The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child has repeatedly criticized Sweden for the differences regarding the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) at the municipal level. Even so, studies show that there is a political will in the municipalities when it comes to realize the CRC. It indicates that there are challenges in terms of implementation. This thesis examines the implementation process in two Swedish municipalities where the local government has decided to implement the CRC. The purpose is to identify and describe the challenges that exist in the municipalities regarding the implementation and to determine to what extent the challenges can be influenced from the political level. The theoretical framework is grounded on theories of policy implementation and the findings have been compiled through interviews and qualitative text analyses. The study identifies challenges that are related, inter alia, to the ability to evaluate and control the implementation and the findings implies that the majority of the identified challenges can be influenced from the political level.

Os primeiros Conselhos de Direitos da Criança e Adolescente foram criados há vinte e cinco anos como instâncias paritárias, em que representantes do Estado e da sociedade civil deliberariam a respeito da elaboração e concretização de políticas públicas para o segmento. Indispensável a esta concretização foi a previsão legal de fonte especifica de financiamento, por meio da criação de Fundos Especiais. Apesar disso, o Conselho de Direitos da Criança e do Adolescente de São Paulo CMDCA SP, criado em 1990, ainda hoje vem enfrentando dificuldades, tanto no que diz respeito à captação, como quanto à aplicação do recurso público. Buscando compreender tais obstáculos, o presente trabalho partiu de um referencial teórico que fosse capaz de contextualizar o surgimento do CMDCA - SP no processo de redemocratização brasileira, bem como sua atuação nas etapas da política pública para crianças de adolescentes no município. Esta atuação do CMDCA SP foi analisada à luz de diversas variáveis estudadas por pesquisadores que se debruçaram sobre o papel dos conselhos de políticas públicas. Dentre estes autores, foram particularmente considerados : Abers e Keck(2008), Almeida e Cunha (2011), Avritzer (2007), Dagnino (2004), Faria e Ribeiro (2011), Lavalle e outros (2006), Sá e Silva (2011), Tatagiba (2007), Vaz (2010), Wampler (2010). As variáveis que orientaram a pesquisa de campo foram: a) Desenho Institucional, b) Variável política e contextual, c) Trajetória da política pública, d) Características institucionais, e) Características dos atores, f) Representação e representatividade. Eleitas as variáveis, foram identificados os diversos atores no campo da política pública para crianças e adolescentes e foi apurada a estrutura e funcionamento do CMDCA SP, bem como sua relação com a administração municipal. Foram detalhados os fluxos de trabalho referentes ao financiamento da política pública e a percepção dos atores em relação às diversas questões nas diversas etapas. Emergem daí falhas estruturais, problemas na representação dos conselheiros, falta de transparência na divulgação de informações e uma possível inversão de papeis na definição das políticas públicas. Identificados os problemas, vislumbram-se caminhos para que o CMDCA - SP, utilizando o poderoso instrumento que tem para viabilizar as ações, assuma seu papel na formulação e implementação das políticas em benefício de crianças e adolescentes do município de São Paulo / The first Councils for the rights of the Child and the Adolescent (Conselhos de Direitos da Criança e do Adolescente) were created twenty-five years ago as peer instances, in which representatives of the State and of the civil society would deliberate on the development and concretion of public policies for the area. Imperative to this concretion was the legal provision of specific funding sources, by the creation of the Special Funds (Fundos Especiais). Nevertheless the Council for the rights of the Child and the Adolescent in São Paulo (CMDCA-SP), created in 1990, still faces difficulties today, both regarding the fund-raising and the use of public funds. In an attempt to understand such obstacles, this research departed from a theoretical background capable of contextualizing the creation of the CMDCA-SP in São Paulo in the Brazilian re-democratization process, as well as its role in the different phases of the public policy for children and adolescents in the municipality. This performance of the CMDCA was analyzed in light of several variables studied by researchers who have studied the role of public policy Concils. Among such researchers were particulary considered: Abers e Keck(2008), Almeida e Cunha (2011), Avritzer (2007), Dagnino (2004), Faria e Ribeiro (2011), Lavalle e outros (2006), Sá e Silva (2011), Tatagiba (2007), Vaz (2010), Wampler (2010). The variables that guided the field research were: a) Institutional design, b) Political and Contextual variable, c) Public policy trajectory, d) Institutional characteristics, e) features of the players and f) Representation. After the selection of the variables, several players acting on the child and adolescent public policy field were identified and structure and operation of the CMDCA was investigated, as well as its relationship with the municipal administration. It was also analyzed the work flow concerning the public policy financing and the perception of the players regarding several questions in the different phases. The analysis has identified structural flaws, issues in the representation of the counselors, lack of transparency in disclosing information and a potential role reversal in the definition of public policies. Upon the identification of these main issues, one can devise potential alternatives for the CMDCA-SP to, using the potential tool in its power, assume its role in the development and implementation of public policies on the benefit of children and adolescents in São Paulo Municipality

