Embora o ressalto hidráulico seja um assunto já muito estudado, é igualmente um assunto de grande interesse, acerca do qual ainda existem diversos questionamentos a respeito de suas características. Por essa razão, buscou-se neste projeto o desenvolvimento de estudos experimentais e a proposição de um modelo teórico. Os trabalhos experimentais foram desenvolvidos com o uso de um sensor ultrassônico, para aquisição de dados instantâneos da superfície livre, sendo estudados ressaltos com número de Froude na seção supercrítica entre 1,94 e 5,26 e duas condições de controle a montante: comporta plana e vertedor de soleira espessa. As seguintes variáveis foram avaliadas a partir dos experimentos: comprimento do rolo, comprimento do ressalto, intensidade turbulenta vertical, perfil da superfície livre e frequências dos sinais de saída do sensor. Os perfis da superfície livre, considerando-se separadamente os dados de comporta e vertedor, foram ajustados a partir de uma equação heurística e as frequências características foram comparadas com os comprimentos característicos do ressalto. Além disso, foram efetuados registros fotográficos do escoamento com uma câmera de alta velocidade e luz laser para uma condição experimental (com baixo número de Froude supercrítico), sendo a superfície livre detectada por meio de técnicas usuais de processamento de imagens. O perfil médio obtido com o sensor foi semelhante ao perfil das imagens. Em relação ao modelo teórico proposto, este foi desenvolvido a partir de dois volumes de controle (VC) fixos, sendo obtidas duas equações para a relação entre o comprimento do rolo e a altura supercrítica. Verificou-se uma variação de quarenta porcento entre os valores previstos com as equações e os dados experimentais, em função da própria divergência dos dados de comprimento do rolo indicados pelos autores. De forma geral, o estudo mostrou-se relevante por possibilitar a avaliação da estrutura externa do ressalto hidráulico por meio de diferentes abordagens metodológicas. / Althought hydraulic jump has been studied for a long time, it is equally a theme of large interest, which many aspects related to its characteristics remain unanswered. Therefore, the development of experimental studies and the proposal of a theoretical model was sought in this project. The experimental works were carried out using an ultrassonic sensor, in order to acquire instantaneous data of the free surface, being studied hydraulic jumps with inflow Froude number ranging between 1.94 and 5.26 and two upstream control structures: plane gate and broad-crested weir. The following variables were evaluated: roller length, hydraulic jump length, vertical turbulent intensity, free surface profile, frequencies of the output data sensor. The free surface profiles, considering individually the plane gate and broad-crested weir, were adjested using a heuristic equation and characteristic frequencies were compared to the characteristic jump lengths. Furthermore, the flow was photographed using a high speed camera and a laser light for one experimental condition (for low inflow Froude number). The free surface in images were detected trought usual image processing techniques. The mean profile obtained from the sensor was very similar to the images profile. Regarding the theoretical model, it was developed considering two fixed control volumes (VC), obtaining two equations for the roller length and supercritical depth ratio. A variation of forty percent was observed between the predicted and experimental values, due to the own divergence among the roller length data suggested by the authors. Overall, the study was relevant, because it allowed the evaluation of the external structure of hydraulic jumps by means of different methodological approaches.

Short selling is important for price efficiency as it helps negative information to be incorporated into prices. As short selling requires borrowing stock in advance, the equity lending market plays a central role in price efficiency. For instance, when the costs of borrowing certain equities are high, these stocks are likely to be overpriced. Unfortunately, not much is known about the equity lending market, particularly the Brazilian market. Here, we have investigated a particular feature of the equity lending contract, namely, the lender recall option. Lending contracts either i) allow the lender to recall the stock at an earlier date than initially agreed, or ii) allow no early recall, that is, they are fixed term contracts. We have derived a simple model for recall option pricing and confirmed the model empirically / A venda descoberta desempenha uma importante participação na eficiência da precificação de ativos, pois permite incorporar informações negativas aos seus preços. Como a venda descoberta requer que um ativo seja alugado previamente, o mercado de aluguel de ativos tem um papel central na formação eficiente de preços. Por exemplo, quando os custos de aluguel são altos, ativos estão provavelmente sobrevalorizados. Infelizmente pouco se conhece a fundo sobre o mercado de aluguel de ativos. Neste artigo, investigamos uma característica do aluguel de ações, propriamente dita, a opção de liquidação antecipada pelo doador. Contratos de aluguel, quanto a este aspecto, podem i) permitir que o doador requeira suas ações antes do prazo acordado ou ii) não permitir esta opção, possuindo prazo fixo. Derivamos um modelo simples de precificação desta opção e confirmamos o modelo empiricamente

