A distinctive subset of late medieval drama are those customs which involved an element of subversion or inversion on the occasion of a calendar feast. These customs, which may generically be labelled as misrule, have long been a source of interest to antiquarians, local historians and students of medieval drama and popular culture. One particular view which has dominated the discussion and interpretation of misrule is the approach which sees such practices as a conservative force in late medieval society, that is, by temporarily challenging authority these customs merely reaffirm it in the long run. It is the contention of this thesis that although this model has raised the important question of the relationship between misrule, politics and social structure in this period, it is inappropriate both as a metaphor and as a tool for the analysis of these themes. I review the scholarly literature on misrule over the past twenty-five years in Chapter One, drawing attention to the problems of previous approaches. In Chapter Two I put forward what I believe to be a more appropriate vocabulary and framework in which those calendar customs with a transgressive element can be discussed. I suggest that misrule is more constructively approached as an instance of symbolic inversion, which enables functionalist terms like 'safety-valve' to be replaced by a neutral language that does not prejudge the function of a custom. I use this new methodology to undertake a series of case-studies in Chapters Three to Six, each of which examines the function of a particular custom. I am able to show that misrule could have a variety of functions in the late medieval town, playing a part in local change as part of wider strategy of resistance, as well as being one means through which social status could be accumulated and articulated.

Miguel Rovisco é um poeta e dramaturgo português nascido em Lisboa em 1959, onde faleceu em 1987, atirando-se sob um vagão de trem. Apareceu no cenário artístico em 1984, recebeu vários prêmios de teatro como melhor autor de textos dramáticos em 1987 e, postumamente, em 1988. Dramaturgo com uma linguagem inovadora e vigorosa já foi comparado, na época das premiações, a Bernardo Santareno e é, indubitavelmente, um nome a ser analisado, encenado e inserido definitivamente no mundo das letras. Este estudo tem como objetivo, portanto, apresentar sua obra, cuja temática dialoga, essencialmente, com episódios e personagens marcantes da História de Portugal. Por meio da análise de O Bicho, peça que retrata o período e a figura do marquês de Pombal (1755 1777), buscamos examinar a gênese de seu procedimento criativo: a partir do conceito intertextualidade (procedimentos intertextuais, dialogismo e polifonia) examinamos como são articulados os mecanismos intertextuais que estabelecem relações e conexões entre História e Ficção para a criação do que denominamos Teatro da História / Miguel Rovisco is a Portuguese poet and playwright. He was born in Lisbon in 1959, and died in 1987, throwing himself under a train wagon. He made his artistic debut in 1984, and he was awarded several prizes for best author of dramatic texts in both 1987, and after his death, in 1988. Endowed with an innovative and vigorous language, Rovisco has been compared to Bernardo Santareno, and assuredly is, a name to be rehearsed, staged and remembered in the world of letters. Thus, the present study intends to present Roviscos work, whose theme has a dialogue essentially with facts and remarkable personages from Portugal History. Through the analysis of the play O BICHO that reproduces the Pombal marquis figure and period (1755 1777), we will investigate the genesis of his creative procedure. From the concepts of intertextuality (intertextual procedures, dialogism and polyphony), we will examine the intertextual mechanisms articulation that determine relations and connections between History and Fiction to create what we call the Theatre of History

Miguel Rovisco é um poeta e dramaturgo português nascido em Lisboa em 1959, onde faleceu em 1987, atirando-se sob um vagão de trem. Apareceu no cenário artístico em 1984, recebeu vários prêmios de teatro como melhor autor de textos dramáticos em 1987 e, postumamente, em 1988. Dramaturgo com uma linguagem inovadora e vigorosa já foi comparado, na época das premiações, a Bernardo Santareno e é, indubitavelmente, um nome a ser analisado, encenado e inserido definitivamente no mundo das letras. Este estudo tem como objetivo, portanto, apresentar sua obra, cuja temática dialoga, essencialmente, com episódios e personagens marcantes da História de Portugal. Por meio da análise de O Bicho, peça que retrata o período e a figura do marquês de Pombal (1755 1777), buscamos examinar a gênese de seu procedimento criativo: a partir do conceito intertextualidade (procedimentos intertextuais, dialogismo e polifonia) examinamos como são articulados os mecanismos intertextuais que estabelecem relações e conexões entre História e Ficção para a criação do que denominamos Teatro da História / Miguel Rovisco is a Portuguese poet and playwright. He was born in Lisbon in 1959, and died in 1987, throwing himself under a train wagon. He made his artistic debut in 1984, and he was awarded several prizes for best author of dramatic texts in both 1987, and after his death, in 1988. Endowed with an innovative and vigorous language, Rovisco has been compared to Bernardo Santareno, and assuredly is, a name to be rehearsed, staged and remembered in the world of letters. Thus, the present study intends to present Roviscos work, whose theme has a dialogue essentially with facts and remarkable personages from Portugal History. Through the analysis of the play O BICHO that reproduces the Pombal marquis figure and period (1755 1777), we will investigate the genesis of his creative procedure. From the concepts of intertextuality (intertextual procedures, dialogism and polyphony), we will examine the intertextual mechanisms articulation that determine relations and connections between History and Fiction to create what we call the Theatre of History