The aim of this study was to investigate how organizational and child-related factors, as well as the general approach, affect the child's participation and the extent to which children are involved in the child protection agency child care investigations. Based on the following questions, the study investigated to which extent, and in which way, children are involved in investigations: 1. To what extent and in what way are children involved in the Swedish child protection agency? 2. How are children's involvement affected of child-related factors? 3. How are children's involvement affected of organizational factors? The result has been analyzed based on Michael Lipsky's Street-level-bureaucracy (2010), in addition, Harry Shier`s (2001) participation ladder has also been used. The result showed that most of social workers considered that the factors of time, workload, competence development and staff density affects children's participation. Drawing on the answers from the study, we conclude that there is generally a high level of participation within the Swedish child protection agency. Children hold a significant place in social welfare investigation cases, although social workers could involve them to a greater extent in the decision making process.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:27:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carla.pdf: 989808 bytes, checksum: f66fec6e9cc0c95cfcef1bb4544b18af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-31 / Starting from the viewpoint that the demand served by the Guardian Council is woven complexity, the present study deals with the insertion of crew by the Guardian Council as a possibility to enhance the protection of the rights of children and adolescents without harming the democratic nature of that organ. For it was explored the reality of two Guardianship Councils with different scenarios in order to understand how the idea fosters in each space. As an aid in this passage, the paradigm of complexity Edgar Morin serving complementary interactions of various orders of the realities was used. From the findings of the research it was found that the problems of families served by the agency require counselor preparation function as specific knowledge and surroundings of advocacy in vogue. In this sense the counselor training, investment in the infrastructure of the councils, the election process enhancement and the priority in public investment are important aspects to be considered when thinking in the improvement of protection. Inserting a crew showed aggregate this context , the moment that can help with specific formal knowledge in cases that require it , as well as work on the issue of qualification of safety advisers for the purpose of achieving greater effectiveness in action / Partindo da ótica de que a demanda atendida pelo Conselho Tutelar é tecida de complexidade, o presente estudo trata sobre a inserção de equipe técnica junto ao Conselho Tutelar como possibilidade de aprimorar a proteção dos direitos da criança e do adolescente sem trazer prejuízo à natureza democrática do referido órgão. Para isso foi explorada a realidade de dois Conselhos Tutelares com cenários distintos, a fim de perceber como a ideia fomenta em cada espaço. Como auxilio nessa travessia, foi utilizado o paradigma da complexidade de Edgar Morin que atende as interações complementares de diversas ordens sobre as realidades. A partir dos achados da pesquisa constatou-se que as problemáticas das famílias atendidas pelo Conselho Tutelar demandam do conselheiro preparo enquanto conhecimentos específicos a função e os entornos da defesa dos direitos em voga. Neste sentido a capacitação dos conselheiros, investimento na infraestrutura dos conselhos, aprimoramento do processo eletivo e a prioridade no investimento público são aspectos importantes a ser considerados quando pensa-se no aprimoramento da proteção. A inserção de uma equipe técnica demonstrou agregar neste contexto, no instante que pode auxiliar com o conhecimento formal especifico nos casos que o exijam, assim como trabalhar a questão da qualificação dos conselheiros com o fim de alcançar a maior efetividade da ação