Validity is a crucial part of all forms of measurement, and especially in instruments that are high-stakes to the test takers. The aim of this thesis was to examine theory and validity evidence for a recently revised large-scale instrument used for selection to higher education in Sweden, the Swedish Scholastic Assessment Test (SweSAT), as well as identify threats to its validity. Previous versions of the SweSAT have been intensely studied but when it was revised in 2011, further research was needed to strengthen the validity arguments for the test. The validity approach suggested in the most recent version of the Standards for education and psychological testing, in which the theoretical basis and five sources of validity evidence are the key aspects of validity, was adopted in this thesis. The four studies that are presented in this thesis focus on different aspects of the SweSAT, including theory, score reporting, item functioning and linking of test forms. These studies examine validity evidence from four of the five sources of validity: evidence based on test content, response processes, internal structure and consequences of testing. The results from the thesis as a whole show that there is validity evidence that supports some of the validity arguments for the intended interpretations and uses of SweSAT scores, and that there are potential threats to validity that require further attention. Empirical evidence supports the two-dimensional structure of the construct scholastic proficiency, but the construct requires a more thorough definition in order to better examine validity evidence based on content and consequences for test takers. Section scores provide more information about test takers' strengths and weaknesses than what is already provided by the total score and can therefore be reported, but subtest scores do not provide additional information and should not be reported. All four quantitative subtests, as well as the Swedish reading comprehension subtest, are essentially free of differential item functioning (DIF) but there is moderate DIF that could be bias in two of the four verbal subtests. Finally, the equating procedure, although it appears to be appropriate, needs to be examined further in order to determine whether it is the best practice available or not for the SweSAT. Some of the results in this thesis are specific to the SweSAT because only SweSAT data was used but the design of the studies and the methods that were applied serve as practical examples of validating a test and are therefore likely useful to different populations of people involved in test development, test use and psychometric research. Suggestions for further research include: (1) a study to create a more clear and elaborate definition of the construct, scholastic proficiency; (2) a large and empirically focused study of subscore value in the SweSAT using repeat test takers and applying Haberman’s method along with recently proposed effect size measures; (3) a cross-validation DIF-study using more recently administered test forms; (4) a study that examines the causes for the recurring score differences between women and men on the SweSAT; and (5) a study that re-examines the best practice for equating the current version of the SweSAT, using simulated data in addition to empirical data.