Doctor of Philosophy / 'Entrepreneurs, Empires and Pantomimes' examines how Williamson influenced the form and content of one theatrical genre within his theatrical empire between 1882 and 1914. As the frontispiece signals in spectacular fashion, the pantomime was a vitally popular dramatic form. I believe that my findings have serious implcations for the formation of an Australian theatre industry with regard to the 'development'of Australian drama. Ironically, as J.W. Gough points out in 'The Rise of the Entrepreneur' (1969), the word 'entrepreneur' first appeared in the 'Oxford English Dictionary' in 1897 as referring to "the director or manager of a public musical institution: one who 'gets up' entertainments, especially musical performances."

Doctor of Philosophy / 'Entrepreneurs, Empires and Pantomimes' examines how Williamson influenced the form and content of one theatrical genre within his theatrical empire between 1882 and 1914. As the frontispiece signals in spectacular fashion, the pantomime was a vitally popular dramatic form. I believe that my findings have serious implcations for the formation of an Australian theatre industry with regard to the 'development'of Australian drama. Ironically, as J.W. Gough points out in 'The Rise of the Entrepreneur' (1969), the word 'entrepreneur' first appeared in the 'Oxford English Dictionary' in 1897 as referring to "the director or manager of a public musical institution: one who 'gets up' entertainments, especially musical performances."

Recent decades have seen an increase in feminist critiques of the works of Franz Grillparzer (1791–1872), and a growing awareness that these deal with contemporary issues around the social roles of women. This study builds on exsiting feminist-themed examinations of Grillparzer's works to show more fully how they fit into the context of calls for women's rights in nineteenth-century Austria. New interpretations of Grillparzer's heroines are made possible by considering the full spectrum of the author's intellectual interests and examining his dramas through the lenses suggested by his reading. Des Meeres und der Liebe Wellen is seen in the context of the Enlightenment, and Sappho and Libussa are analysed with reference to social contract theory. Contemporary feminist approaches are combined with Schiller's thought on stadial history, and with Grillparzer's analysis of Shakespeare's Macbeth, to give new insight into Das goldene Vließ and Die Jüdin von Toledo respectively. Consideration of the lives and works of Grillparzer's female friends provides the context for my analysis, and helps define the original nature of this thesis. While several earlier studies have argued for the influence of Grillparzer's romantic interests on the construction of his heroines, sufficient attention has not been given to these heroines in the context of the intellectual women Grillparzer knew. While I do not argue that Grillparzer's heroines were influenced by the authors and other prominent women he knew, examination of the lives and works of Caroline Pichler, Betty Paoli, Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach, Sophie Schröder and others shows that Grillparzer was on friendly terms with intellectual women throughout his career, and that all of these women were to some degree critical of the contemporary social situation of women.

Orientador: Vera Maria Chalmers / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T03:38:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bittencourt_JoaoFabio_M.pdf: 15457821 bytes, checksum: c7b38b07a76d08e3c534261427e81b26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Entre os anos de 1909 e 1912 o jovem repórter Oswald de Andrade observou, anotou e perambulou pelas salas de cinemas e espetáculos teatrais apresentados na cidade de São Paulo, inicialmente como "foca" da seção Theatros e Salões do jornal Diario Popular, exercício de observação e de crítica fundamentais na criação da revista O Pirralho, semanário mundano e literário redigido e editado pelo escritor. Esses dois periódicos constituem, nesta dissertação, tanto uma documentação que traça e revela o panorama social, econômico e cultural da Belle Époque das cidades do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo na primeira década do século vinte, como suscitaram elementos para novas interpretações das primeiras obras ficcionais de Oswald de Andrade. Nesse sentido os romances Os Condenados e Memórias Sentimentais de João Miramar são observados de acordo com a hipótese de Haroldo de Campos (2007) em que a maioria das figuras que compõem estas obras "são basicamente extraídas do ambiente em que circulava Oswald na São Paulo anterior e contemporânea a primeira grande guerra (in: ANDRADE, p. 25)". Ainda de acordo com a perspectiva da influência da Belle Époque, mas sob o ponto de vista da busca por um teatro nacional, estudamos em conjunto quatro peças oswaldianas: A Recusa (1913) e O Filho do Sonho (1917), inéditas e manuscritas; Mon Coeur Balance e Leur Âme (1916). Por fim, o teatro ligeiro, principalmente português, é a pedra de toque para o estudo de Serafim Ponte Grande / Abstract: Between 1909 and 1912 the young reporter Oswald de Andrade observed, took notes and wandered through the movie theaters and theatrical performances presented in São Paulo, initially as "foca" of the section Theatros e Salões of the newspaper Diario Popular, exercise of observation and critical that were fundamental in the creation of the magazine O Pirralho, mundane and literary weekly publication written and edited by the writer. These two journals are, in this thesis, both a documentation that reveals the social, economic and cultural panorama of the Belle Époque in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo in the first decade of the twentieth century; and the rising of elements that allow new interpretations of the first fictional works of Oswald de Andrade. In this sense the novels Os Condenados and Memórias Sentimentais de João Miramar are observed according to the hypothesis of Haroldo de Campos (2007) in which most of the figures that make up these works "are basically extracted from the environment in which Oswald circulated in Sao Paulo earlier and contemporary of the first big war (in: ANDRADE, p. 25). "Also according to the perspective of the influence of the Belle Époque, but from the point of view of the search for a national theater, we studied together four pieces of the author: A Recusa (1913) and O Filho do Sonho (1917), both unpublished and manuscript; Mon Coeur Balance and Leur Âme (1916). Finally, the mild theater, mostly Portuguese, is the touchstone for the study of Serafim Ponte Grande / Mestrado / Teoria e Critica Literaria / Mestre em Teoria e História Literária