Enligt beslut i riksdagen ska FN:s konvention om barns rättigheter ges ställning som svensk lag 1 januari 2020. Tidigare forskning visar att det råder en oenighet om huruvida en inkorporering av barnkonventionen som lag är bra eller inte. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vad olika professioner som jobbar med barn och unga har för inställning till att barnkonventionen inkorporeras till svensk lag, synen på barnets roll samt vilka utmaningar de upplever finns när det gäller att följa barnkonventionen. Studien är kvalitativ och grundar sig på sex intervjuer med olika professioner som arbetar med barn och unga. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt är systemteori och socialkonstruktivism. Ur intervjuerna framkom tre teman: En förändringsprocess, rättighetsbärare i beroendeställning och tillämpningens komplexitet. Studien visar att en inkorporering av barnkonventionen är en förändringsprocess där professionerna har en positiv inställning till att stärka barns rättigheter men åsikterna kring om barnkonventionen som lag är det bästa tillvägagångssättet är tudelade. Barnet ses som en rättighetsbärare samtidigt som det befinner sig i en beroendeställning i ett vuxenorienterat samhälle. Att följa barnkonventionen är en komplex utmaning där samverkan mellan lagstiftning, myndigheter och samhället behöver förstärkas för att tillgodose barns rättigheter. Sammantaget visar studien att barnet har en central roll som rättighetsbärare där en förändringsprocess är nödvändig samtidigt som tillämpningen är komplex då barnet hamnar i en beroendeställning gentemot vuxna, myndigheter, lagstiftning och samhället. / The Swedish government decided to introduce the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) into Swedish law on January 1, 2020. Previous research shows different opinions about turning CRC into Swedish law. The purpose of the study was to investigate different professions’, who are working with children and adolescents, opinions of incorporating CRC into Swedish law, their view of the child’s role as well as challenges they see with complying with CRC. The study is qualitative and is based on six interviews with different professions working with children and adolescents. The theoretical basis of the study is system theory and social constructivism. The study's analysis resulted in three themes: Process of change, rights carrier in deprivation and complexity of application. The study shows that an incorporating of CRC is a process of change there professional´s have a positive attitude towards strengthening children's rights, but their views on whether CRC as a law is the best approach or not are unclear. The child is seen as a rights carrier while it is in a deprivation position in an adult-oriented society. Adhering to CRC is a complex challenge in where cooperation between law, government and society needs to be strengthened to accommodate children's rights. Overall, the study shows that the child has a central role as a rights carrier, where a change process is necessary while the application is complex when the child is in a state of dependence towards adults, authorities, legislation and society.

The aim of this essay was to try to understand young people's experiences of participation and influence. The purpose has been to define participation and influence with young people's own words, and with the definition as a basis explore young people's experiences of participation and influence. The purpose has also been to seek understanding for young people's experiences of participation and influence by discuss young people's descriptions at different levels. There have been three research questions: How do young people define participation and influence?; Which experiences in life about participation and influence do young people narrate?; How do young people experience participation and influence and how do that come to expression? The first research question was answered by asking (n=13) secondary youth with methodological support of vignettes. The second and the third research question has been answered by collecting young people's narratives on the Internet. The (n=37) narratives were analyzed by support of content analysis and narrative analysis. The result was a definition of participation and influence put together from young people's own defining words. The result also shows that young people's experiences of participated and influence is about both having and not having participation and influence. Young people narrate more often about experiences of not participated and influence. Finally, the result show us that young people's experiences of participation and influence come to expression in three different ways were the young actor's agency has a central role. / Den här uppsatsen har handlat om att försöka förstå ungas erfarenheter och upplevelser av delaktighet och inflytande. Syftet har varit att definiera delaktighet och inflytande med utgångspunkt i ungas egna utsagor, samt att med utgångspunkt i definitionen undersöka ungas erfarenheter och upplevelser av delaktighet och inflytande. Syftet har också varit att söka förståelse för ungas upplevelser och erfarenheter av delaktighet och inflytande genom att diskutera ungas beskrivningar på olika nivåer. Tre frågeställningar har undersökts inom uppsatsen: Hur definierar unga delaktighet och inflytande?; Vilka erfarenheter i livet berättar unga om, som handlar om delaktighet och inflytande?; Hur upplever unga att delaktighet och inflytande tar sig uttryck för dem i deras liv? För att besvara den första frågeställningen har (n=13) gymnasieungdomar tillfrågats med stöd av vinjetter. För att besvara den andra och den tredje frågeställningen har ungas (n=37) berättelser på nätet samlats in och analyserats med stöd av innehållsanalys samt narrativanalys. Resultatet har visat på en definition av delaktighet och inflytande som sammanställts utifrån ungas egna definierande ord. Resultatet har också visat att ungas erfarenheter av delaktighet och inflytande handlar om både avsaknad av och upplevd delaktighet och inflytande, det var vanligare att unga beskrev avsaknad i berättelserna. Resultatet har slutligen visat att ungas upplevelser av delaktighet och inflytande tar sig uttryck på tre olika sätt där den unges aktörskap innehar en central roll.

