The topic of my thesis is "Experiences of children with preparation for medical examination and intervention". Children are more sensitive and therefore more vulnerable, with respect to their age and development it is necessary to carefully consider what to tell them and how. Each child has the right for sufficient information given at the right time and the right way, taking into account its age and intellectual maturity. Adequate communication protects a child from stress and needless anxiety. The theoretical section of the thesis is divided into 3 parts. The first one deals with the child's right to information and also the game specialist profession. The second part focuses on the psychological preoperative preparation in general, communication specifics in dealing with children and on preparation at different periods of age. The third part is devoted to the physical preoperative preparation. The empirical section has two objectives. The first one is to see if in children's wards the child´s preparation before examination or medical intervention is performed and by whom. The second objective is to determine whether the preparation performed affects fear and anxiety experienced by the child prior to the examination or intervention. In the research section the qualitative research technique of non-standardized interview was used. The interview the individual, anonymous, was conducted with the consent of the child and its parents, sometimes with participation of the parents. The research survey was carried out between October 2009 and February 2010. The research sample consisted of 19 respondents (11 girls and 8 boys), children aged 5 to 17 years who underwent an examination or medical intervention in 5 hospitals of the Czech Republic. The outcomes of the research show that most respondents were preparing for the examination by their mothers or doctors in a medical facility, one third of respondents were not given any concern in this respect. The most frequently used form of the preparation was oral communication. The preparation carried out by the game specialist was the best appreciated by the children. The preparation decreased the respondents´ feeling of fear or anxiety. The findings and results of the survey may provide the medical facilities management with an incentive to improve the quality of nursing care provided in terms of children´s informedness as required by the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine and the Charter of the Rights of the Hospitalized Child.

Apresenta pesquisa centrada no seguinte problema: em que medida a política de educação integral em construção na Zona Oeste do município de São Paulo contribui para as oportunidades de exercício do direito de brincar das crianças atendidas? As condições ou requisitos estipulados para favorecimento das oportunidades de brincar foram: minimizar constrangimentos relativos ao atendimento escolar à infância e favorecer o acesso das crianças ao convívio em espaços informais e não controlados. A hipótese priorizada na investigação foi a de que esta política está contribuindo para com o aumento das oportunidades de brincar das crianças. Dentre as obras utilizadas para situar a abordagem, destacam-se as contribuições da sociologia da infância e os mais recentes aportes à análise de programas de educação integral no Brasil. A política educacional analisada conta com quatro diferentes instâncias: o programa Mais Educação do Ministério da Educação; os programas Mais Educação São Paulo e São Paulo Integral, ambos da Secretaria Municipal de Educação de São Paulo; e a proposta da Diretoria Regional de Educação Butantã intitulada Educação integral para uma São Paulo educadora. O foco do trabalho foi a verificação da proposta conceitual e operacional das políticas em questão, suas eventuais iniciativas que indicassem contribuir para a minimização daqueles constrangimentos e sua repercussão em quatro escolas selecionadas segundo critérios previamente estabelecidos. Os procedimentos de coleta de informações foram entrevistas semiestruturadas com ocupantes de funções técnicas e autoridades da Diretoria de Educação e de órgãos superiores da Secretaria e com equipes escolares, além de imersões no cotidiano daquelas escolas na perspectiva do pesquisador conversador proposta por Spink. Pretendeu-se a identificar os pontos de vista diferentes atores presentes, inclusive as crianças. A pesquisa conclui que aquela política de educação integral tem contribuído para aumentar as oportunidades de brincar das crianças atendidas, ainda que em poucos aspectos e de forma tímida. / The present article provides a research focused on the following issue: to what extent shall the drawn up integral education policy held in western zone of São Paulo contribute to the attending children exercise the right of playing opportunities? The laid down conditions or requirements to promote playing opportunities were: to reduce early childhood schooling constraints and to facilitate childrens access to non-controlled and informal interacting areas. The prioritized research hypothesis is that this policy contributes to increase the childrens opportunities with regards to exercising the right of playing. In order to place the approach, several pieces of work were used, among which stand out the contribution of childhood sociology and the latest inputs in Brazils integral education programs analysis. The analyzed educational policy takes place in four different instances: the More Education Program, by the Ministry of Education; More Education São Paulo and Integral São Paulo Programs, by the Municipal Secretariat of Education of São Paulo; and Butantãs Regional Board of Education, entitled Integral Education for an Educational São Paulo. The study aimed at verifying the conceptual and operational proposal of the policies in question, their potential measures that would indicate a contribution on those constraints decrease and its impact on four schools selected based on pre-defined criteria. The data collection procedures were semistructured interviews with technicians and Board of Education and Secretariat Governing Bodies authorities and with school groups, besides an everyday living experience within those schools on the conservative researcher perspective proposed by Spink. The study intended to identify different existing actors points of view, including the children. The research draws the conclusion that the mentioned integral education policy has been contributing to increase the attending childrens playing opportunities, even though in a few aspects and in a slightly way.