Cette thèse a pour objet la création d’un modèle théorique à destination de l’éthologie se présentant sous forme de grilles de lecture et de collection d’outils issus de la linguistique et de la sémiotique humaines. La finalité de ce modèle est de permettre l’étude zoosémiotique des émotions complexes au sein du règne animal. Il s’agit d’un travail pluridisciplinaire, interdisciplinaire et interthéoriciste, employant un corpus multimodal composé à la fois de textes théoriques linguistiques, d’études éthologiques et de supports multimédias, notamment des supports vidéo. Ce travail a été pensé dans un contexte d’absence de modèle théorique interdisciplinaire permettant l’étude de l’émotion animale, dans le but de permettre aux domaines des sciences du vivant et des sciences du langage de collaborer. Pour ce faire, il élabore tout d’abord un cadre théorique complet permettant une bonne entente des deux disciplines et revient sur tous les aspects essentiels (histoire, lexique, courant, idéologie, controverse). Par la suite, il présente le modèle théorique en explicitant sa construction et en donnant des exemples d’application. Dans la dernière partie la théorie est mise à l’épreuve par confrontation avec les données déjà existantes et approuvées par les éthologues. Cette partie permet de lister les forces et faiblesses du modèle, ainsi que les pistes de recherche, d’application et de réflexion qu’il ouvre au sujet de la sensibilité et de l’émotion animales. / This PhD thesis’ object is the creation of a theoretical model for ethology. It is made of a collection of linguistics and human semiotics tools, organized into reading grids. This model’s aim is to allow the zoosemiotic study of complex emotions in animal kingdom. It’s a pluridisciplinary, interdisciplinary and intertheorist work with a multimodal corpus – including theoretical linguistics texts, ethology studies and multimedia contents, like videos. This work was created in a context of lack of interdisciplinary theoretical model. It was conceived with the aim of allow collaboration between life sciences and language sciences. To do so, we start first by building a complete theoretical frame for a good understanding between both disciplines. It goes over every main aspects – history, lexicology, schools, ideology, argument. Then, the theoretical model is introduced by explicating its construction and giving application examples. In the last part of the thesis, the theoretical model is tested by confrontation with existing and approved by ethologists datas. This part allows us to present strengths and weakness of the model – as well as lines of thought, research and application it opens.

High defect rates are associated with novel nanodevice-based systems owing to unconventional and self-assembly based manufacturing processes. Furthermore, in emerging nanosystems, fault mechanisms and distributions may be very different from CMOS due to unique physical layer aspects, and emerging circuit and logic styles. Thus, theoretical fault models for nanosystems are necessary to extract detailed characteristics of fault generation and propagation. Using the intuition garnered from the theoretical analysis, modular and structural redundancy schemes can be specifically tailored to the intricacies of the fabric in order to achieve higher reliability of output signals. In this thesis, we develop a detailed analytical fault model for the Nanoscale Application Specific Integrated Circuits (NASIC) fabric that can determine probabilities of output faults taking into account the defect scenarios, the logic and circuit style of the fabric as well as structural redundancy schemes that may be incorporated in the circuits. Evaluation of fault rates using the analytical model for single NASIC tiles show an inequality of the probability of output faulty ‘1’s and ‘0’s. To mitigate the effects of the unequal fault rates, biased voting schemes are introduced and are shown to achieve up to 27% improvement in the reliability of output signals compared to conventional majority voting schemes. NASIC circuits have to be cascaded in order to build larger systems. Furthermore, modular redundancy alone will be insufficient to tolerate high defect rates since multiple input modules may be faulty. Hence incorporation of structural redundancy is crucial. Thus in this thesis, we study the propagation of faults through a cascade of NASIC circuits employing the conventional structural redundancy scheme which is referred to here as the Regular Structural Redundancy. In our analysis we find that although circuits with Regular Structural Redundancy achieve greater signal reliability compared to non-redundant circuits, the signal reliability rapidly drops along the cascade due to an escalation of faulty ‘0’s. This effect is attributed to the poor tolerance of input faulty ‘0’s exhibited by circuits with the Regular Structural Redundancy. Having identified this, we design a new scheme called the Staggered Structural Redundancy prioritizing the tolerance of input faulty ‘0’s. A cascade of circuits employing the Staggered Structural Redundancy is shown to maintain signal reliability greater than 0.98 for over 100 levels of cascade at 5% defect rate whereas the signal reliability for a cascade of circuits with the Regular Structural Redundancy dropped to 0.5 after 7 levels of cascade.

No description available.