<p>A qualitative study is presented concerning children’s participation in the local decisionmaking in Swedish municipalities. The study also aims at finding out what are considered to be successful factors and obstacles connected to the implementation of children’s participation in local decision-making. The study contains a summary of the convention on the rights of the child, focusing on article 12, as well as previous research findings concerning children’s participation and factors enabling respectively hindering participation. Method has been interviews with a purposive sample of politicians, civil employees and children from municipalities regarded as prominent in their work with children’s participation. Either through a formal or informal implementation model. The results have been analysed in the light of Roger Hart’s eight-step “ladder of children’s participation“, where position one is considered Manipulation from adults and position eight is Child-initiated and shared decisions with adults. The results show that the investigated municipalities are considering the voice of the children in the local decision-making. Depending on different variables in focus, the position on Hart’s ladder varies between four and seven. The study concludes that successful implementation of children’s participation in local decision-making commands parallel work with organizational structures, systematic and adult’s attitudes.</p>

<p>In 2006 there was a change in LMA (1994:37) that clarified the division of responsibility be-tween the Migration Board and the municipalities, concerning unaccompanied children. The social services should now be utmost responsible for the housing and care of these children, to assure that they gain the same standards and rights as all other children. The aim of this essay has been to examine how the division of responsibility has influenced the work of the social services and how they interpret their responsibility for the unaccompanied children. How do the social services investigate and make decisions concerning these children? Do these chil-dren have the same rights as other children? To answer these questions a legal study was made, followed by qualitative research interviews with four social services that receive unac-companied children. The study was made from a legal sociologist perspective, which involves analyzing the results from the interviews with the legal results, together with earlier research on unaccompanied children. The results show that the division of responsibility still is indis-tinct and that the investigations concerning these children often are brief and simplified. In two of the interviewed municipalities the view was that unaccompanied children did not have the right to efforts according to SoL (2001:453), which in practice means that the unaccom-panied children are discriminated.</p>

<p>In 2006 there was a change in LMA (1994:37) that clarified the division of responsibility be-tween the Migration Board and the municipalities, concerning unaccompanied children. The social services should now be utmost responsible for the housing and care of these children, to assure that they gain the same standards and rights as all other children. The aim of this essay has been to examine how the division of responsibility has influenced the work of the social services and how they interpret their responsibility for the unaccompanied children. How do the social services investigate and make decisions concerning these children? Do these chil-dren have the same rights as other children? To answer these questions a legal study was made, followed by qualitative research interviews with four social services that receive unac-companied children. The study was made from a legal sociologist perspective, which involves analyzing the results from the interviews with the legal results, together with earlier research on unaccompanied children. The results show that the division of responsibility still is indis-tinct and that the investigations concerning these children often are brief and simplified. In two of the interviewed municipalities the view was that unaccompanied children did not have the right to efforts according to SoL (2001:453), which in practice means that the unaccom-panied children are discriminated.</p>

<p>The purpose of this project is to study the women involved in the SOS Children’s Villages; the influence of the association on their views on life, as seen from a human-rights and a religious perspective. Questions such as why they chose to work with the association and what it gives them to do so are treated in this study.</p><p>My goal has been to study and present different aspects of something so important, but yet so unfamiliar. The method used in this project is minor field studies, which means visiting the villages, living with the families and observing their daily lives. The means of acquiring the information necessary for this study is by qualitative interviews with the mothers.</p><p>A theoretical framework has been used as a complement to the study, and it is also used to bring greater understanding to the SOS mothers and how they have shaped their lives.</p><p>My ambition with this essay is to bring out their individual experiences on how they view their own lives at present and what meaning life has given them. I have used seven of the 14 interviews conducted.</p><p>The outcome shows that several factors play important roles as to why the mothers decided to work with the association. Such factors were socioeconomic and sociopsyhologic factors. Other conclusions that were drawn after this field trip were that the women are very vulnerable to the social situation in Lebanon. They need someone to support them since the men are the primary providers. If the women do not find someone to marry they need to find another source for provision and the SOS children’s Association is one way to go. The sense of Coherence that these women had was indeed strong, they felt meaningfulness in what they did, they had comprehended the situations at hand and could manage the situations as predictable, and they have the confidence to know that everything will work out in the best way possible.</p> / Uppsatsen har givits ut som bok 2009 med titeln: "Lebanese SOS Children's Villages: Stories of the village mothers" av VDM Verlag, Saarbrücken.