unusual situations, as when executives need to take emergency action in unforeseen circumstances, or make decisions in cases that are not covered by the general rules, rather than as a day-to-day occurrence. Similarly, there is a difference in perspectives on handling uncertainty. In leadership research, this is described as the executive dealing with something that has gone wrong and putting it right. In the study at hand, the concept is expanded, to demonstrate that the executive’s actions can involve accommodating the worries that this uncertainty breeds within the organisation. Empirical data do not show any differences in the descriptions of the executive skills of women and men. Women and men practise these executive skills similarly. Men’s tendency to identify themselves with senior management, however, is interpreted as a sign of homosocial structures in the organisation. The fact that men are more ambivalent than women faced with the opportunity and responsibility of promoting change consequently indicates that admittance into a homosocial structure restricts their freedom of action. There is a difference, however, between the executive skills of women and men in that women, unlike men, have to relate to the issue of their own gender. Their approach to this can vary between two leadership discourses; one that is gender-neutral, and one where gender is significant. Women’s knowledge of how gender is constructed in organisations, in leadership and in other structures and processes, is thus included in the tacit knowledge that comprises their skills. Keywords: executive, manager, management, leadership, gender, skills, tacit knowledge, follow rules, breaking rules, rules, decision-making, accommodate uncertainty, homosocial structures. / Vad en chef gör och vilken betydelse chefens agerande har för företagets resultat är frågor som ständigt sysselsätter ledarskapsforskare. Men trots många tusen studier finns det inom forskningen inte någon gemensam uppfattning om vad begreppet ledarskap innebär. Inte heller inom företag och organisationer finns någon tydlig bild av vad chefer egentligen gör. Däremot visar till exempel satsningar på ledarutveckling att cheferna uppfattas som mycket viktiga för företagets resultat. Otydligheten i vad chefers arbete innebär tillsammans med föreställningen om chefens betydelse för företag och organisationer resulterar i att bilden av chefers arbete får inslag av magi. I den här studien ses chefskap som ett yrke och undersöks därför med en kvalitativ metod som innebär att yrkesutövare först skriftligt reflekterar över sitt yrkeskunnande och sedan i grupp diskuterar yrkeskunnandet utifrån de skriftliga reflektionerna. Metoden som kallas dialogseminariemetoden har använts i andra yrkesgrupper än chefer med goda resultat. Eftersom chefers yrkeskunnande inte tidigare undersökts som yrkeskunnande har resultaten jämförts med ledarskapsforskning. Att kön har betydelse för förutsättningarna att få och att utöva chefskap visas i ledarskapsforskning med könsperspektiv. Därför har även studiens resultat analyserats ur detta forskningsperspektiv. Yrkeskunnande för såväl chefer som medarbetare beskrivs som regelföljande det vill säga att tolka regler och därefter agera i en konkret situation. En regel säger ingenting om hur den ska följas. Om följandet av en regel skulle beskrivas i en regel skulle följandet av denna regel behöva beskrivas i en regel och så vidare i all oändlighet. Istället måste regler tolkas något som kräver tillgång till ett ”bibliotek” av exempel. Ett specifikt yrkeskunnande för chefer är att utveckla medarbetarnas yrkeskunnande i form av regelföljande. För chefer innebär regelföljande att fatta beslut utifrån tyst kunskap. Den tysta kunskapen bygger på en inre bild av vad som händer just nu i verksamheten och är viktigt för kunder, medarbetare, organisation och omvärld. Samt en förståelse för vad människor drivs av, tänker, behöver, önskar och säger. Den tysta kunskapen byggs upp i ett växelspel mellan reflektion över exempel och ett strategiskt agerande. Ofta är beslutssituationerna otydliga och motstridiga. Det innebär att chefens yrkeskunnande innebär att härbärgera osäkerhet på tre olika sätt. Det första genom att stå för att alla beslut inte kan fattas och att vissa inte kan fattas snabbt. Det andra genom att tydliggöra för medarbetarna att verksamheten inte går att fullt ut styra med regelverk och att omdöme i form av reflekterad erfarenhet därför är en viktig del i allt handlande. Det tredje genom att hantera insikten om att chefspositionen inte automatiskt innebär att det går att fatta rätt beslut. Chefen härbärgerar således omvärldens osäkerhet, medarbetarnas osäkerhet och den egna osäkerheten. I analys av empirin framkommer också en annan aspekt