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans une dynamique de recherche qui seulement récemment a commencé à remettre en discussion une doxa de l'historiographie théâtrale un peu simpliste: dans le contexte italien, l'avènement de la mise en scène moderne serait un phénomène tardif, par rapport à d'autres Pays, comme par exemple l'Allemagne, la France, la Russie. Ce « retard » trouverait son origine dans la persistance d'une tradition autoréférentielle de l'acteur. Le système dans lequel il se produit - un système de troupes nomades, en l'absence d'un pôle théâtral hégémonique comme pouvait l'être Paris pour la France - serait inévitablement réfractaire à l'intrusion d'une figure artistique perçue comme étrangère: le metteur en scène. Il faudrait attendre l'après-guerre pour assister en Italie à l'affirmation de ce qu'on appelle la regìa. Ce lieu commun de l'historiographie a véhiculé une série d'équivoques et d'approximations qui aplatissent un phénomène comme l'affirmation de la mise en scène moderne, nourrissant ainsi un discours téléologique de progrès qualitatif.Une série de recherches menées à partir des années 2000 nous invite cependant à considérer la mise en scène comme un aspect de l'art théâtral dans toute sa complexité. Des concepts comme ceux de proto-regia (proto-mise en scène, Perrelli, 2005), de continuité/discontinuité (Sarrazac-Consolini, 2010), montrent les limites d'une définition univoque de cet art. Sous cette lumière, le contexte italien apparaît alors comme un terrain en friche. Une étude récente a justement montré la sensibilité du système italien envers l'œuvre des maîtres européens de la scène, en tournée dans la Péninsule entre 1911 et 1940 (Schino, 2008).Nous nous proposons alors de revenir d'une part sur la construction de l'idée du « retard », et sur les raisons qui ont fait de la mise en scène un véritable graal, d'une autre part nous souhaitons souligner de quelle façon cet art émerge en Italie justement à partir de la présupposée cause du retard: l'acteur. L'avènement de la mise en scène ne serait donc pas une épiphanie brusque, mais un art qui s'exprime de manière différente, selon le modus operandi des artistes et en fonction des caractéristiques du système théâtral. / This doctoral thesis challenges the simplistic doxa in theatre historiography that views genesis of theatre direction in Italy as a late phenomenon in comparison to other countries such as Germany, France, and Russia. This “delay” is thought to be due to the actor’s persistent self-referential tradition. According to the doxa, the Italian theatre system would have been resistant to the introduction of the new role of director, which was perceived as extraneous. This situation would have been caused in Italy by the popularity of wandering companies and the absence of a dominant theatrical focal point such as Paris was in France. The phenomenon of a strictly speaking regìa would have only emerged after the Second World War. This view has led to a series of misinterpretations and misunderstandings that oversimplify the phenomenon of the development of modern direction, favouring a teleological argument of qualitative progress. However, a number of studies carried out from the 2000’s encourage us to consider the direction as a complex aspect of the theatrical art. Concepts such as ‘proto-direction’ (Perrelli, 2005) and continuity/discontinuity (Sarrazac-Consolini, 2010), show the limits of an univocal definition of this art. In light of these studies, the Italian panorama appears as an uncharted territory. A recent study of the European directors’ tours in Italy for the years from the 1911 to 1940, has actually demonstrated the Italian system’s responsiveness (Schino, 2008).My research investigates the origin of the concept of “delay”, and the reasons by which theatre direction in Italy came to be considered by scholars as some sort of grail. I also highlight how direction in Italy emerges from the main source of the supposed delay itself: the actor. Indeed, the appearance of theatre direction is not abrupt; but rather a multifaceted art, which changes according to artists’ modus operandi and is dependent on the characteristics of the theatrical system.

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