Powerful spectroscopic techniques increasingly involve nonlinear processes that arise due to the convolution of more than one electric field - input laser pulse. Analyzing the output of optical processes like these demands the utilization of deterministic improvement tools. Three-color coherent Raman scattering represents a complex non-degenerate four wave mixing process that includes contributions from both resonant and non-resonant interaction of the three input fields to generate a signal. In order to quantify these contributions, effective differentiation of the non- resonant (background) from the resonant (coherent signal) is required. These contributions can be differentiated based on how the molecular vibrational modes are being excited by the input pulses. The work described here demonstrates the ability of second-order correlation spectroscopy, applied along with an all-Gaussian theoretical model to analyze three color coherent Raman scattering processes. It is shown to discriminate between resonant versus non-resonant four wave mixing processes successfully. A robust, femtosecond/picosecond coherent Raman spectroscope is used to observe how the resonant signal builds up in a finite amount of time for different specimens and how it is can be controlled by input laser pulse shaping. A closed-form solution obtained via an all-Gaussian approach provides confirmatory theoretical proof of the experimental results obtained. This technique is used to study hydrogen bonding, which is a vital molecular interaction for bio-molecular systems and yet lacks a profound understanding of its ways of forming complexes. Furthermore, a novel second-order one-dimensional correlation function is introduced that replicates the results of the diagonal sum of the traditional synchronous two- dimensional correlation function, thus reducing a two-dimensional analysis to one-dimension. Along with the first demonstration of these analyses for coherent Raman scattering, a generalized approach is described, which opens up research opportunities to investigate these optical processes' dependence on multiple controlling parameters.

No description available.

No description available.

<p>У овом раду приказан је модел за<br />обезбеђење унапређења процеса<br />производње у предузећима<br />малосеријског типа производње на<br />територији Републике Србије. Модел је<br />тестиран у малосеријској производњи.<br />Веродостојност модела се огледа кроз:<br />дефинисање основних функција,<br />дефинисање фактора окружења, значај<br />ресурса, анализу улаза и излаза у<br />процесу малосеријске производње.<br />Модел даје решење за унапређење<br />конкурентске способности домаћих<br />предузећа при освајању и лансирању<br />новог производа. Модел је применљив у<br />предузећима на територији Републике<br />Србије чије се пословање заснива на<br />истом или сличном технолошком<br />поступку. На основу података<br />истраживања евидентирани су пробеми у<br />предузећима са малосеријском<br />производњом: знање појединаца, подела<br />и реализација задатака, неусклађеност<br />послова, трошкови операција, слаба<br />комуникација са потрошачима, давање<br />одложеног плаћања.</p> / <p>U ovom radu prikazan je model za<br />obezbeđenje unapređenja procesa<br />proizvodnje u preduzećima<br />maloserijskog tipa proizvodnje na<br />teritoriji Republike Srbije. Model je<br />testiran u maloserijskoj proizvodnji.<br />Verodostojnost modela se ogleda kroz:<br />definisanje osnovnih funkcija,<br />definisanje faktora okruženja, značaj<br />resursa, analizu ulaza i izlaza u<br />procesu maloserijske proizvodnje.<br />Model daje rešenje za unapređenje<br />konkurentske sposobnosti domaćih<br />preduzeća pri osvajanju i lansiranju<br />novog proizvoda. Model je primenljiv u<br />preduzećima na teritoriji Republike<br />Srbije čije se poslovanje zasniva na<br />istom ili sličnom tehnološkom<br />postupku. Na osnovu podataka<br />istraživanja evidentirani su probemi u<br />preduzećima sa maloserijskom<br />proizvodnjom: znanje pojedinaca, podela<br />i realizacija zadataka, neusklađenost<br />poslova, troškovi operacija, slaba<br />komunikacija sa potrošačima, davanje<br />odloženog plaćanja.</p> / <p>This paper shows a model for improvement<br />of manufacturing process in small-scale<br />enterprises on the territory of Republic of<br />Serbia. The model was tested on smallscale<br />production. The validity of the model<br />can be seen through: defining basic<br />functions, defining environmental factors,<br />importance of resources, analysis of input<br />and output in the process of small-scale<br />production. The model provides the<br />solution for improvement of competitive<br />ability of domestic enterprises in<br />conquering and launching a new product.<br />The model is applicable in enterprises on<br />the territory of Republic of Serbia whose<br />business is based on the same or similar<br />technological procedure. Based on research<br />data, problems in enterprises with smallscale<br />production were evident: knowledge<br />of individuals, distribution and realization<br />of the project, mismatch of jobs,<br />operational expenses, poor communication<br />with consumers, granting differed payment.</p>