av chefers yrkeskunnande. Chefer måste vara snabba, inte bara i betydelsen att ha hög arbetskapacitet utan också som att aldrig säga nej till eller ifrågasätta leveranser. Jämförelsen med ledarskapsforskning visar framför allt på skillnader i tolkningen av empirin. Chefers regelföljande beteende beskrivs till exempel även inom ledarskapsforskningen. Men där beskrivs det som något som sker ibland, att chefen gör en brandkårsutryckning när något oväntat händer eller fattar beslut i de fall som inte hanteras av regelverken, inte som något som sker ständigt. På samma sätt finns en skillnad i synen på hanterandet av osäkerhet. Det beskrivs inom ledarskapsforskningen som att chefen hanterar det som gått fel och ställer allt till rätta. I denna studie utvecklas begreppet genom att visa att hanterandet för chefen kan innebära att härbärgera den oro osäkerheten medför i organisationen. Empirin visar inte några skillnader mellan kvinnor och män i beskrivningarna av chefers yrkeskunnande. Kvinnor och män utövar chefskap på samma sätt. Männens identifikation med högre chefer tolkas dock som tecken på homosociala strukturer i organisationen. Att männen är mer ambivalenta än kvinnorna till både möjligheten och det egna ansvaret för att driva förändring innebär då att upptagande i en homosocial struktur begränsar handlingsutrymmet. Däremot finns det en skillnad mellan kvinnors och mäns yrkeskunnande som chefer på så sätt att kvinnor till skillnad från män måste förhålla sig till sitt kön. Kvinnorna väljer att hantera detta genom att växla mellan två ledarskapsdiskurser; en könsneutral och en där kön har betydelse. Kvinnornas kunskap om hur kön görs i organisationer, i konstruktionen av ledarskap såväl som i övriga strukturer och processer, är således en del i den tysta kunskap som utgör deras yrkeskunnande. / <p>QC 20120514</p>

L’étude de l’ingénierie territoriale dans les Pays du Beaujolais et du Roannais en Rhône Alpes, en liaison avec de nombreux autres dispositifs (Contrats d’agglomération, Contrats Territoriaux Emploi Formation, Leader) met en lumière une tendance forte à la recentralisation de la gestion publique territoriale.L’ingénierie territoriale est une bureaucratie professionnelle territoriale coincée entre les injonctions autoritaires de l’État et les velléités d’autonomie du pouvoir local. D’un côté, on observe que l’Europe, les services centraux de l’État diffusent des représentations et les bonnes pratiques aussi strictes que les règles impersonnelles du modèle bureaucratique wébérien. De l’autre côté, les pouvoirs locaux, face aux insuffisances des services déconcentrés de l’État structurent une ingénierie territoriale composite pour se doter de l’expertise nécessaire à leur stratégie de développement. Paradoxalement, c’est dans le cadre des politiques constitutives, que le pouvoir local en se dotant d’un appareil d’expertise, gage d’autonomie, crée les conditions de son propre contrôle et de sa soumission au régime d’agence qui s’impose comme nouveau mode de régulation de l’action publique au détriment de la négociation contractuelle.En d’autres termes, les instruments d’action publique et les savoir mobilisés par l’ingénierie territoriale dans la démarche de projet participent d’une technologie de gouvernement qui ne met pas fin à la rationalité bureaucratique, elle la transforme. / The study of territorial engineering in two “Pays” (rural areas) of the Rhône-Alpes Region – the “Beaujolais” and the “Roannais”, linked to a number of other measures (urban area contracts, territory/employment/training contracts, Leader) reveals a strong trend towards re-centralising the public management of territories.Territorial engineering is a professional bureaucracy caught between authoritarian dictates from the State and local authority desires for autonomy. On one hand, Europe and central State services convey representations and good practices as strict as the impersonal rules of Weber’s model of bureaucracy. On the other hand, local authorities, faced with the insufficiencies of decentralised State services construct their own composite territorial engineering to acquire the expertise necessary for their development strategies. Paradoxically, it is in the context of constitutive policies that local authorities, in acquiring a system of expertise – guarantee of autonomy, create the conditions of their own control and their submission to an agency system which asserts itself as the new way of regulating public action to the detriment of contractual negotiation.In other words, the instruments of public action and the expertise mobilized by territorial engineering in project planning participate in a technology of governance which, rather than bringing bureaucratic rationality to an end, transform it.