Since 2009 the Swedish Sport Confederation has included a child rights perspective in their policy guidelines for child sport in Sweden. These guidelines states that all children shall be protected from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation. Despite this, studies show not only that emotional abuse and maltreatment occurs in children´s sport but that it is has a great effect on children. The aim of this study was to analyze the experiences and effects of emotional abuse and maltreatment among children athletes. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with nine children, 13-18 years old, from both team- and individual sports. The result shows that emotional abuse and maltreatment occurs between both athletes and between athletes and their coaches. It is the coherency and atmosphere in the group that is a vital factor for the sport to lead to positive feelings and experiences. When there is no strong coherency, the atmosphere is perceived as negative, destructive criticism between athletes increases or when destructive criticism comes from coaches, it leads to negative feelings and experiences. The most commonly form of emotional abuse and maltreatment was verbal abuse, lack of attention, neglect and non-verbal abuse. The result show effects such as decrease in performance, lower self-confidence and insecurity. It also shows effects associated with feelings such as irritation, inadequateness, unsuccessfulness and sadness. Emotional abuse and maltreatment occurs on practice, competitions as well as beside the field of play and is in the vast majority of situations linked to performance.

This thesis focuses on the rights of the child in respect to the inter-country adoption. It aims to seek the notions of cultural relativism within those fundamental rights which are immediately applicable on the process of adoption. The thesis bases its theoretical framework on the current discourse on the universality of human rights. The theory of the three levels of cultural relativism is applied on the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Inter-country Adoption to demonstrate the cultural relativism of the Convention itself.

The purpose of the study is to make preschool teachers’ experiences of the preschool's activities in relation to the best interests of the child visible. The study is based on the method of semi-structured interviews of a total of five preschool teachers.                             The results of the study show how the preschool teachers express the experience that the child should experience safety when they come to and stay in preschool. The preschool teachers describe how the attitude and sensitivity affect the child's opportunities for participation and influence. They express the importance of being present for the child to have influence, to be involved but also to have the opportunity to develop. At the same time, the results show how the preschool teachers expresses that it can be challenging to be sensitive to the child's expressions and feelings and not what the guardian thinks is the child's best interest in preschool. Furthermore, the results show how the reflection time varied among the preschool teachers and their experiences of more and less reflection time. What is prominent in the result is the preschool teachers' attitude towards the youngest preschool children. Some of the preschool teachers express the experience of working in a young children's department and how it includes that the youngest children have a harder time expressing themselves and having their own opinion. / Studiens syfte är att synliggöra förskollärarens upplevelser kring förskolans verksamhet i förhållande till barnets bästa. Till grund för studien ligger metoden semistrukturerade intervjuer av totalt fem förskollärare.                              Studiens resultat visar hur förskollärarna uttrycker upplevelser av att barnet ska uppleva tryggheten när de kommer till och vistas i förskolan. Förskollärarna beskriver hur förhållningssättet och lyhördheten påverkar barnets möjligheter till delaktighet och inflytande. De uttrycker vikten av att vara närvarande för att barnet ska få inflytande, vara delaktig men också för att få möjlighet att utvecklas. Samtidigt visar resultatet hur förskollärarna uttrycker att det kan vara utmanande att vara lyhörd för barnets uttryck och känslor och inte vad vårdnadshavaren menar är barnets bästa i förskolan. Vidare visar resultatet hur reflektionstiden varierade bland förskollärarna och deras erfarenheter av mer eller mindre reflektionstid. Det som är framträdande i resultatet är förskollärarnas förhållningssätt till de yngsta förskolebarnen. Enstaka förskollärare uttrycker erfarenheten av att arbeta på yngrebarnsavdelning och hur det innefattar att de yngsta barnen har svårare att uttrycka sig och ha en egen åsikt.

Barnkonventionen ratificerades i Sverige för 31 år sedan och inkorporerades i svensk lag den 1 januari 2020. Barnkonventionen betraktar barn som rättighetsbärare. Syftet i denna uppsats var att undersöka hur man inom barn och unga i socialtjänsten arbetar med barn i olika åldrar med anknytning till barnkonventionen samt att undersöka hur socialtjänsten uppfattar samverkan med andra professioner i förhållande till konventionen. För att besvara syftet intervjuades fyra socialsekreterare. Materialet från intervjuerna har analyserats genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet tolkades med hjälp av det barndomssociologiska perspektivet och samverkansteori. Resultatet visade att bilden av barn som rättighetsbärare var förankrad inom socialtjänsten med fokus på att barnet skulle höras och vara delaktigt. Vidare framkom att information gällande hur barnkonventionen skulle omsättas i det praktiska arbetet var efterfrågat. Det fanns brist på resurser i förhållande till det arbete som barnkonventionen krävde. Slutsatsen är att synsättet på barn som rättighetsbärare överensstämde med barndomssociologin. Bristande utbildning, rättspraxis och organisatoriska förutsättningar såsom budget riskerade att minska barnkonventionens inflytande i ärenden. Inom samverkan riskerade även resursbrist för professioner att minska barnkonventionens inflytande i ärenden. Korrekta förväntningar på varandras professioner och deras handlingsutrymme betraktades öka barnkonventionens inflytande i samverkan. / The Convention on the Rights of the Child was ratified in Sweden 31 years ago and incorporated into Swedish law on 1 January 2020. The convention considers children to be rights holders. The purpose of this essay was to investigate how the social services work with children of different ages in connection with the convention and to investigate how the social services perceive collaboration with other professions in relation to the convention. To answer the purpose, four social secretaries were interviewed. The material from the interviews has been analyzed through a qualitative content analysis. The results were interpreted with the help of the childhood sociological perspective and collaboration theory. The results showed that the image of children as rights holders was rooted in the social services with a focus on the child being heard and involved. Furthermore, it emerged that information regarding how the convention was to be implemented in the practical work was requested. There was a lack of resources in relation to the work required by the convention. The conclusion is that the view of children as rights holders was in line with the sociology of childhood. Lack of education, case law and organizational conditions such as the budget risked reducing the influence of the convention in matters. In collaboration, a lack of resources risked reducing the influence of the convention in the matter. Correct expectations of each other's professions and their scope for action were considered to increase the influence of the convention in collaboration.