Missbruk medför samhällsproblem i flera avseenden och innebär en social utsatthet för individen. Ansvaret för utförande av missbruksbehandling ligger delvis inom socialt arbete. Tolvstegsbehandling av alkohol- och narkotikamissbruk är en av Socialstyrelsens rekommenderade behandlingsformer. Denna Studie utforskar hur tolvstegsbehandlare påverkas av sina tidigare erfarenheter av missbruk i utvecklingen av professionell expertis, identitet och i det behandlande arbetet. Fyra kvalitativa djupintervjuer analyserades med hjälp av en fenomenologisk analysmetod. Studiens resultat visar hur behandlare med egen erfarenhet av tidigare missbruk arbetar för att uppnå och bibehålla en professionell expertis och professionell identitet. Kunskap genom utbildning, praktisk kunskap och personliga erfarenheter blir grundläggande, samtidigt som bearbetning av erfarenheter och självreflektion är särskilt avgörande för ett gott behandlande arbete. Resultaten visar på att den egna erfarenheten har en positiv inverkan på behandling och behandlingsrelationen genom att öka delaktighet, mottaglighet och nyttjandet av behandlarens förebildsroll. Däremot utgör den egna erfarenheten risker som kan inverka på behandling och behandlarens känslotillstånd genom överidentifikation. Tidigare erfarenheter kan även skapa konflikt mellan professionell och privat roll, både utifrån tidigare kännedom om klienten och utifrån fortsatt medverkan i tolvstegsmöten som privatperson. Respondenterna delar en öppen syn på behandlingsmetoder, samtidigt som de delar en icke-flexibel syn vad det gäller medicinering. Resultaten är genomsyrade av vikten att arbeta med sig själv genom handledning, egenvård och fortsatt engagemang i tolvstegsrörelsen. Resultaten diskuteras utifrån tidigare forskning, teorin för psykosocialt arbete och de teoretiska begreppen dubbel relation, förebild, professionell expertis, kunskap, situerat lärande och identitet. / Substance abuse results in several different societal problems and leaves the individual in question socially vulnerable. Responsibility for substance abuse treatment partially lies in the hand of social work. Twelve-step treatment is one recommended form of treatment for substance abuse by The National Board of Health and Welfare. The present study explores how recovered twelve-step counselors are affected by their previous experiences of substance abuse in the development of professional expertise, identity and in their treatment work. Four qualitative in-depth interviews were analysed using a phenomenological analysis method. The results of the present study show how recovered counselors work to achieve and maintain professional expertise and a professional identity. Knowledge through education, practice and personal experience is fundamental, and to continuously process ones previous experiences and engage in self-reflection is crucial for recovered counselors to be able to work within their professional role. Results further show that the previous experiences has a positive impact on treatment and the client-counselor relationship by increasing engagement, receptivity and motivation through role-modeling. However, the previous experiences also infers risks that can have a negative effect on treatment and the counselors emotional state through overidentification. Another risk is the conflict between the counselors professional and private role, due to prior knowledge of clients or through engagement in twelve-step meetings. The present study’s participants share an open attitude towards the use of different treatment methods, while sharing a non-flexible attitude towards medical treatment. Something that has permeated the present study’s results was the importance of continuously working with yourself through supervision, self-care and continued engagement in the twelve-step movement. Results are discussed in relation to previous research, the theory of psycosocial work and the theoretical terms double relationship, role-modeling, professional expertise and knowledge, situated learning and identity.

Depuis le début des années 2000, l’enseignement de la Shoah est perçu en France comme une question socialement vive susceptible de déréguler les pratiques de classe. Cette thèse en sciences de l’éducation étudie l’expérience de l’enseignement de la Shoah des profes-seurs du secondaire en France. En s’appuyant sur 30 entretiens semi-directifs, la recherche montre, de l’intérieur, comment les professeurs interrogés perçoivent cet enseignement, ses difficultés et s’intéresse aux réponses déployées par les interrogés. Les résultats montrent les difficultés provenant du côté des élèves : saturation présumée, antisémitisme, concur-rence des mémoires, mais aussi concurrence entre les savoirs sociaux et le savoir scolaire. Du côté des enseignants, apparaît également la vivacité de la question, divisant davantage qu’elle ne fédère les membres de l’équipe éducative. De plus, l’impact émotionnel sur l’enseignant que la confrontation entre savoir scolaire et savoir social véhiculé par les élèves peut engendrer, accentue les difficultés rencontrées. Les professeurs qui montrent une assu-rance dans cet enseignement révèlent au travers des récits de vie de classe, qu’ils investis-sent pleinement le pôle didactique et le pôle pédagogique de la fonction de professeur. Aller à la rencontre de ce savoir social avec bienveillance et exigence, faire dire mais ne pas lais-ser dire amènent ces professeurs à répondre dans le cadre d’un savoir historique, précis et rigoureux qui refuse la dérive relativiste ou normative (Legardez, 2006). L’énoncé de repères éthiques et citoyens, une vigilance quant à la gestion de l’émotion dans la classe y compris de celle de l’enseignant, participent aussi au cadre construit par les professeurs. Ainsi ces derniers alternent entre le pôle didactique le pôle pédagogique, ce qui leur permet de rentrer dans « le fonctionnement improvisationnel de l’enseignant expert » (Tochon, 1993). L’enseignement de la Shoah dans certaines situations sensibles est assimilé à un combat. Une typologie inspirée des travaux de Jacques Pain (1992) sur la régulation de la violence délinquante par les arts martiaux émerge : combattant stratège, combattant intrépide, com-battant émotif, ou témoin distancié sont les différentes figures enseignantes qui se dégagent de cette recherche. / Since the beginning of the 2000’s, teaching Shoah has been perceived as a deep social is-sue in France which may well change the rules of classroom practices. This thesis studies the experience of teaching the Shoah from the point of view of secondary school teachers. Drawing from 30 semi-directive interviews, this research in education shows from the inside how the teachers questioned perceive this teaching and its difficulties. This thesis shows how teachers deal with this issue from an educational point of view and the answers they provide. The results underline difficulties stemming from “the pupils’ point of view”: presumed satura-tion, anti-Semitism, competition between memoirs, but also competition between social backgrounds and school knowledge. “From the teachers’ point of view” the intensity of the issue is also present, dividing more than federating the members of the educational team. Moreover, the emotional impact on the teacher concerning the confrontation between school knowledge and social background conveyed by pupils can create and increase the difficulties encountered. The teachers who show confidence in this teaching have disclosed through classroom stories that they fully invest the didactic pole and the educational pole of their po-sition. In doing so, they hail, welcome and accept the social background with the necessary benevolence and unstructured consciousness that this entails. Helping pupils express them-selves but not letting them talk without knowing helps the teacher answer questions in a precise and rigorous historical framework and is against relativistic or normative drifting as defined by Legardez (2006). The framework of ethical and citizen indicators as far as the management of emotions in the classroom is concerned (including the teacher's emotions) also part of the framework built by the teacher. Thus, these latter alternate between the di-dactic pole and educational pole and enable them to bring in and adopt the improvisational operation mode of the expert instructor as defined by Tochon (1993). In some sensitive situa-tions, the teaching of the Shoah is compared to a fight. A typology inspired by Jacques Pain's thoughts concerning the regulation of delinquent violence through martial arts has emerged: the strategist fighter, the dauntless fighter, the emotional fighter or the aloof witnesses are the various teaching figures that have emerged from this research.