"Despite the adoption and wide ratification of the CRC and ACRWC, the miseries identified and intended to be dealt with by the two instruments are still rampant in many parts of the globe. Tanzania, as will be clearly shown in chapter three of this study, is not an exception in this regard. ... Tanzania has ratified both the CRC and ACRWC without reservations. In relation to international law, Tanzania follows a dualist approach. Despite the fact that Tanzania has ratified the two instruments to date, it does not have a specific comprehensive law on children's rights. That notwithstanding, various laws have been enacted, other amended and several programs put in place to protect children from exploitation, and safeguarding their interests. However, these measures have not yielded any feasible results since their adoption. There are still cases of discrimination in respect of girls, children born out of wedlock, non-fulfilment of the principle of best intersts of the child, socio-economic difficulties threatening children's right to life, survival and development of the child; police brutality against street children, the increasing number of children deprived of a family environment, especially AIDS orphans, and an increase in the incidence of child prostitution, early marriages, and various cultural practices which are harmful to children. This study necessitates investigation of the mechanisms which could be adopted, to assist in the successful implementation of children's rights in Tanzania. ... This study, therefore, draws inspirations from the laws and practices on children's rights in Ghana and South Africa and explores the most effective mode of implementation that can ensure the translation of the noble intentions in the two instruments into genuine effective tools for enhancing the well-being of the children in Tanzania." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2006. / Prepared under the supervision of Ms. Christine Dowuona-Hammond at the Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Legon / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Doctor Legum - LLD / The thesis focused on how the advent of children's rights, in particular the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), has impacted on the subject of juvenile justice and embarked on a practical examination of law reform in this regard in an African context. The focus was placed on a number of African countries that have embarked on or completed child law reform in the aftermath of ratification of the CRC. The case studies in this thesis were Ghana (1998-2003), Kenya (1993-2001), Namibia (1994 to date), Lesotho (2003 to date), South Africa (1997 to date) and Uganda (1992-1996). / South Africa

This paper analyses the child rights and juvenile justice system in the contemporary Russian Federation as one of the member countries, that adopted the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989. The choice of the researched country is based on the fact, that Russia is one of the few countries in the world, that has adopted a system of juvenile justice and particularly, the juvenile court as an executive juvenile legal authority, that is primarily addressed to the facilitation of child rights and its compliance to the Convention. The paper provides a qualitative content analysis on the juvenile justice and the child rights in Russia, formed in the sequential themes, in which the child rights are compiled and discussed. The results of this paper show how the juvenile justice system is developed in Russia and which advantages/disadvantages it has, as well as what are the new themes in the Russian legislation on the child rights. Therefore, these results are relevant to the field of criminology, in order to conduct future research on the child delinquency, juvenile victimology and other related areas. Thus, an important aspect of this research is to underline a need in the further research in child rights protection, specifically becoming not only as an international obligation, but a national one for all of the countries. The analysis of this paper can serve as the basis for subsequent scientific research and thereby, to contribute to the new solutions of problems associated with the realization of the child rights and their protection. / <p>Madsen, D. Juvenile Justice and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. A qualitative content analysis on the example of the Russian Federation. <em>Degree project in Criminology 15 Credits</em>. Malmö University: Faculty of Health and Society, Department of Criminology, 2020</p>

The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) was adopted in 1989 and became a current topic again when the Swedish government incorporated it into Swedish law on the 1st of January 2020. UNCRC contains 54 articles and one of them is article 12, which states that all children have the right to express their views on any issue that concerns them. Research shows that this is rarely the case within sports clubs, and children struggle to make their voices heard. Therefore, the aim of the study was to bring knowledge about the board of the sports clubs point of view on this issue, and their experience of children's access to the democratic processes. Data were generated through interviews with 9 chairmen within different sports clubs. The results showed that the chairmen had very different definitions of democracy, and therefore their perceptions of children's access to it varied. On this basis a majority of the sports clubs believed the children had good access to the democratic processes within their sports clubs. In the cases where the opinion was that the children did not have good access, explanations were based on children's maturity or the coach's lack of time and knowledge. Another conclusion is that sports clubs in general make decisions based on what they think is best for the child or ask their parents instead, and therefore claim their club activities are good for children.